The table below gives the average establishment strength of the major military formations used in the text. The figures should be treated as approximate, since military organization is flexible, and formations may be reinforced or reduced. The manning of formations may, of course, be well below these levels.
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-1.png)
Divisional strengths cover organic units only and exclude support units or services outside the divisional structure. Warsaw Pact forces and those of other Soviet-supported countries have establishments similar to those of the Soviet Union. NATO formations and squadrons not included in the table above have similar totals to those of Germany unless otherwise mentioned in the text. Iran, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan have tended to adopt American military organization, while Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore have generally followed British practice.
Arms Transfers
Major arms supply agreements identified as being made during the year which ended on 1 July 1981 are listed, by geographical region, in Table 5 on pp. 114-18. Because the actual transfer of arms may take place outside that year, an indication is also given there of expected delivery dates, where these are known. Licensing arrangements, widespread among industrialized countries, are not normally included.
Abbreviations and Terms
A list of the abbreviations used in the text is on p.viii, immediately following these notes. For the convenience of the reader, certain important abbreviations are explained again when first used. Where a $ sign appears it refers to US dollars, unless otherwise stated. The term billion equals 1,000 million.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ ЧИТАТЕЛЕЙ
Регионы и страны
Основные географические регионы указаны в оглавлении на стр. iii. Алфавитный список, показывающий, где находится каждая запись страны, находится на стр. 2, после этих Примечаний. В той мере, в какой это позволяют национальные различия, справка о стране (за исключением некоторых небольших стран) оформляется в стандартной форме: общая информация о населении, военной службе, общей численности военного персонала, валовом национальном продукте (ВНП) и расходах на оборону; отдельные разделы, посвященные армии, флоту и военно-воздушным силам, с организацией и оснащением и, где это уместно, иностранным развертыванием сил значительного размера и основных военно-морских баз. Там, где такая информация имеется, включаются резервы и военизированные формирования. Нелегко провести четкое разграничение между военизированными формированиями или не военизированными формированиями, и в определении должна быть предусмотрена определенная свобода действий. В целом, однако, полувоенными силами, здесь принято считать силы с вооружением и обучением выходящем за рамки того, что требуется для гражданской полиции и чья Конституция и управления предполагают, что они могут использоваться в поддержку, или вместо регулярных сил.
Оборонные Пакты и соглашения
Краткое описание многосторонних и двусторонних пактов и соглашений о военной помощи представляет каждый из основных региональных разделов исследования. Помощь в обороне с менее формальными механизмами тоже отмечена. Соглашения, которые охватывают только экономическую помощь, не включены.
Оборонные расходы
В отношении расходов на оборону приводятся последние имеющиеся бюджетные данные. Таблица 4 на стр. 112 показывает текущие и прошлые расходы, выраженные в текущих долларах США, с тем чтобы можно было проводить международные сопоставления; однако, поскольку многие страны ежегодно обновляют эти данные, эти цифры не обязательно будут соответствовать показателям, показанным в предыдущих изданиях The Military Balance. В таблице 2 приведены сравнения оборонных расходов НАТО 1961-1980 гг. в текущих и постоянных ценах; в этой таблице и для стран НАТО в таблице 4 используется стандартное определение оборонных расходов НАТО, но в большинстве других случаев используются национальные определения. Расходы на оборону Советского Союза и Китайской Народной Республики представляют собой ряд оценок, иллюстрирующих различия во мнениях относительно этих расходов. Проблема получения советских оборонных расходов и обменного курса для обеспечения сопоставимости обсуждается на стр. 14-15, а примечание на стр. 75 показывает трудность достижения цифры для Китая.
Национальный доход
Используются показатели валового национального продукта (ВНП) и валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП). ВВП равен ВНП минус чистый доход из-за рубежа. Показатели ВНП обычно приводятся в текущих рыночных ценах (стоимость факторов для восточноевропейских стран). В тех случаях, когда в настоящее время данные из опубликованных источников отсутствуют, были сделаны оценки, а в таблице 4 используются как опубликованные, так и оценочные данные о ВНП. Там, где это возможно, в качестве шага на пути к большей сопоставимости использовалась система национальных счетов Организации Объединенных Наций, а не национальные показатели. Для Советского Союза оценки ВНП делаются в рублях, следуя Р. У. Кэмпбеллу, "кратчайшему методу оценки советского ВНП" (Associationfor Comparative Economic Studies, vol. XIV, нет.2, Fall 1972). Восточноевропейские ВНП по факторным издержкам рассчитываются на основе чистого материального продукта с использованием корректировочного параметра T.P.Alton, 'Economic Growth and Resource Allocation in Eastern Europe', Reorientation and Commercial Relations of the Economies of Eastern Europe',Joint Economic Committee, 93rd Congress, 2nd Session (Washington: USGPO, 1974). Для Народной Республики Китай по ВНП дано в примечании на стр. 75.
Курсы Конвертации Валют
Для облегчения сопоставлений показатели в национальной валюте были пересчитаны в доллары США по курсу, действовавшему на конец первого квартала соответствующего года. Во всех случаях используемые коэффициенты пересчета показаны в записи страны, но не всегда применимы к коммерческим операциям. Исключение сделано в случае Советского Союза, поскольку официальный обменный курс непригоден для пересчета рублевых оценок ВНП. Были сделаны различные оценки более подходящих коэффициентов пересчета, но они имеют слишком большие недостатки, чтобы оправдывать их использование здесь; однако официальный курс приводится в разделе по стране. Другими исключениями являются некоторые восточноевропейские страны, не являющиеся членами МВФ, и Румыния (которая является таковой), для которых используются коэффициенты пересчета, описанные в вышеупомянутом исследовании Алтона.
