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Etkin,V.A. Energodynamics (Thermodynamic Fundamentals
of Synergetics). - N.Y., 2011 - 479p.
The monograph generalizes the methods of non-equilibrium thermodynamics underlying synergetics to the processes of useful conversion of energy in any forms, irrespectively of the level of the universe they touch upon, the media they occur in and the field of knowledge they belong to. The theory called for short "energodynamics" features an interdisciplinary character, a system approach to objects of investigation, the exclusion of hypotheses and postulates from the theory grounds, the non-idealization of processes and systems beyond the uniqueness conditions imposed and the rate, productivity, irreversibility and counterdirectivity of processes in spatially heterogeneous media as explicitly allowed for in the basic equations of energodynamics.
The book concentrates most attention on the synthesis of the basics of fundamental disciplines and on the deductive substantiation of fundamental principles, laws and equations for equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics, classic and quantum mechanics, the theory of heat- and mass-exchange, hydrodynamics and electrodynamics.
A considerable attention is also paid to the development and experimental verification of a number of new applications the theory provides, as well as to the analysis and elimination of the paralogisms discovered from the positions of energodynamics in the majority of fundamental disciplines.
The book is intended for the audience understanding the necessity of updating the conceptual base of modern natural science and being interested in the prospects of alternative energetics, the phenomena at the interfaces between various sciences, the problems of self-organization and global evolution. It may be useful also for the researches, university teachers and students keen-set for the system vision of the world, the knowledge integration and interdisciplinary schooling.
Translation from Russian Edition
(St.-Petersburg, "Science", 2008),
awarded Leibniz's medal of the European
Academy of Natural Sciences (2009)
Translator - N.V. Abashkin
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ISBN 978-0-557-95565-7 |
љ V.A. Etkin, 2011 |
CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................................... 8
Part 1
FROM THERMODINAMICS - TO ENERGODYNAMICS
Chapter 1. Methodological principles of Energodynamics......................... 9
1.1. System Approach to Objects of Investigation................................ 11
1.2. Exclusion of Hypotheses and Postulates from Theory Grounds ........... 14
1.3. Negation of Process and System Idealization outside Uniqueness
Conditions Framework........................................................... 17
1.4. Compliance with the Adequacy Principle at System State Description... 25
1.5. Change to Absolute Reference System....................................... 27
1.6. Counterdirectivity of Processes Allowed for When Finding Their Coordinates....................................................................... 31
Chapter 2. Postulate-Free Derivation of Basic Relations in the Theory... 34
2.1. Substantiation of Total energy Conservation Law........................... 34
2.2. Force and Its Moment as the Notions Introduced into Basic Equation
of Energodynamics............................................................... 37
2.3. Differentiation between Ordered and Unordered Parts in Internal Energy (Inergy and Anergy).............................................................. 41
2.4. Rate and Productivity of Real Processes as Allowed for in Equations
of Energodynamics............................................................... 48
2.5. Irreversibility in Energy Balance Equations................................. 51
2.6. Predicting General View for Equations of State and Transfer...... 53
Conclusions to Part 1......................................................... 57
Part 2
MAIN PRINCIPLES, LAWS AND EQUATIONS
OF FUNDAMENTAL DISCIPLINES.................. 59
Chapter 3. Classic Mechanics.................................................... 60
3.1. Correction of Some Mechanical Concepts.................................... 60
3.2. Law of Inertia (Newton"s First Law of Motion) and Its Generalization
to Rotational Motion............................................................... 65
3.3. Law of Force (Newton"s Second Law of Motion)............................. 69
3.4. Extended Interpretation of Newton"s Third Law of Motion
3.5. (Principle of Action and Reaction)............................................. 71
3.5. Theoretical Derivation of Law of Universal Gravitation..................... 73
3.6. Substantiation of the Least Action Principle.................................. 75
Chapter 4. Classic Thermodynamics............................................. 78
4.1. Principle of the Excluded Perpetuum Mobile of 1st Sort (the First Law
of Thermodynamics).............................................................. 79
4.2. Principle of Entropy Existence (Second Law for Reversible Processes)... 84
4.3. Principle of Entropy Rise (Second Law for Irreversible Processes)........ 89
4.4. Principle of Excluded Perpetual Motion of the Second Kind.............. 93
4.5. Principle of Unattainable Absolute Temperature Zero (Third Law of
Thermodynamics).................................................................. 96
4.6. Principle of Entropy Maximum as Equilibrium Condition.................. 99
Chapter 5. Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes..................... 102
5.1. Linear Theory of Dissipation Processes Rate............................ 102
