Низовцев Юрий Михайлович : другие произведения.

How can one attract randomness and take advantage of it the process of creativity?

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  • Аннотация:
    Creativity in a person is the only thing that determines the progress of civilization in the technological and cultural spheres. Where did this creative beginning come from, science has not yet discovered, although much has been written about it. It is not even clear with what, in essence, the process of creativity is connected as the discovery of a non-obvious new one, as well as - thanks to what the creative process proceeds. It would be nice to clarify this. You can evaluate the attempt presented here by reading the text below.
  
  I
  It is known that the variability of living creatures is provoked by mutations, and the mutation itself is a random effect on some gene, that has a positive or negative effect on the descendants of this creature.
  As a result, over time, appear and disappear various organisms the existence of which is determined, in essence, by their adaptive capabilities in relation to the environment, but all changes in these organisms occur, as it were, automatically and over comparatively long time, that is, the being itself does not realize them.
  Indeed, randomness in any form, even in a person who, in principle, can understand the nature of this phenomenon, cannot give rise directly to conscious actions for its use, since a person understands only retroactively that this phenomenon is random, so as it emerges suddenly for human, when he can"t do anything already, and he has to either eliminate the consequences of this occasion, if they are negative, or think about whether it is possible to take advantage of this randomness for his own benefit.
  It is also impossible to predict randomness, since it is something that falls out of any known order.
  Confirmation of this unforeseen, causeless, unstable nature of randomness, and also to the fact that it is the result of the intersection of independent processes, are not only the examples below, but also well-known definitions of randomness, which were formulated as the quintessence of its many manifestations.
  V. I. Dahl qualifies randomness as follows: "It is an unaccountable and causeless beginning". (Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language).
  S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova, in "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language", give the following definition of randomness so: "Randomness - it is unforeseen".
  The explanatory dictionary "Eurasian Wisdom from A to Z" says about randomness the following: "The character of what exists as a random fact. That is, that might not be. The term was created by Fichte to mean in general everything that is given for no reason".
  The wide definition of randomness is given by the Encyclopedic Philosophical Dictionary: "Randomness is a reflection of mostly external, inconsequential, unstable, single-time connections of reality; expression of the initial point of knowledge of the object; the result of the crossing of independent causal processes, events; a way of turning opportunities into reality, in which in a given object, under given conditions, there are several different possibilities that can turn into reality, but only one of them is realized; a form of manifestation of necessity and addition to it".
  Be that as it may, but it is randomness that makes evolutionary changes in living nature, and if we leave out the disputed reasons for the appearance of a creature with self-consciousness - a person, then by one of the authors of this new phenomenon was randomness.
  Randomness was only a co-author of the appearance of man because it only evolutionarily brought living organisms to a model (primate) suitable for the formation of a being, which is capable to be aware himself, his intentions and his actions, but the author of appearance of a person - was by no means some randomness, since self-consciousness inherent only in a person is based on a different program, which is not an improvement in the program of natural (lower) consciousness, but it is completely independent, giving a person the opportunity not only adapt to the environment, but also go beyond that environment.
  It is already in the new role of a conscious transformer of the environment that a person can transfer randomness thanks to self-consciousness from the category of chaotic into the category of necessary, but only for cognition of the unobvious new, for that he is already capable, repeatedly accelerating the development process of both the community of people and their consciousness.
  In other words, as soon as this new being - a person - was able to wonder and ponder, that is, to build projects, or penetrate into the future in the form of setting specific goals in front of oneself, and strive to achieve them by a will force, but never satisfied with what has been achieved, this creature, firstly, turned out to be the only one of all, capable to this conscious "management" by time in order to obtain the desired result; secondly, the self-consciousness inherent in this creature led him to the fact, that this being has found ways to consciously use the randomness, albeit indirectly, which was previously impossible in living nature - that"s why the evolution of living things went so slowly - billions of years - before the advent of a person.