Личный состав
Если не указано иное, приводятся данные о численности действующих сил, регулярных и призывных. В соответствующих случаях в справке страны также указывается численность ополченцев, резервных и полувоенных сил. Данные о резервах обычно рассчитываются на основе пятилетнего периода после призыва в армию. Дополнительная информация о личном составе также приводится в таблице 4.
Вооружение
Данные о вооружении в справках стран охватывают все запасы, за исключением боевых самолетов, где обычно показаны силы боевых эскадрилий. Символ - указывает на то, что часть заведения отделена. За исключением случаев, когда используется символ <, исключаются морские суда водоизмещением менее 100 тонн. Термин "боевые самолеты" включает в себя только бомбардировщики, истребители-бомбардировщики, ударные самолеты, перехватчики, разведывательные самолеты, учебно-боевые самолеты (т. е. самолеты, обычно оснащенные и сконфигурированные для доставки боеприпасов); он не включает вертолеты. Основные технические данные о средствах доставки ядерного оружия (ракеты, артиллерия и самолеты), имеющихся в распоряжении стран NATO и Варшавского договора, приведены в Таблице 1.
Численность воинских формирований
В таблице ниже приводится средняя численность основных воинских формирований, использованных в тексте. Цифры следует рассматривать как приблизительные, поскольку военная организация является гибкой, а формирования могут быть усилены или сокращены. Комплектование формирований, конечно, может быть значительно ниже этих уровней.
Силы дивизий охватывают только органические подразделения и исключают вспомогательные подразделения или службы за пределами структуры дивизий. Силы Варшавского договора и других поддерживаемых Советским Союзом стран имеют составы, аналогичные Советскому Союзу. Соединения и эскадрильи НАТО, не включенные в таблицу выше, имеют общие показатели, аналогичные показателям Германии, если в тексте не указано иное. Иран, Пакистан, Филиппины, Таиланд, Япония, Южная Корея и Тайвань, как правило, принимают американскую военную организацию, в то время как Австралия, Новая Зеландия, Малайзия и Сингапур в целом следуют британской практике.
Поставки вооружения
Основные соглашения о поставках оружия, заключенные в течение года, закончившегося 1 июля 1981 года, перечислены в разбивке по географическим регионам в таблице 5 на стр. Поскольку фактическая передача оружия может иметь место и за пределами этого года, там также указываются ожидаемые даты поставки, когда они известны. Лицензионные соглашения, широко распространенные среди промышленно развитых стран, обычно не включаются.
Сокращения и термины
Список сокращений, используемых в тексте, приведен на стр. viii сразу же после этих Примечаний. Для удобства читателя, некоторые важные аббревиатуры объясняются снова при первом использовании. Если появляется знак $, он относится к долларам США, если не указано иное. Термин миллиард равен 1000 миллионам.
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COUNTRIES AND PRINCIPAL PACTS
The United States and the Soviet Union
American Strategic Forces
The second Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Agreement (SALT II), signed in June 1979, remains ungratified. Modernization of strategic weapons continues within the context and limits imposed by SALT I and stipulated in the Vladivostok accord of 1974. Neither side appears to have taken any steps to breach irreversibly the provisions of SALT II, and both sides have reduced the numbers of SLBM in service, although this is probably temporary only, while new submarine types are phased into service.
Modernization of the US ICBM force with Mk 12A warheads retrofitted to the 550 Minuteman III missiles is virtually complete. Damage to two Titan II silos has resulted in a reduction in that force of two missiles, one of which is expected to be back in service in 1982. The new Administration is reviewing the MX ICBM basing mode, with decisions expected shortly, and development of the missile continues.
The retrofitting of the Trident C-4 SLBM (range 4,000 nm, 8x100KT MIRV) into Poseidon SSBN continues with 4 boats now in service and 6 more scheduled for refitting shortly. Five Allen-class Polaris boats have now been retired. The net effect of these changes has reduced the number of SLBM launchers by 100, warheads by 272 and yield by 43.2MT. The first of the new Ohio-class SSBN (24 Trident C-4), is undergoing sea trials. The programme (totalling 11 boats) has suffered from production delays, but 8 boats are now building. Early development of Trident D-5 SLBM(range 6,000 nm, up to 14x150KT MIRV or, possibly, MARV) continues.
Within the strategic bomber force the older B-52F models have now been placed in reserve. Upgrading of the D, G and H models has begun. This will give the B-52D greater bombing accuracy and enable the G and H models to carry ALCM. Conversion of the B-52G to carry ALCM is in hand, with the first squadron of 16 aircraft due to enter service in December 1981. The Administration's decision on whether to reinstate the B-l, to stretch the F-111, or to embark on an entirely new strategic bomber is expected shortly. The total number of US deliverable strategic warheads is now about 9,000, when ICBM and SLBM warheads and air-delivered weapons are counted (the figure of 7,301 in last year's Military Balance referred to missile carried warheads only). Bomber force loadings are difficult to establish with precision.
Defence against strategic attack is under review, with renewed emphasis being placed on the research and development of ABM systems. This programme looks at pursuing short-term, endo- and exo-atmospheric detection and interception of re-entry vehicles. A previous LOADS (Low-Altitude Defensive Systems) concept is being re-examined, with full system tests expected during this fiscal year. Improvements in early warning systems against manned bombers, strategic command, control, communications and intelligence (C3I), and increases in the CONUS interceptor forces are taking place.
