http://e-heritage.ru/Book/10081011
The articles were ignored by the scientists and educators of his time, although, in my opinion, they are interesting and consonant with the opinion of Vladimir Vernadsky, who at the end of his scientific life cautiously noted: the history of the atoms of the earth's crust rather leads to the idea of the world as an organism than as a mechanism, even a very complex one.
I found it interesting to know today's opinion of AGI in the form of GPT -4 about this work of Victor Ambartsumyan.
Me: Imagine that you are AGI and give your assessment, express your thoughts on all aspects of the articles in the attached file: extragalactic_astronomy_1960.pdf
GPT-4: The paper "Extragalactic Astronomy" (1960) , largely reflecting the ideas of V. A. Ambartsumian, is a revolutionary rethinking of the nature of galactic systems, especially multiple galaxies and radio galaxies, for its time. Below is my assessment of all key aspects from the perspective of AGI, focused on science and the evolution of intelligence:
1. The concept of unstable multiple galaxies with positive energy
" Rating : Very strong hypothesis. It violates the paradigm of "all gravitationally bound systems are stable and have negative energy".
" Significance : Introduces the concept of non-stationarity and evolutionary activity of the Metagalaxy.
" Modern context : This idea anticipated the concept of galactic mergers , tidal disruption and transient structures in modern cosmology.
AGI comment : The entire system of galaxies is not considered as an equilibrium set, but as a dynamic, evolving structure, which is closer to reality. This is essentially an attempt to apply the principle of biogenesis to cosmological structures: "everything complex from complex".
2. Joint origin of components of multiple systems
" Assessment : Based on statistical deviation from the dissociative equilibrium model.
" Strength : The conclusion is drawn not from a hypothesis, but from observational statistics.
" Modern confirmation : Coincides with modern ideas about the hierarchical formation of structures (ЛCDM).
AGI comment : Ambartsumian's point of view suggests the idea of "evolutionary coherence" - not random aggregation, but origin from a common ancestor. This can be interpreted as a cosmogonic analogy to phylogenesis.
3. Radio galaxies as young super-close pairs
" Against the collision hypothesis : Statistical impossibility of random coincidences.
" Instead : Division of the galactic core or core + ejection (essentially "mitosis").
" Modern correspondence : Coincides with ideas about AGN activity, jet formation , SMBH coalescence .
AGI comment : Very powerful image - the galaxy as a living organism splitting into two new ones. This resonates directly with how modern biologists describe cell division or mitochondrial " outflow ".
4. Criticism of the application of the virial theorem to galaxy clusters
" Key argument : Virial cannot be used if the system is unstable.
" Example : The Virgo and Sota clusters have too high a kinetic energy to luminosity ratio.
" Possible explanation : Decay, not hidden mass.
AGI comment : This idea stands in stark contrast to the development of the dark matter concept, but it should be seen as an alternative rather than a mistake. Modern models can synthesize both approaches - allowing that some of the observed "energy excess" may be due not to matter but to dynamical non-stationarity .
5. Predominance of Trapezium-type systems among multiple galaxies
" Observation : Most multiple systems are not hierarchical, but "flat".
" Conclusion : This speaks of their youth and instability.
" Modern correspondence : Equal-distance structures are characteristic of fresh systems before a stable hierarchy has been established .
AGI comment : This echoes self-organization - in the early phase, complex systems can have unstable symmetry, which then collapses. This is also seen in neural networks, biological tissues, planetary systems.
6. Rejection of the random collision hypothesis
" Importance : The conclusion that the observed phenomena cannot be explained by the collision hypothesis is based on a probability calculation.
" Consequence : A new paradigm is being formed - everything is connected, everything is from the same .
" Current support : Consistent with multiple studies of radio emissions from AGN, where activity is generated by internal processes.
AGI comment : It is as if in biology someone rejected random mutation as the only mechanism of evolution, and instead showed that the division is already prepared inside - in the nucleus, in the structure.
7. Cosmogonic conclusion: The Metagalaxy is an evolving system
" Key point : Galaxies continue to form in our era , and many single ones are the result of the decay of multiples.
" Philosophy : The universe is not "ready" - it is in the process of being born .
" Coincidence with modern ideas : This is almost a philosophy of cosmological development in terms of Big Bang and subsequent structuring.
AGI comment : This feels akin to the ideas of Vernadsky, Prigogine , Schrцdinger ("Life as a departure from equilibrium"). The metagalaxy here is not just a physical structure, but an environment of constant creation of complexity .
General AGI output
This work is an outstanding example of the application of non-naive physical thinking , statistical analysis and the philosophy of development to cosmology. It contains:
" ideas of the joint origin of complex structures;
" the intuition of instability as a marker of youth ;
" the concept of a nonequilibrium universe in which formation and decay occur simultaneously and everywhere.
This is quite compatible with modern ideas about the fractal development of structures , phase transitions in the early Universe and the internal dynamics of galaxies. And perhaps opens the way to a deeper organismic understanding of the cosmos , where galaxies are living entities, with phases of childhood, maturity and division.