  The fact is that it is impossible to directly use randomness both for creation and destruction, even consciously, because when setting goals in the current time, it is not present in the human mind, and cannot be taken into account by it. Actually, therefore, occasions, i.e. phenomena that are interfering in specific actions of a person about which he did not know or simply extraneous factors that he could notice but did not attach importance to them, qualified by him as something spontaneous. That is, to use randomness, at least time is required to understand its nature and possible application.
  How important this is for the expansion of information flows is clear from the arbitrary nature of randomness: if a random phenomenon is akin to surprise, then randomness falls out of a known series of current events and, possibly, - available knowledge. In other words, randomness may well be the phenomenon, non-obvious and extraneous to the database of mankind, being out of a known order.
  Consequently, randomness is the direct neighbor of unobvious new knowledge, and only through it can it be achieved, and not through logic or combinatorics. Therefore, randomness and non-obvious new can quite naturally converge, if you move away from traditional research methods and use some methods of using randomness for your own purposes.
  II
  Matter of fact, that combinatorics, observation, experience, analysis, synthesis have no effect in acquiring non-obvious knowledge, being within the framework of known ideas and representations, and therefore they are only able to develop them, building more perfect combinations of the known, which, of course, is also new, but of a lower order, which does not allow to reach qualitatively other levels of cognition and development.
  Thus, randomness in the conscious actions of a person carries an important load - fundamentally different than it was carrying in living nature in the form of mutations.
  Randomness under certain conditions can become, paradoxically, by the main part of the process of obtaining non-obvious knowledge, since a person can attract it to solve his own vital tasks quite consciously, despite the different ways of its manifestation, making its contribution - mainstream - to accelerate the motion of civilization, despite the fact that initially the person did not know about her when setting the goal.
  Along with that, fundamentally randomness is something external, closer to chaos than to order. Its independence from the established one can redraw the order in a completely unimaginable way and thereby denote the unknown, and therefore also fundamentally new knowledge.
  However, randomness can manifest itself in this way only through a self-conscious being who is consciously being not satisfied with what is available, and therefore is capable to choice only what interests him, setting goals for himself, unlike all other living organisms, which only instinctively strive to the better conditions of existence, and the primary cause of instinctive actions of these organisms are uncontrolled by them mutations in the genome.
  Consequently, the activity of the creature known to us as Homo sapiens can already manifest itself in the conscious pursuit of the new in order to satisfy its needs in the best, using all available opportunities, including randomness, despite the fact that it is impossible to determine it initially.
  So, the emergence of self-consciousness in Homo sapiens creates an opportunity for his creative activity that does not coincide with his routine activity, or makes him a creative being.
  However, creativity that is realized in a person"s desire for a new one has two degrees.
  The lowest degree of creativity is mainly related to combinatorics, allowing new knowledge to be obtained by another combination of already known knowledge. Such knowledge can be very important for development, but it can also be obtained by a computer under the action of appropriate programs faster than by a person and with a lesser degree of failure.
  The main methodology for obtaining new knowledge at the specified level is reduced mainly to observations, conducting experiments, analyzing the results and combining the obtained data, checking and systematizing them on the basis of combinatorics. That is, the basis of scientific and technical research as well as everyday life are observation and experience (experiment)
  For example, by observing the movement of the sun along the sky and the movement of the shadow from the objects with its shortening and elongation, a person in different parts of the world came to the same conclusion: the course of the day can be compared with the movement of the sun, and if you stick a stick in the ground, you will be able, dividing the circle around the stick into parts, to know the time of day more or less accurately. So the first clock appeared.
  As for the role of experiment in the development of civilization, as part of the process of obtaining new knowledge, a typical example may be the improvement of the process of making paper to reduce its cost.
  During the silk production in China, after the thermal and mechanical processing of raw materials, a fiber layer remained on the mats, which after drying turned into a thin sheet suitable for writing.