Soviet Strategic Systems
The Soviet Union's ICBM deployment total remained unchanged over the year, although there have been reports of modifications to warheads to provide greater targeting flexibility in terms of yields and accuracy. There are now some 308 SS-18 in service, mostly with 8x2MT warheads, but a few are reported with 1 x 10-50MT warhead. Also in service are 150 SS-17, 300 SS-19 and 580 of the older SS-11, some 60 of which, in SS-19 silos, may be being uprated to SS-19 standard. A number of new types of ICBM are believed to be under development.
The modernization of the I/MRBM force continues, with some 230 of the new SS-20 (3x150KT MIRV) in service. Phasing out of the older single-warhead SS-4 and SS-5 (1x1MT RV) continues at a rather slower pace, resulting in a net increase of perhaps 10 launchers over the year. Before the SS-20 was introduced in 1977 there were some 600 SS-4 and -5 with single warheads. Today there are some 380 SS-4/-5 1 MT and 690 SS-20 150KT warheads; an increase in the total number of available warheads of some 56%, albeit with a decline in the deliverable megatonnage of some 19%.
There has been an overall decline in the number of SLBM from 1,003 in 1980 to 989 in 1981. The total number of D-class submarines remains the same, but a reassessment has raised the total of D-II boats to 11, with a corresponding drop in D-I boats, and results in an increase of four missiles in the gross total. The Y-class and H-II class totals are each down one. The G-class (not included under SALT) remain as they were last year, with perhaps 3 in reserve. The older G-I class, withdrawn last year, have apparently been scrapped. The first of the new Typhoon-class, with 20 missiles, is now fitting out and more of this class are under construction. The missile is also believed to be new, the SS-NX-20 with MIRV.
The Long Range Air Force continues to operate its ageing force of Tu-95, Mya-4, Tu-16, Tu-22 and its newer Tu-22M/Tu-26 Backfire. There is some variation in numbers of Backfire when compared with last year. It is possible that the earlier Backfire A has been taken out of service for modification.
Excluding the I/MRBM forces, the total number of nuclear delivery vehicles is 2,537, and the number of deliverable warheads has risen in the year from 6,000 to over 7,000, primarily as a result of introducing MIRVed launchers to replace single-warhead launchers.
There is no evidence that the Soviet Union is according a lower priority to strategic defence. Although the number of Galosh ABM around Moscow has been reduced from 64 to 32, it now appears that this is a prelude to some upgrading consistent with the ABM Treaty of 1972. New ABM-associated and intermediate-range radars are reported in service or under construction, and a new low-level SA-10 SAM is entering service, with other SAM reported under development. Civil Defence remains a higher priority in the USSR than in the US, particularly in terms of providing protection for the leadership.
American General-Purpose Forces
Significant in the first Reagan budget was the emphasis given to the general preparedness of the US conventional forces, in clear recognition not only of their utility but also the neglect of previous years in terms of force levels and readiness. Clearly, it is still too early to identify all programme changes, but the shipbuilding programme deserves specific emphasis, as does the attention now being directed to the logistic support levels of all types of conventional forces.
All services continue to procure additional items of existing equipment. The Army is slowly introducing the new M-l Abrams tank and has begun to introduce its new M-2 infantry and M-3 cavalry combat vehicles. It has virtually phased out the 175mm gun, standardizing on the 155mm and 203mm howitzers. New weapons include the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS), similar to multi-rail unguided artillery rocket systems in general use throughout the Warsaw Pact. It is intended to provide high rates of fire against area targets. The Divisional Air Defense gun (DIVAD), a 40mm self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon intended to augment existing AA artillery protection within the field forces, is also being introduced. A new SAM, the Patriot, is on order. The Navy is ordering two aircraft carriers, four cruisers, three destroyers and 31 frigates, with plans for others for future fiscal years. The reactivation and modernization of two, perhaps four, battleships from the reserve is being considered. The Marine Corps will receive additional amphibious personnel carriers and CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters. The Air Force continues to phase in the F-16, replacing its F-4 Phantoms.
Concern continues to be expressed over the increasing problems concerning the serviceability and maintenance of complex military equipment. Reports suggest that many modern weapons fail in service through inadequate maintenance, or some minor components showing faults when tested, sometimes as a result of a malfunction in the test equipment.
Soviet General-Purpose Forces
The steady improvement of Soviet divisions in terms of firepower, mobility and logistic support continues, although no new types of major equipment have been identified during the past year. The T-80 medium tank has not yet appeared, while the familiar PT-76 light tank continues to be phased out in favour of the BMD light tank and perhaps the BMP infantry combat vehicle, which uses the same turret as the PT-76 with a 73mm gun. The old BTR-50 and -60 personnel carriers are being replaced by the BTR-70 and by the BMP.
The Soviet Navy is acquiring some impressive new equipment. A new cruise missile submarine, the O-class with 20 SS-N-19, has been developed. New surface combatants include the Kirov-class nuclear-powered missile cruiser, carrying a mix of surface-to-surface, surface-to-air and anti-submarine missiles, and two new classes of missile-equipped destroyers, Sovremenny and Udaloy. Construction continues on known types in all categories.
No new types have been noted in either the Naval Air Force or Frontal Aviation, with the possible exception of a new Sukhoi ground-attack aircraft. Older types are being replaced with new.
Russian equipment continues to be characterized by its sturdiness and, in many cases, by its simplicity. Over the years, however, there has been a trend toward more sophistication both in construction and operation.