5.2. Motive Forces and Generalized Rates of Transfer Processes.............. 106
5.3. Entropy Balance Equation and Dissipation Rate............................ 108
5.4. Phenomenological Laws of Transfer Processes........................... 110
5.5. Reciprocal Relation in Transfer Processes................................. 113
5.6. Law of Minimum Entropy Production....................................... 116
Chapter 6. Heat-Mass Transfer Theory....................................... 120
6.1. Elimination of Strange Delimitation of Thermodynamics
and the Heat Exchange Theory.............................................. 120
6.2. Fundamental Law of Heat Conductivity..................................... 121
6.3. Convective Heat Exchange and Transfer.................................... 123
6.4. Radiant Heat Exchange......................................................... 124
6.5. Heat-Mass Exchange in Open Systems..................................... 116
Chapter 7. Hydro -and Aerodynamics....................................................... 131
7.1. Basic Laws of Hydrodynamics................................................ 132
7.2. Relationships between Thermodynamic and Geometrical Parameters
in Gas Flows..................................................................... 136
7.3. Law of Friction. Shear, Bulk and Rotational Viscosity..................... 137
7.4. Derivation of Navier-Stokes" Generalized Equation...................... 141
7.5. Momentum Transfer in Boundary Layer.................................... 143
Chapter 8. Electrodynamics........................................................................... 147
8.1. Free, Polarization and Dipole Charges.................................... 147
8.2. Thermodynamic Derivation of Maxwell"s Equations..................... 150
8.3. Theoretical Derivation of Coulomb"s Law.................................. 154
8.4. The Ohm"s law and its generalization....................................... 156
8.5. Flows of Electric and Magnetic Fields Energy. Poynting"s Vector
as their synthesis............................................................ 159
Chapter 9. Quantum Mechanics................................................ 161
9.1. Planck Radiation Law Classic Derivation................................... 161
9.2. Quantum Yield Consideration in Photoeffect Equation................... 168
9.3. Energodynamic Analog of Schrцdinger"s Equation........................ 172
9.4. Alternative Description of Spectral Series................................... 174
9.5. Orbital Electrons Parameters Definition..................................... 177
Conclusions to Part 2............................................................... 179
Part 3
ELIMINATION OF NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCIES
OF THERMODYNAMICS EXTRAPOLATION
Chapter 10. Correction of Thermodynamics of Open and Polyvariant
Systems................................................ 181
10.1. Discrimination between Ordered and Unordered Works.................. 183
10.2. Solution to the Problem of Thermodynamic Inequalities.................. 187
10.3. Generalisation of Second Law on Non-Heat Engines........................ 191
10.4. Restoration of Potential Properties of Free Energy in Open
Systems.......................................................................... 198
10.5. Correction of Material Equilibrium Conditions........................... 201
10.6. Possibility of use of Environmental Heat in Non-Heat Engines......... 205
Chapter 11. Entropy Rise Principle Application Limitation............. 207
11.1. "Heat Death " of the Universe as Groundless Theory................... 208
11.2. Failure to Prove Entropy Rise Principle................................... 211
11.3. Nonidentity of Thermodynamic, Statistical and Informational
Entropies...................................................................... 215
11.4 Ambiguous Relation of Entropy with Irreversibility and Dissipation.. 220
11.5. Inadequacy of Evolution Entropy Criteria................................. 225
Chapter 12. Thermodynamic Resolution of "Gibbs Pfradox".......... 228
12.1. Origin and Nature of Gibbs Paradox....................................... 229
12.2. Thermodynamic Inadmissibility of Gibbs Paradox....................... 220
12.3. Entropy Reference Point Shift in Mixing Processes as Entropy
"Jump" Reason............................................................... 236
12.4. Energodynamic Theory of Mixing Processes............................. 239
Chapter 13. Negative Absolute Temperature Concept Invalidity.......... 243
13.1. Non thermodynamic Nature of Negative Absolute Temperature........ 243
13.2. "Inversion" of the Second Law in Negative Absolute Temperature
Range............................................................................ 245
13.3. Non-Thermal Nature of Spin-Spin Interaction............................ 248
13.4. Description of Spin Systems from the Positions of Energodynamics... 250
Chapter 14. Eliminating Paralogisms of Relativistic Thermodynamics. 251
14.1. Ambiguity of Relativistic Transformations on Thermodynamic Values.252
14.2. Non-Invariance of Efficiency Expression for Relativistic Carnot Cycle.254
14.3. Relativistic Carnot Engine as Compound Engine......................... 256
14.4. Inapplicability of Relativity to Absolute Values........................... 257
Conclusions to Part 3................................................................ 261
Part 4
THERMODYNAMIC ANALISYS OF PHENOMENA
AT SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES INTERFACES
Chapter 15. Fundamental Unity of Energy Transfer Processes.............. 263