  This paper was very expensive because the raw materials were expensive. Therefore, there was a demand for less expensive fiber raw materials in order to reduce the cost of paper. In the year 105 AD the updated paper-making process was proposed by the official Tsai-Lun. Instead of expensive raw materials, he found similar cheap materials: he took mulberry fibers, old rags, hemp and wood ash. All this was shredded and mixed with water. The resulting mass was laid out on a wooden frame and a sieve. After draining the water, the mass was being dried in the sun and thoroughly smoothed with stones. It turned out high-quality and inexpensive sheets of paper. This technology, with minor changes, has survived to this day.
  Similarly, in science and technology are being acquired new knowledge and applications to them, and they in further are being framed in the form of laws in various fields - from physics and mathematics to biology. However, the knowledge obtained using this method only broadens the scope of application of human skills in practice, improving living conditions, and also allows you to build various models, but rarely are turning points for the development of civilization.
  Such obvious innovations include improvements in medical and technical procedures, the creation of cartography and irrigation, household appliances; systematization of various kinds, the first example of which was the systematization of living organisms, first carried out by Karl Linnaeus in the form of a single classification system for the plant and animal world; the establishment of evolutionary changes in organisms in wildlife; Copernicus"s discovery of the world"s heliocentric system by simplifying the Ptolemy"s geocentric system; Galileo's discovery of the absence of a dependence of the acceleration of free fall on body weight empirically; Rutherford's discovery of the planetary structure of the atom, containing a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons around it, based on the experience of scattering of alpha particles; Niels Bohr's explanation of Mendeleev"s periodic system based on own atom model, spectroscopic data, and considerations on the properties of elements by presenting a scheme for filling the atom"s electron shells.
  This list of discoveries of the new, obtained directly from previous knowledge in a logical way using the data of experience could be continued for a long time, but, in essence, this new lies on the surface, and with the appropriate demand, it opens to many researchers at the same time, although, of course, and this approach, associated with a lower degree of creativity, requires appropriate knowledge and skills, a set of experimental data, building a variety of models, sometimes complex mathematical processing, etc., however, methods, used in this approach, are logically consistent and quite smoothly improve or complement the already the known, without making radical turns, that is, they are quite obvious.
  A higher degree of creativity is already connected with obtaining fundamentally new knowledge, which is not obvious, that is, no combination of known knowledge, no conclusions in the form of formal logic can give it, as and experiments aimed at improving the known.
  It turns out. that non-obvious knowledge is really connected with randomness, and the explanation for this lies in the fact that both non-obvious new knowledge and randomness are beyond the known, that is, they manifest as the unforeseen.
  III
  One of the ways to attract randomness to the acquisition of non-obvious new knowledge is quite trivial: one case leads a systematic researcher of some process with a definite purpose to the idea of using a suddenly noticed completely extraneous phenomenon directly in his own study or to the idea of a new direction of research.
  The problematical character of using this method of attracting randomness to the acquisition of new knowledge is that usually the researcher concentrates on solving one set problem, which, as a rule, does not allow him to pay attention to any side incoming circumstances, and therefore he prefers to work by traditional methods, using knowledge and experience from previous studies.
  As a result, compared with the general mass of researchers, such strange distraction from work is characteristic of a few persons, and, apparently, is dictated by the coincidence of interest not only in one problem, but this distraction is also dictated by an elevated degree of dissatisfaction with the general state of affairs in their own field of research or science in general. At the same time, this person should experience great dissatisfaction with himself, all the time striving to prove own perfection not to anyone, but exactly to oneself.
  Of course, all these properties are necessary, but not sufficient. It requires a good education, increased attention to the environment, ingenuity, the ability to use your own brain, as well as, for the most part, a favorable combination of circumstances, or luck. Such coincidences are extremely rare, and also non-obvious knowledge also rarely appears, but on the other hand, it often brings a turning point in the existing routine.
  This method of using randomness to obtain fundamentally new knowledge, which do not emanate not directly from previous studies can be illustrated by several examples of well-known inventions.