Соединенные Штаты и Советский Союз
Американские Стратегические Силы
Второе соглашение об ограничении стратегических вооружений (ОСВ-2), подписанное в июне 1979 года, остается не ратифицированным. Модернизация стратегических вооружений продолжается в контексте и пределах, установленных ОСВ-1 и Владивостокским соглашением 1974 года. Ни одна из сторон, по-видимому, не предприняла никаких шагов для необратимого нарушения положений ОСВ-2, и обе стороны сократили число находящихся в эксплуатации БРПЛ, хотя это, вероятно, носит лишь временный характер, в то время как новые типы подводных лодок вводятся в эксплуатацию.
Модернизация американских сил МБР с боеголовками Mk 12A на 550 ракетах Minuteman III, практически завершена. Ликвидация двух шахт Titan II привело к сокращению этих сил на две ракеты, одна из которых, как ожидается, вернется на вооружение в 1982 году. Новая администрация пересматривает режим базирования МБР MX, решения по которому ожидаются в ближайшее время, и разработка ракеты продолжается.
Модернизация Trident C-4 SLBM (дальность 4000 миль, 8x100KT MIRV) в ПЛАРБ Poseidon продолжается на 4 лодках, которые сейчас находятся в эксплуатации, и еще 6 запланированы для переоборудования в ближайшее время. Пять лодок класса Allen Polaris уже сняты с вооружения. Эффект этих изменений сократил количество пусковых установок БРПЛ на 100, боеголовок - на 272, а мощность-на 43,2 МТ. Первая из новых ПЛАРБ класса Ohio (24 Trident C-4) проходит ходовые испытания. Программы (на общую сумму 11 лодок) страдает от задержки в производстве, но 8 лодки сейчас строят. Раннее развитие Trident D-5 SLBM (дальность 6000 миль, до 14х150КТ MIRV или, возможно, MARV) продолжается.
В составе стратегических бомбардировочных сил более старые модели B-52F в настоящее время размещены в резерве. Началась модернизация моделей D, G и H. Это даст B-52D большую точность бомбардировки и позволит моделям G и H нести ALCM. Конверсия B-52G для несения ALCM ведется, первая эскадрилья из 16 самолетов должны войти в эксплуатацию в декабре 1981 года. Ожидается, что в ближайшее время администрация примет решение о том, следует ли восстановить B-l, модернизировать F-111 или приступить к совершенно новому стратегическому бомбардировщику. Общее количество стратегических боеголовок даст нам результат сейчас около 9000, на МБР и БРПЛ носителях (было 7,301 в военном балансе в прошлом году упомянутые ракеты несли только боеголовок). Бомбардировочные нагрузки трудно установить с точностью.
Оборона от стратегических атак находится в стадии рассмотрения, с новым акцентом на исследование и разработку систем ПРО. Эта программа предусматривает краткосрочное, эндо-и экзо-атмосферное обнаружение и перехват средств, возвращающихся в атмосферу. Предыдущая LOADS (мало-высотная оборонительная система) на стадии пересмотра, с полной системой тестов, ожидаемых в текущем финансовом году. Совершенствуются системы раннего предупреждения о пилотируемых бомбардировщиках, стратегическое командование, управление, связь и разведка (C3I), а также увеличиваются силы перехватчиков CONUS.
Советские Стратегические Системы
Общий объем развертывания МБР в Советском Союзе оставался неизменным в течение года, хотя поступали сообщения о модификациях боеголовок для обеспечения большей гибкости прицеливания с точки зрения мощности и точности. Сейчас 308 SS-18 на вооружении, в основном с 8x2 MT боеголовок, но несколько, как сообщается, с 1x10-50 МТ БЧ. Также в эксплуатации 150 SS-17, 300 SS-19 и 580 старых SS-11, из которых около 60, в SS-19-шахтах, может быть модернизировано до SS-19 стандарта. Считается, что в стадии разработки находится ряд новых типов МБР.
Модернизация сил БРСД продолжается, около 230 новых SS-20 (3x150 KT РГЧ) в действии. Постепенный отказ от старых одноблочных установок SS-4 и SS-5 (1x1 MT RV) продолжается довольно медленными темпами, что привело к чистому увеличению, возможно, на 10 пусковых установок в течение года. До появления SS-20 в 1977 году насчитывалось около 600 SS-4 и -5 с одиночными боеголовками. Сегодня их насчитывается около 380 SS-4/-5 1 MT и 690 боеголовок SS-20 150 KT; увеличение общего числа имеющихся боеголовок примерно на 56%, хотя и со снижением доставляемых мегатонн примерно на 19%.
Наблюдается общее снижение количества БРПЛ от 1,003 в 1980 году до 989 в 1981 году. Общее число D-класса подводных лодок по-прежнему то же самое, но пересмотр повысил общее количество D-II лодок до 11, с соответствующим уменьшением в D-I лодок, что приводит к увеличению на четыре ракеты в всего. Итоговое количество классов Y и H-II снижены. G-класс (не включенный в ОСВ) остается таким как они были в прошлом году, с возможно 3-мя в запасе. Старые G-I класс, сняты в прошлом году, были отменены. Первая из нового класса Typhoon, с 20 ракетами, в настоящее время оснащается и другие этого класса находятся в стадии строительства. Ракета также считается новой, SS-NX-20 с MIRV.
ВВС дальнего радиуса действия продолжают эксплуатировать свои устаревающие самолеты Ту-95, Мя-4, Ту-16, Ту-22 и новые Ту-22М/Ту-26. По сравнению с прошлым годом наблюдаются некоторые различия в количестве Backfire. Возможно, что более ранний Backfire A был снят с эксплуатации для модификации.