15.2. Energy Transfer at Force Field Deformation. Potential Retardation.... 270
15.3. Maxwell"s Equations Generalization Allowing for Displacemen
Fluxes of Bound Charg..................................................... .. 275
15.4. Possibility of Single-Wire Energy Transmission.......................... 279
15.5. Longitudinal Electromagnetic Waves Existing........................... 281
Chapter 16. New Method of Superposition Effects Investigation
for Irreversible Processes........................... 286
16.1. Definition of Superposition Effects as Partial Equilibrium
Conditions..................................................................... 286
16.2. Theoretical Prognostication of Superposition Effects ................... 290
16.3. Definition of Hard-to-Measure Thermodynamic Parameters Based
on Superposition Effects..................................................... 292
16.4. Simplification of Phenomenological Transfer Laws by Finding
Their "Diagonal Form"................................................... 295
16.5. Investigation of Superposition Effects with Reciprocal Relations Violated...................................................................... 302
Chapter 17. Generalizing the Theory to Non-Linear Systems
and States Far off Equilibrium........................ 305
17.1. Differential Reciprocal Relations Confirmed in Exponential
Chemical Reactions......................................................... 306
17.2. Investigation of Irreversible Processes in Systems Standing far from Equilibrium.................................................................. 309
17.3. Simplification of Transport Laws Based on Differential Reciprocal Relations..................................................................... 315
17.4. Further Reduction of the Number of Kinetic Factors in Transport Equations..................................................................... 319
17.5. Setting Additional Constraints between Superposition Effects....... 323
Conclusions to Part 3.............................................................. 326
Part 5.
Chapter 18. Theory of Similarity of Energy Conversion.................. 328
18.1. Interrelation between Energy Transfer and Conversion Processes..... 329
18.2. Universal Index of Energy Converters" Perfection....................... 333
18.3. Kinetic Equations of Energy Conversion Processes.
Antisymmetry of Relationships Therein................................... 337
18.4. Similarity Criteria for energy Converting Systems....................... 342
18.5. Universal Load Characteristics of energy Converters.................... 345
18.6. Similarity of Load Characteristics for Real Machines.................... 346
Chapter 19. Theory of Engineering Systems Productivity................. 356
19.1. Synthesis of Thermokinetics with Thermoeconomics.................... 357
19.2. Nominal Operating Conditions for Power Units........................... 359
19.3. Optimal Overload Degree of Power and Processing Plants.............. 361
19.4. "Cruising Speed" Operation of Transport Vehicles....................... 363
19.5. Peak Power Reach Conditions for Heat Power Plant..................... 366
Chapter 20. To Using Field Forms of Energy................................. 372
20.1. Theoretical Possibilities of Creating Alternators........................... 374
20.2. Gravitational energy Converters............................................. 376
20.3. Generators Using Electrical Field energy................................... 381
20.4. Current Generators Using Magnetic Field energy.......................... 387
20.5. Converters of Radiation Field energy....................................... 397
Conclusions to Part 5................................................................ 405
Part 6
ELEMENTS OF THE ENERGODYNAMIC THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Chapter 21. Elimination of Contradiction between Thermodynamics
and Self-Organization Phenomena.................. 406
21.2. Self-Organization of Chemical Elements by Their Similarity Principle..411
21.3. Spontaneous Character of Structure Formation Processes at
Crystallization ............................................................... 418
21.4. Coherence of Laser Radiation as a Result of Radiative Equilibrium.. 419
21.5. System Ordering in Orientation Processes................................ 421
21.6. Structure-Forming Character of Mass Redistribution Processes in the Universe...................................................................... 425
Chapter 22. Elimination of Contradictions in Thermodynamics and Evolution Theory............................ 426
22.1. "Survival Principle" as Basic Law of Biological Evolution and
Reflection of Process Counterdirectivity.................................. 427
22.2. Ordering Character of Heterogeneous Biochemical Reactions......... 430
22.3. Antidissipative Character of Active Transfer Processes.................. 433
22.5. Biomass as a Factor of Evolution. Bio-Organism Maturity Criterion... 440
22.6. Energodynamic Conception of Biological Evolution and "Neodarwinism"............................................................... 443
Conclusions to Part 6................................................................ 451
Afterword.............................................................................. 452
Key Symbols........................................................................... 456
References ............................................................................ 458
Contents .............................................................................. 474
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