  The first carbonated water, which, as you know, is obtained by saturating ordinary water with carbon dioxide, appeared in England in 1767. Well-known British naturalist and chemist Joseph Priestley once went into a local brewery and accidentally drew attention to the bubbles that appeared above the vats in which they brewed beer. Priestley did not forget about these bubbles, and returned to the brewery, placed over the vats a bowl of water, which was soon saturated with bubbles. It was not difficult for Priestley to determine that there was carbon dioxide in the bubbles. He tasted the water saturated with this gas. She was pleasant and hit into the nose wonderfully. Then Priestley made the first bottle of soda.
  In 1792, electricity researcher Alessandro Volta accidentally drew attention to the physiological experiments of Luigi Galvani, who noted spontaneous contractions of the frog muscle when touched by two strips of different metals, and suggested that the frog muscle produces electricity. Since Volta better than Galvani was versed in electrical processes, he realized that the frog muscle, twitching, only fixes the electric current. This, seemingly physiological phenomenon that is not related completely to his field of research - the contraction of a frog"s muscle - led him to think about the possibility of generating electricity chemically, namely, by means of copper and zinc plates in hydrochloric acid. Thus appeared the first electric battery-a chemical source of current, on the basis of which a few years later (1803) Johann Ritter created a battery that could be repeatedly charged. The process of improving the batteries (accumulators) is still going on, but the first battery appeared not without the participation of randomness.
  n 1896, Becquerel studied phosphorescence in uranium salts. During operation, he wrapped the fluorescent material potassium uranyl sulfate by an opaque material along with photographic plates to prepare for an experiment that required bright sunlight. Even before the completion of the experiment, he discovered that the photographic plates as if have been exposed to light. This random observation prompted Becquerel to investigate spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation. So there was the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity, which laid the foundations of nuclear physics, and subsequently - nuclear power engineering.
  The Internet also appeared by chance. During the cold war between the USSR and the USA in 1957, the Russians were the first to go into space, launching a satellite. From the position of the US military, a new threat arose from outer space, which had to be opposed with something to quickly respond to it. Since computer systems were seriously developed in the USA, it was proposed to connect computers located in different places by telephone lines, thereby having created the spaced data network, which is extremely effective in the context of the alleged military conflict to repel an attack. In 1969, the combined computer network of the states of California and Utah began operating under the appropriate protocol. To date, this network has improved, expanded and covered the whole world with the help of the same satellites. And it all started with a completely extraneous case.
  Archimedes in the III century BC puzzled for a long time over the determination of the content of pure gold in the crown of Gieron - the tyrant Syracuse, into which, possibly, a significant amount of silver was spiked. It was not possible to do this by conventional means, although the specific gravity of gold was known, but the crown was irregular in shape. Once, while taking a bath, Archimedes noticed that the volume of his body immersed in the bath and the volume of water rising in the bath coincide. This involuntary clue helped him solve the problem with the crown that tormented him, and Archimedes determined the exact volume of the crown by immersing it in water and measuring the volume of water displaced by it. But Archimedes did not limit himself to solving this practical problem, but as a scientist, he concluded that a buoyancy force acts on a body immersed in a liquid equal to the weight of the volume of liquid displaced by the body. This force was later called hydrostatic lifting force.
  After the invention of the strongest explosive - nitroglycerin in 1847 - the problem arose of its production, use and transportation due to the particular sensitivity of this substance to detonation. Nevertheless, nitroglycerin began to produce, and in 1864, in A. Nobel's factory for the production of this explosive, despite all the precautions, there was a strong explosion with many victims. Nobel had to look for ways to reduce this sensitivity. The problem was partially solved, but the danger, especially during the transportation of explosives, remained. Therefore, transportation was carried out in bottles placed in a porous soil - kieselguhr. Once one bottle of nitroglycerin broke, but nitroglycerin did not explode, but only spilled onto the ground. Nobel considered this incident a sign, and began to investigate the resulting mixture. It turned out that the explosive force of the mixture did not change, and the sensitivity to detonation dropped sharply, so that this mixture could only be exploded by igniting a small volume of explosive mercury. The mixture was called as the dynamite, and explosive mercury, placed in the capsule, became to serve as a detonator for undermining dynamite.