Кроме БРСД сил, общее количество носителей ядерного оружия 2,537 и количество поставляемых боеголовок возросло в год от 6000 до более 7000, в основном в результате введения пусковых установок МБР с РГЧ ИН для замены моноблочных установок.
Нет свидетельств того, что Советский Союз уделяет меньшее внимание стратегической обороне. Хотя количество противоракет Galosh вокруг Москвы сократилось с 64 до 32, сейчас, как представляется, это прелюдия к некоторой модернизации в соответствии с Договором по ПРО 1972 года. Новая ПРО с РЛС средней дальности, как сообщается, уже в службе или в стадии строительства, и новый ЗРК SA-10 вводится в эксплуатацию, другие ЗРК, как сообщается, в стадии разработки. Гражданская оборона остается более высоким приоритетом в СССР, чем в США, особенно с точки зрения обеспечения защиты руководства.
Американские Силы Общего Назначения
Важным в первом бюджете Рейгана был акцент на общую готовность обычных вооруженных сил США, в явном признании не только их полезности, но и пренебрежения ими в предыдущие годы с точки зрения уровня и готовности сил. Очевидно, что еще слишком рано говорить обо всех изменениях в программе, однако особого внимания заслуживает программа в области судостроения, равно как и внимание, которое сейчас уделяется уровню материально-технического обеспечения всех видов обычных вооруженных сил.
Все службы продолжают закупать дополнительное оборудование. Армия постепенно вводит новый танк M-1 Abrams и начала вводить свои новые боевые машины пехоты M-2 и кавалерии M-3. Он практически свернуты пушки 175мм, стандартизации на 155мм и 203мм гаубицы. Новое оружие включает в себя реактивные системы залпового огня (РСЗО), аналогичные многоствольным неуправляемым артиллерийским ракетным системам общего пользования в странах Варшавского договора. Он предназначен для обеспечения высокой скорострельности по площадным целям. Вводится также дивизионная зенитная установка (DIVAD)- 40-мм самоходное зенитное орудие, предназначенное для усиления существующей зенитной артиллерийской защиты в составе полевых сил. Новый ЗРК, Patriot, заказан. Военно-морской флот заказывает два авианосца, четыре крейсера, три эсминца и 31 фрегат, с планами на будущие финансовые годы. Рассматривается вопрос о реактивации и модернизации двух, а может быть, и четырех линкоров из резерва. Корпус морской пехоты получит дополнительные десантные вертолетоносцы и вертолеты CH-53E Super Stallion. ВВС продолжает создание F-16, для замены им F-4 Phantom.
По-прежнему выражается озабоченность в связи с растущими проблемами, касающимися исправности и технического обслуживания сложной военной техники. Согласно сообщениям, многие современные виды оружия выходят из строя в результате ненадлежащего технического обслуживания или некоторых незначительных неисправностей в ходе испытаний, иногда в результате неисправности испытательного оборудования.
Советские Войска Общего Назначения
Неуклонное совершенствование советских дивизий в плане огневой мощи, мобильности и материально-технического обеспечения продолжается, хотя за прошедший год новых видов основной техники не выявлено. Средний танк Т-80 еще не появился, в то время как знакомый легкий танк ПТ-76 продолжает сворачиваться в пользу легкого танка БМД и, возможно, боевой машины пехоты БМП, которая использует ту же башню, что и ПТ-76 с 73-мм пушкой. Старые БТР-50 и -60 заменяются на БТР-70 и БМП.
Советский флот приобретает впечатляющую новую технику. Разработана новая крылатая ракетная подводная лодка О-класса с 20-ю ракетами SS-N-19. Новые надводные корабли включают в атомный ракетный крейсер типа Киров, несущий ракеты "поверхность-поверхность", зенитные и противолодочные ракеты, а также два новых класса ракетных эсминцев, Современный и Удалой. Строительство продолжается по известным типам во всех категориях.
Новых типов не отмечено ни в Военно-Морских силах, ни в фронтовой авиации, за исключением, возможно, нового штурмовика "сухой". Старые типы заменяются новыми.
Российское оборудование продолжает характеризоваться своей прочностью и во многих случаях простотой. Однако на протяжении многих лет наблюдается тенденция к повышению уровня сложности как в строительстве, так и в эксплуатации.
THE UNTIED STATES
Population: 225,300,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 2,049,100 (167,760 women).
Estimated GDP 1980: $2,920 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981-2: $180 bn (national definition),* $171 bn (NATO definition).
(* Revised outlay requested in President Carter's last budget proposal;
Total Obligational Authority for FY 1982 was $196.7 bn, and Budget Authority $195.7 bn.
President Reagan has increased the Budget Authority to $226.3 bn, incl Civil Defence spending of $4.1 bn.)
Strategic Nuclear Forces: (Manpower included in Army, Navy and Air Force totals.)
OFFENSIVE:
(a) Navy (21,000): 576 SLBM in 36 SSBN.
31 Lafayette SSBN: 4 with. 16 Trident I C-4(64 msls); 27 with Poseidon C-3 (432 msls), (8 to be retrofitted with C-4).
5 Washington, each with 16 Polaris A-3 (80 msls); (3 decommissioned Allen could be reactivated).
(8 Ohio SSBN, each with 24 Trident, building; 1 is on trials.)
(On order: 320 Trident I C-4 msls.)
(b) Strategic Air Command (SAC)(120,000):
ICBM: 1,052 in 26 strategic msl sqns.
9 sqns with 450 Minuteman II, 11 with 550 Minuteman III (300 to refit with Mk 12A warhead).
6 sqns with 52 Titan II.