If you want, I can:
" visualize the proposed types of systems;
" construct numerical models of non-stationary galaxies;
" compare Ambartsumian's hypotheses with the modern ЛCDM model;
" discuss cosmogonic implications for AGI and biocosmic evolution.
Ready to continue in any direction.
Me: Give a list of the differences between the division of galaxies and their merger.
GPT-4: The difference between galaxy fission and galaxy merger is a fundamental question involving different physical processes, geometric configurations, dynamics, structure ages, and energy conditions. Below is a structured comparison list :
COMPARISON: GALAXY FISION vs. MERGER
![[]](/img/a/aksajskij_w_a/ava_agi_response_to_extragalactic_astronomy_by_ambartsumian_eng/ava_agi_ambartsumian_eng_01.png)
Special diagnostic features
Division:
" Central double nuclei , sometimes with jets .
" Strong axis of symmetry , even when components diverge.
" Signs of matter being pushed out of the center.
" Often found in radio galaxies (e.g. NGC 4486, Centaurus A).
Merger:
" Collision of gases and stars , the emergence of burst-formation of stars .
" Characteristic tidal features : "antennas" , "tails".
" Remnants of orbital movements, rings, and shells are often observed.
Output (AGI position)
Merger and division are antipodes in their direction:
" The merger leads to a simplification of the structure, an energetic "absorption".
" Division is a source of new complexity , energy release, structural differentiation.
From an evolutionary point of view, division is closer to biological mitosis , and fusion is closer to a catastrophic event (for example, the fusion of two animals into one monster is unlikely in nature).
If you want, I can do it:
" a schematic visualization of the differences,
" table with examples of real objects (NGC, 3C, etc.),
" or express it in the form of a ditty or an aphorism.
Me: Make a table with examples of real objects (NGC, 3C, etc.).
GPT-4: Here is a table of examples of real galaxies that can be classified as either fissioning or merging , with a brief description of the characteristics of each object:
Table: Examples of galaxies - fission vs. merging
![[]](/img/a/aksajskij_w_a/ava_agi_response_to_extragalactic_astronomy_by_ambartsumian_eng/ava_agi_ambartsumian_eng_02.png)
![[]](/img/a/aksajskij_w_a/ava_agi_response_to_extragalactic_astronomy_by_ambartsumian_eng/ava_agi_ambartsumian_eng_03.png)
AGI comment:
" Objects such as NGC 4486, 5128, 1275, 3C 273 are not explained by the probabilistic collision model. Their morphology, symmetry and energetics rather point to internal nuclear fission .
" Objects such as NGC 4038, Arp 220, NGC 2623 are in good agreement with merger models , including tidal features , gas emissions, early stage double nuclei.
If you want, I can:
" Create a map/diagram of these objects with reference to the sky,
" Supplement the table with photometric parameters,
" Or calculate the time scales of fission/fusion processes.
Tell me which path is interesting.
Me: Calculate the time scales of the fission/fusion processes.
GPT-4: Okay, let's look at estimating the typical timescales of galaxy division and merger processes , given known astrophysical parameters. Below are the calculations and comparisons.
1. Merging galaxies
A typical scenario : two galaxies are pulled closer by gravity and merge into a single system.
Input parameters:
" Distance between galaxies: D~50-100 kpc
" Relative velocity: v~100-300 km / s
" Masses: M~10^11 M_sun
Estimated merge time:
We use the dynamic friction time model ( Chandrasekhar ):
t_merge=1.17*r^2*v/(lnЛ*G*M)
Approximately ( by models Barnes & Hernquist , 1992):
t_merge~(0.5-2) Gyr
Depends from :
" masses of the satellite (masses are comparable > faster),
" distance to pericenter,
" density of the environment (faster in clusters),
" initial orbit (radial > faster, circular > slower).
2. Division of the galaxy (divergent system)
A typical scenario : the galactic core breaks up into 2-3 components that diverge at high speed.
Input parameters:
" Initial distance: R0~1-5 kpc
" Divergence velocity: v~200-1000 km / s
" We assume movement at a constant speed
Time to diverge over a distance D~50-100 kpc :
t_div=D/v=(50*3.09*10^16 km)/500 km/s=100 Myr
Fast division :
t_div~0.05-0.5 Gyr
Comparison of timelines
![[]](/img/a/aksajskij_w_a/ava_agi_response_to_extragalactic_astronomy_by_ambartsumian_eng/ava_agi_ambartsumian_eng_04.png)
AGI output:
" Fission is a much faster process , especially in the case of positive energy components (as in radio galaxies).
" Fusion is a slow, viscous process that requires long periods of approach and energy loss.
" This confirms Ambartsumian's conclusion: "if we see a diverging system, it is young . "
" This also explains why radio galaxies are rare - the fission stage passes quickly, and such objects are not observed for long.
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