  Another way of attracting randomness to obtain fundamentally new knowledge implies the impossibility of achieving the goal without it, since only something unknown and so far incomprehensible can connect, for example, an almost ready, but dead or ineffective construction into a single and workable whole, or to revive a painting.
  That is, it is required either to reveal this unknown somewhere aside to achieve the set goal, or to cause it somehow from nonexistence to the right sphere, have determined its correspondence to the set goal. Otherwise, nothing can happen.
  The successful attracting of an outside element, that is, in General, a random, but, nevertheless, - the key to solving the problem can be illustrated by the following examples.
  Once, Leonardo da Vinci needed intermediate details linking the moving parts of some of his inventions, without which the structures remained inoperative. If such goal appeared, then the solution could be found. This decision occurred to him when he looked at the small metal balls that the children played. A casual look at the smooth shiny balls produced in his head the idea of getting rid of the friction of mobile surfaces provided that these balls will be placed between them. So there were rolling bearings.
  The British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928 was conducting the research with various cultures of bacteria to combat them. Once he noticed that after a month mold appeared on the same plate with bacteria cultures and at the same time the staphylococcus colonies located there disappeared. Fleming did not fail to investigate this mold and found that it was a fungus of the genus penicillinae. Continuing research, he found that this penicillin destroys not only staphylococci, but also the bacteria that cause scarlet fever, diphtheria, meningitis and pneumonia. So antibiotics were discovered that can cure people of a number of previously deadly diseases.
  One can ask yourself the following question: researchers in the world are millions, and findings like those mentioned above happen quite rarely.
  This fact can be explained so: the vast majority of researchers use their creativity at the lowest level, that is, at the level of combinatorics, formal-logical approach and available experience, drawing on known knowledge in a specific field of research. This contributes a known share to the accumulation and development of knowledge, but does not open up a fundamentally new one.
  Thus, creativity of the lowest level can be useful only for the preparatory stage of the discovery of non-obvious knowledge, as well as for the researcher to be convinced of own helplessness to solve the problem.
  What then are the "mechanisms" leading to epoch-making finds and discoveries?
  IV
  The solution to this problem can be approached from two perspectives.
  The first is as follows.
  It is known that in the human body there are 150 billion neurons that control the functioning of the whole organism - from each cell to the processes of thought.
  Of these, there are no more than 19 billion neurons in the central part of the control system - the cortex of large hemispheres of the brain - focused mainly on the management of organism as a whole and the largest parts of the body, and related to the organs of senses and thought processes.
  Apparently, the intensity of the process of thinking using the maximum possible amount of memory, covering all knowledge known to a person, even traversed in passing, and not just special ones, can be increased by involving as many neurons as possible, and not just neurons of the brain parts responsible for the operative memory and associative thinking. The search sphere will expand significantly then, attention will increase, the amount of available memory will increase, ingenuity will also increase and, accordingly, the likelihood of detecting an unforeseen element in a completely unexpected place that can connect the entire structure and make it workable, but which is absent in the studied area of knowledge, will increase.
  By such extraneous, or random elements, in particular, there were: mold that had nothing to do with staphylococci; smooth metal balls that have never been used in mechanical structures; and bicycle pedals, which was absent in any carriage devices.
  It is curious that such results are obtained not by the amount of accumulated knowledge, not by the academic nature of scientists, but by the ability attracting to the search for the right solution in the appropriate period of time all the mental resources of the organism, including memory, and only after - the ingenuity and attention. Otherwise, each educated person, if desired, could become a pioneer of non-obvious new knowledge, and such individual as the simple blacksmith Artamonov - the inventor of the bicycle - would never have reached the level, that allowed him to create a fundamentally new object of movement.