(Some 100 ICBM in storage.)
(On order: 200 MX.)
Aircraft: Some 430 combat aircraft.
Long-range bombers: 316.
16 sqns (2 trg)with 151 B-52G, 90 B-52H.
5 sqns (1 trg)with 75 B-52D.
Medium-range bombers: 60.
5 sqns (1 trg)with 60 FB-111 A.
Active reserve: a further 5 FB-111A, 31B-52 (perhaps 3 D, 22 G, 6H).
Storage: 223 B-52 (all series).
ASM: perhaps 1,250 SRAM.
Strategic recce and comd:
1 sqn with 9 SR-71A.
1 sqn with 8 U-2R.
1 sqn with 4 E-4A/B (3 E-4A to convert to -4B).
3 sqns with 16 RC-135, 7 EC-135N, 14 EC-135C, EC-135S/U/V.
Tankers: 49 sqns (1 trg) with 615 KC-135A (incl 13 Air National Guard with 107 ac, 3 Air Force Reserve with 21 ac).
(On order 2 E-4B comd, 10 TR-1 Arecce, 12 KC-10A tanker ac; 920 ALCM.)
DEFENSIVE: North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD/ADCOM) a joint US-Canadian organization with HQ at Colorado Springs, includes:
Aircraft (excluding Canadian and tac units):
Interceptors: 312.
(i) Regular: 6 sqns with 108 F-106A (F-15 to replace).
(Assigned from Tactical Air Force: 1 sqn with 18 F-15, 1 with 21 F-4.)
(ii) Air National Guard (ANG): 10 sqns (2 with 36 F-101B, 3 with 54 F-4D, 5 with 75 F-106A).
AAM: Genie, Falcon, Super Falcon.
Warning Systems:
1. ICBM, SLBM, satellites:
(a) Satellites: TRW Block 647: 1 over Indian Ocean: infra-red surveillance and warning system.
Control stations at Guam, Pine Gap and Nurrunger (Australia).
(b) Space Detection and Tracking System (SPADATS):
(i) Cobra Dane phased-array radar system at Shemya, Aleutians. Augments BMEWS in Alaska.
(Cobra Judy ship-bome phased array tracking system being built; will support research programmes, and also SPADATS.)
(ii) USAF 496L Spacetrack. FPS-17 detection, FPS-79 tracking radars at Diyarbakir (Turkey); FPS-10 tracking radar at Ko Kita (Thailand);
optical tracking system in California, at San Vito (Italy), Sand Island (Pacific), Mount Johns (New Zealand).
(iii) USN Space Surveillance System (SPASUR): 9 field stations in US (3 transmitting, 6 receiving sites and civilian agencies).
(c) Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). USAF 474L system: 3 stations:
Clear, Alaska; Thule, Greenland (AN/FPS-50 + -49); Fylingdales, England (AN/FPS-49 +other).
13 radars detect and track ICBM and IRBM, but not MIRVS or satellites. 3,000-mile range.
(d) Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System (PARCS).
1 north-facing phased-array, 130 arc, 1,800-mile range system at Grand Forks, North Dakota (identifies and tracks individual re-entry vehicles).
(e) Space Defense Operations Center (SPADOC). NORAD/ADCOM Combat Operation HQ, Wyoming (tracking, identification and cataloguing).
Command, control and communications to all space-associated commands and agencies.
2. SLBM:
(a) Pave Paws 474L system. 1 phased-array station each on US East and West coasts; 3,000 nm range.
(b) 1 FPS-85 and 1 AN/FSS-7 station in Florida. Alternate Space Defense Center.
Linked to Spacetrack and SPASUR through NORAD HQ. Also to identify and track fractional-orbit bombardment systems (FOBS).
3. Anti-Air (aircraft, cruise missile):
(a) Over-The-Horizon-Back-Scatter (OTH-B). 414L at 2 sites in Maine (2 transmitters, 5 receivers), 1 in Washington state planned.
(b) Distant Early Warning (DEW)Line. 31 stations roughly along the 70RN parallel detecting aircraft and cruise missiles to 40,000 feet at 200-mile range.
(c) Pinetree Line: 24 stations in Southern Canada.
(d) Semi-Automatic Ground Environmen (SAGE).
416 Lair weapons control and warning system at 6 locations (2 in Canada); combined with BUIC and Manual Control Center (MCC) in Alaska.
(e) Back-up Interceptor Control (BUIC).
All stations but 1 semi-active (AD command and control to support Joint Surveillance System (JSS) in tactical control of interceptor forces).
(SAGE, BUIC and MCC are all being replaced in 1982-3 by USAF/Federal Aviation Authority JSS,
with 7 Region Operations Control Centers (ROCC); 4 in US, 1 in Alaska, 2 in Canada; will control 46 radars in US, plus Alaska and Canada,
for co-ordination/control of military and civil air traffic; surveillance and tracking of objects in high- and medium altitude trans-polar flight.)
4. Intermittent programmed photographic recce satellites:
(a) USAF: Titan 3D launcher; 50-80 day life span.
(b) CIA: KH-11; longer life.
Army: 775,000.
5 corps HQ (1 AB) (1 forming).
4 armd divs (5-6tk, 4 mech inf bns).
6 mech divs (4 tk, 5 mech inf, 3-4 arty, 1 hel, 1 SAM bns, 1 armd cav sqn, spt units).*
4 inf divs.* (* One National Guard bde is incorporated in 2 mech and 2inf divs.)
1 airmobile div.
1 AB div: 3 bdes (each 3 para bns, 1 arty bn), 1 armd bn, 1armd hel bn.
5 corps arty gps (each 2 bdes: 2 bns of Lance SSM; 2 bns of 8-in (203mm), 2 of 155mm how).
5 corps AA arty gps (2 bdes: 1 bn of Nike Hercules, 3 of Hawk, 1 of Chaparral/'Vulcan).
1 armd bde.
4 inf bdes.
3 armd cav regts.
4 Pershing, 8 Lance SSM bns(10 in corps arty).
3 Special Forces Groups: 2 Ranger bns.
Army Aviation: 1 air cav combat bde; indep bns and dets, assigned to HQ for tac, tpt and medical duties.
Tanks: some 11,400, incl 1,825 M-48A5, 1,555 M-60, 5,775 M-60A1, 540 M-60A2 with Shillelagh ATGW, 1,500 M-60A3, 150 M-1 Abrams;
400 M-551 Sheridan lt tks with Shillelagh (330 trg).
AFV: some 20,000 M-577, M-901 TOW, M-113 (some with TOW) APC, M-2, M-3 MICV.
Arty and Msls: about 2,500 105mm, 155mm towed guns/how; 4,000 105mm, 155mm and 203mm SP how;
3,500 81mm, 2,000 107mm mor;
2,000 90mm and 106mm RCL; 6,200 TOW, 10,400 Dragon ATGW launchers;
144 Pershing and Lance SSM.
AA Arty and SAM: some 600 20mm and 40mm towed and SP AA guns; some 2,600 Vulcan towed and SP 20mm AA guns;
Redeye, FIM-92A Stinger SAM; 600 Chaparral SAM systems; Nike Hercules and Improved HAWK SAM (to be replaced by Patriot).
Aircraft/Hel: about 580 ac, incl 200 OV-1/-10, 200 RU-21, 80 C-12;
some 8,000 hel, incl 1,000 AH-1G/Q/S, 4,000 UH-1/-19, 145 UH-60A, 500 CH-47/-54, 2,500 OH-6A/-58A.
AAM: MIM-92A Stinger.
Trainers incl about 100T-41/-42 ac; 250 TH-55A hel.
(On order 340 M-60A1, 981 M-60A3, 210 M-1 tks; 1,100 M-901 Improved TOW AFV, 72 M-2 inf, 25 M-3 cav MICV;
450 M-198 155mm towed, 232 M-109A2/A3 155mm, M-110A2 203mm SP how; 300 81mm mor; 44 MLRS MRL; Pershing II SSM;
12,000 TOW ATGW; Viper RL;
276 DIVAD 40mm SP AA; Stinger, 32 Rapier, 38 Roland launchers, 795 Improved HAWK, 5 Patriot launchers (155msls) SAM;
12 C-12A ac; 324 AH-IS, 8 AH-64, 192 UH-60A hel; 1,075 Hell Fire ATGW (ASM).
DEPLOYMENT:
Continental United States (incl Alaska, Hawaii and Canal Zone):
Strategic Reserve, incl Rapid Deployment Force (RDF):
(i) 1 mech, 1AB divs; 1 armd, 1 air cav bdes.
(ii) To reinforce 7th Army in Europe, 2 armd, 3 mech, 2 inf, 1 airmobile divs, 1 inf bde, 1 armd cav regt.*
(* 1 armd, 1 mech divs, 1 armd cav regt have hy eqpt stockpiled in FRG.)
(iii) Alaska, 1 inf bde.
(iv) Panama, 1 inf bde.
(v) Hawaii, 1 inf div less 1 bde.
(See also Forces Abroad below.)
RESERVES: 605,400.
(i) Army National Guard: 385,800. 3,285 units; capable after mobilization of manning
2 armd, 1 mech, 5 inf divs, 22 indep bdes (4 armd, 8 mech, 10 inf; 4 of them in regular army divs), 4 armd cav regts;
plus HQ, reinforcements and spt units to fill regular formations.
Indep bns: 6 tk, 2 mech, 50 arty, 4 TOW; 8 AD; 1 inf (recce) gp, 6 bns; 2 Special Forces Gps, 6 bns; 105 air units, 150 sections; 2,568 ac.
(ii) Army Reserves: 219,600; 49,000 a year do short active duty. 3,410 units: 12 trg divs, 3 indep combat bdes: 1 mech, 2 inf;
67 indep bns incl 1 tk, 2 inf, 15 indep arty bns; 2 Special Forces Gps: 7 bns; 130 indep air units with 566 aircraft.
Navy: 528,000; 201 major combat surface ships, 84 attack submarines. Four Fleets.
Submarines, Attack:
79 nuclear: 15 Los Angeles with Harpoon SSM and SUBROC;
2 Allen (converting from SSBN 1981);
52 with SUBROC (1 Lipscomb, 1 Narwhal, 37 Sturgeon, 13 Thresher); 5 Skipjack, 4 Skate, 1 Tullibee.)
5 diesel: 3 Barbel, 1Grayback, 1 Darter.
Aircraft carriers: 14 (1 trg; 1 more building).
3 nuclear. 2 Nimitz (91,400 tons), 1 Enterprise (89,600 tons).