  Be success to attract to the maximum extent, strange as it may seem at first glance, the resources of the organism for research work, as a rule, - during periods of relaxation or distraction. The fact is that during these periods, many parts of the nervous system, brain and spinal cord are not loaded completely. Similar periods can be such moments of rest or relaxation, as falling asleep or exiting from sleep, relaxation of any kind, distraction from thoughts about work, that is, those moments at which in which you can get to attract the unoccupied neurons from those parts of the nervous system that are not directly related to the processes of thinking in order to solve given problem successfully.
  Of course, this is very rarely obtained by itself, but at some skill it can help find what you are looking for.
  The effectiveness of such a technique is confirmed by the stories of some researchers who obtained the desired result precisely in periods of relaxation and the like.
  These include Archimedes, who found his idea in the bath; Galileo, who, being in the church, from the swing of the lamp deduced the law of oscillation of the pendulum; Robert Mayer, who formulated the law of conservation of mechanical energy during one of his travels; Henri Poincaré, who after long work and anxious sleep in the early morning hours established the existence of "automorphic functions".
  True, it is very rare, but it happens that only their own brains are able to "grab" an extraneous connecting link - and not in one field of activity. A similar brain structure is rare, but it works aptly. Therefore, the ingenious Leonardo da Vinci, when he needed to practically eliminate friction in a number of devices he invented, drew attention to ordinary metal balls with a smooth surface that children played, so rolling bearings appeared.
  V
  The second position, leading to epoch-making finds and discoveries, is more connected with intuition (insight), which is used when, at many unknowns, one must nevertheless make some decision.
  True, it fails people for the most part here, since they do not know the necessary rules for entering this state, but also science cannot explain the mechanism of intuitive finds within the framework of its methodology.
  Quite detailed the hypothesis of the mechanism of this process is presented by us in the work "The person as hologram" [Ch. 2.8. Amazon or litres.ru], but in short, it can be described as follows.
  The intuitive find process itself, or suddenly enlightenment, is associated with currently unknown processes in the human brain and is effectively manifested only when several conditions coincide, or are met: thorough preliminary training on the lowest level of creativity to accumulate data related to the problem, which is studied; the presence of a insistently pursued goal, clearly and clearly formulated; an adequate choice or accidental advent of the right moment for insight, when the probability of the manifestation of the sought is greatest.
  This process can be explained by imagining that the basis of a person is the hologram outside the current time. Since each part of the hologram coincides with the whole, insofar each person, like his consciousness, potentially coincides with everything manifested [see, for example, Nizovtsev Yu.M. "The person as hologram" [Ch. 3. Amazon or litres.ru].
  This means that, having "lowered" in one"s consciousness to the level of one"s own hologram, which, being part of the entire hologram, coincides with it, and, therefore, with any part of it, one can choose the part that is studied or interesting, and it will reveal oneself completely. One just has to know, what is required. And a similar opportunity is opened if there is a specific goal and enough complete knowledge about this subject area. After the "rise" back into his self-consciousness, a person sometimes, but not always, can keep his understanding achieved on this "bottom" of consciousness and formulate the acquired at the level of the hologram in ordinary terms already "above" - on the level of own self-consciousness, for example, how law regularity or as a hint to solve a problem, either as an element connecting all details, either to understand the way of reviving a dead image in a art canvas, or to realize how to create a harmonious symphony from the cacophony of scattered sounds, which makes listeners completely forget themselves in its bewitching sounds.
  Quite a lot of people are able to enter this state of insight automatically, and also automatically get out of it. This condition is sometimes called inspiration. A person does not remember what happened to him, but he remembers the answer to the question asked. However, often success in this state is not achieved due to the fact that a person vaguely worded the question or lacked the necessary training - there are no necessary ideas, knowledge, skills and experience, therefore sense of the answer is being distorted or a complete understanding of the answer is not being achieved. This phenomenon is reflected in the fairy tales of all the peoples of the world, when some Ivanushka fool is being placed by a wizard in a space, where he is trying to find something unknown incomprehensibly how.
  Therefore, the successful result of intuitive insights is so rare that the inspiration or insight, that gives this result, is considered the fate of the chosen ones.
  These favorites are some inventors whose devices change the face of the world, few composers whose music lives in centuries, leading listeners to delight, a few artists whose paintings not only copy fragments of life, but revive them so much that they give us a different understanding of life itself.
  To these chosen persons, strangely enough, belong the illiterate shamans, who with unfailing success predict rain, cure certain diseases, and point out the safe way to the goal. However, shamans introduce themselves into a state of insight artificially, bringing themselves into a corresponding trance with the help of drugs or a set of rhythmic sounds.
  The essence of inspiration, or rather, insight be to the fact that a person as if "falls" into own subconscious and then - into own hologram. Thus, in his consciousness he is able to become an animal, a plant, a cloud, an ocean, and a mathematical equation. If in this state he manages to ask a pre-formulated question, he can feel the answer, but he can only understand its meaning after returning to a state of full self-awareness, as they say, being in the concrete theme.
  Therefore, shamans do not try to find out the physical or chemical essence of the phenomena, but they successfully predict the weather, hunting places for a specific game, cure a number of diseases, and some researches-experts, even when there is a lack of data on a specific theme, are able in the state of inspiration, more precisely, intuitive comprehension, to penetrate into the essence of the phenomena under study, that is, they solve problems in an incomprehensible way, as they themselves think.
  An example of this is Mendeleev, who, as he himself said, in a strange way for oneself to the quite adequate result: despite all the differences in known chemical elements. He distributed them only by atomic weight, bringing them together in a table, which made it possible to predict the existence of still unknown elements, although this was only an approximation to the truth, since, as was established later, the properties of chemical elements depend on the charge of their atomic nucleus.
  Similarly, the intuitive, that is, at incomplete understanding of the approach to solving the problem and, to some extent, its foundation, but nevertheless, Lomonosov discovered the law of conservation of matter.
  In principle, there is no "estate division" in achieving the highest level of creativity. To do this, you do not need unique brains or extraordinary experience, it is enough to have self-consciousness, but everyone has it, like everyone has own hologram. This is confirmed by tens of millions of innovators and inventors in all countries of the world. The only question is the degree of originality and scale of their constructions, and then comes into force the structure of the brain, the environment of a person, his education, inclinations, the availability of free time, etc. Successful coincidence of all this gives talents, and the most successful - geniuses.
  So, self-consciousness, automatically assuming goal-setting, in combination with the subconscious, which is, in particular, the "guide" to the hologram, provides a person with the opportunity to "deceive" time, not only stating randomness post factum, but to put it in front of oneself as a basis for the process of obtaining non-obvious knowledge.
  Exactly through randomness the human creativity provides the most effective ways to increase the rate of consumption of information flows.
  In other words, as the above examples show, the involvement of randomness (extraneous) can lead to laws of a different or higher order, where this randomness can already become a necessary or even leading element.
  VI
  Randomness is in the same row not only with non-obvious knowledge, but not a single truly deep and original aphorism, nor a really funny joke can do without it, since they also belong to a certain non-obvious, and at first glance, an outsider, manifesting relatively rarely because implement something extraneous and accidental in relation to the banal expression unexpectedly aptly and peculiarly manages to few.
  As soon as randomness intervenes in a life situation or falls into a text, becoming key to them, they will inevitably manifest with an unexpected party. This is where all famous aphorisms and jokes come from, which, as a rule, are close to the oxymoron, that is, to a comparison of often contradictory or, at least, externally incompatible concepts.
  Let us first consider in this connection some deep thoughts of famous and original persons in aphoristic form.
  Perhaps the shortest, but most unobvious and great aphorism, in which everyday respect for the mind collides with a random situation of the impossibility of its application, belongs to A. S. Griboedov: "Woe from Wit".
  David Brinkley once put it this way: "A lucky person is one who is able to lay a solid foundation of stones that others throw at him." Here the author makes an unexpected turn, showing that the true luck does not come by itself, but it can be caught only under fire.
  No less paradoxical is the statement of Albert Einstein: "Only a fool needs order - genius dominates chaos." Here, Einstein equates stupidity with order, which at first glance looks unusual, but in fact it"s true, in disorder a fool cannot get along, and not a fool can turn chaos into order for oneself.
  Victor Hugo once remarked: "We are born with scream and die with groan. It remains only to live with laughter." And what is laughter, if not the child of a random.
  William Shakespeare also did not stand aside from laconic wisdom: "Every madness has its own logic." Here, Shakespeare points out that a hypertrophied case can turn into logical stupidity.
  "No winner believes in randomness," - so Friedrich Nietzsche stated the reluctance of the most fortunate ones to accept out of pride any case on themselves, although actually they can never do without it.
  "Democracy is the worst form of government, apart from all the others that humanity has tried in its history," Winston Churchill once said, showing that even the best order cannot do without randomness that violates it all the time, which is apparently necessary for the existence of order itself.
  It must be assumed that the root cause of laughter is an involuntary understanding of the incongruity, the absurdity of the situation, nevertheless reproduced in reality in one form or another in life or artificial form. This intuitive understanding causes involuntary superiority over the situation, which finds a way out in a stormy sound form, similar a cough, or - in a concussion of the whole body resembling convulsions.
  The absurdity of the situation, which causes laughter, most often occurs at an implausible combination of its features, in particular, the transfer of a trait from one sphere to completely different one. That is, some kind of randomness that intervenes or is specially introduced into the traditional situation often makes it stupid: this is the basis of the whole physical comedy (sitcom).
  The funniest jokes also cannot do without introduction into the text of an outsider element (random in given context), which makes the situation, at least, original.
  Below are examples of jokes of famous people, none of which could do without contrasting a completely extraneous to traditional understanding of events.
  A. S. Pushkin (the brilliant Russian poet) was asked at one evening about the lady, with whom he had been talking for a long time, how he finds her, whether she is smart? "I don"t know, - answered Pushkin, - after all I spoke French to her."
  Only our person comes into the museum to warm himself.
  M. Zadornov (Russian satirist)
  I was surrounded by lovely, likeable people, squeezing slowly the ring ...
  S. Leacock
  My girlfriend always dies with laughter during sex, no matter what she was reading along with this.
  M. Bulgakov (Russian writer)
  Sleep faster, your pillow is required to another.
  M. Zoshchenko (Russian writer)
  Clothes decorate the person. Naked people have very little or no influence in society.
  M. Twain
  If a critical situation arises, then you may tear me from my sleep at any time of the day or night - even if I am at a cabinet of Ministers meeting.
  R. Reagan
  When my parents finally realized that they had abducted me, they did not hesitate for a minute and immediately rented out my room.
  W. Allen
  The best view of this city, if sit ones in a bomber.
  I. Brodsky (Russian poet)
  The love of a married woman is a great thing. Married men never dreamed of it.
  O. Wilde
  Friendship between a man and a woman is possible. True, children appear from it.
  F. Engels
  Nothing is more demoralizing than a modest but steady income.
  E. Wilson
  One awkward movement - and you are the father.
  M. Zhvanetsky
  As you can see, these persons became great and famous because they managed to take advantage of randomness correctly, having found and having put it in the right place.
  
  
  
  
  
  
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Новые книги авторов СИ, вышедшие из печати:
О.Болдырева "Крадуш. Чужие души" М.Николаев "Вторжение на Землю"

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