11 conventional: 3 Kitty Hawk (78/80,000 tons), 1 Kennedy (82,000 tons), 4 Forrestal (76/79,000 tons),
2 Midway (62,200 tons, 1 has no regular air wing), 1 Intrepid (trg, no ac assigned).
12 normally carry 1 air wing (70-95 ac) of 2 fighter sqns with 24 F-14A (incl 3 RF-14 recce each) or 24 F-4J,
3 attack (2 lt with 24 A-7E, 1 med with 10 A-6E), 2 ASW (1 with 10 S-3A ac, 1 with 6 SH-3A/D/G/H hel), 1 ECM with 4 EA-6B,
1 AEW with 4 E-2B/C, 4 KA-6D tankers and other specialist ac.
Other surface ships:
9 nuclear-powered GW cruisers with Standard SAM, ASROC:
4 Virginia (2 SH-2F hel), 2 California, 1 Truxtun (1 SH-2F hel), 1 Long Beach, 1 Bainbridge with Harpoon SSM.
18 GW cruisers with SAM, ASROC, some with Harpoon: 9 Leahy, 9 Belknap with 1 SH-2F hel.
39 GW destroyers with SAM, ASROC, some with Harpoon: 2 Kidd, 10 Coontz, 4 Sherman/Hull, 23 Adams.
43 gun/ASW destroyers, most with SAM or ASROC: 30 Spruance (most with Harpoon), 13 Sherman/Hull
20 GW frigates with SAM, ASROC, hel: 14 Perry with Standard/Harpoon, 6 Brooke with 1 SH-2Fhel.
58 gun frigates with ASROC: 46 Knox (some with Harpoon), 10 Garcia (all with 1 SH-2F hel), 2 Bronstein.
2 Asheville large patrol craft.
2 Pegasus GW hydrofoil with 8 Harpoon SSM.
3 Aggressive ocean minesweepers.
67 amph warfare ships: 1 La Salle, 2 Blue Ridge comd; 5 Tarawa LHA (mix of AV-8A ac or 12 CH-46, 4 CH-53, 3 UH-1N, 4 AH-IT hel; 4 LGU);
7 Iwo-Jima LPH (mix of 6 AV-8A, 4 OV-10 ac or 2 HH-46, 10 CH-53, 1 UH-1N);
12 Austin, 2 Raleigh LPD; 5 Anchorage, 8 Thomaston LSD; 20 Newport LST; 5 Charleston amph cargo ships.
91 LCU: 60 Type 1610, 31 Type 1466.
51 replenishment and 27 depot and repair ships.
Anti-sub msls: ASROC.
SSM: Standard (SM-1), Harpoon, Tomahawk (trials).
SAM: Standard (SM-1), Aegis (SM-2), Talos, Sea Sparrow, Tartar, Terrier.
Ships in active reserve and storage:
3 Allen nuclear subs, 6 aircraft carriers, 4 battleships, 4 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 5 amph, 46 log spt, 41 troop, 3 LST, 2 LPC, 22 ocean minesweepers.
162 cargo vessels in National Defense Reserve Fleet; (579 govt-owned cargo ships and tankers could be used for auxiliary sea-lift).
(On order and funded (5 years): 8 SSBN, 12 SSN, 2 nuclear carriers, 4 Ticonderoga GW cruisers, 3 GW destroyers, 31 GW frigates,
5 GW hydrofoils, 1 amph ship, 15 auxiliaries, 240 Harpoon SSM/ASM.)
Aircraft: 12 attack carrier air wings; some 1,450 combat ac, some 170 armed hel.
26 fighter sqns: 14 with 374 F-14A, 12 with 144 F-4 (4 converting to F-14).
24 attack sqns: 12 med with 116 A-6E, 12 lt with 164 A-7E.
3 recce sqns with 12 RF-8, 12 EA-3, 12EP-3.
24 land-based MR sqns with 260 P-3B/C.
11 ASW sqns with 110 S-3A.
9 electronic warfare sqns with 35 EA-6B Prowler.
13 AEW sqns with 48 E-2B/C Hawkeye.
18 ASW hel sqns: 11 with 72 SH-3A/D/G/H, 7 lt with 75 SH-2F.
2 MCM hel sqns with 23 RH-53D.
17 misc spt sqns with 14 C-130F/LC-13O/EC-130Q, 7 C-118, 2 C-9B, 16 CT-39, 13 C-131, 6 C-117, 20 C-l, 10 C-2, 44 UC-12B;
36 KA-6D, 1 Convair 880 tanker ac; CH-46, SH-3, SH-2B/C hel.
1 aggressor trg sqn with 13 F-5E/F.
21 OCU:
6 fighter trg sqns: F-14/TA-4J/F.
6 attack sqns: 60 TA-7C, A-6 ac.
1 recce sqn: EA-3/EA-4.
3 AEW sqns: E-2B.
3 ASW sqns: S-3A, P-3B ac, SH-2F hel.
2 hel sqns: TH-12, TH-57A.
1 test sqn with 11 F-18 (1 combat sqn to form 1981).
15 trg sqns with T-1A, T-2B/C, T-28/-29B/-34/-38/-44, TS-2A, TE-2 ac; UH-1D hel.
AAM: Sparrow, Phoenix, Sidewinder.
ASM: Standard, Bullpup, Shrike (anti-radiation), Walleye, Harpoon, Maverick.
(On order 181 F-18 fighters, 12 A-6E attack, 12 P-3C MR, UC-12B, 3 EC-130Q, 6 EA-6B ECM ac, 16 CH-53E Super Stallion hel.)
DEPLOYMENT AND BASES (average strengths of major combat ships).
Second Fleet (Atlantic): 31 SSBN, 41 attack subs, 4-5 carriers, 76 surface combatants, 27 amph.
Norfolk (HQ), Mayport, Roosevelt Roads (Puerto Rico), Charleston, Jacksonville, Brunswick, New London, Newport, Boston,
New Orleans, Bangor, Kings Bay.
Third Fleet (Eastern Pacific): 5 SSBN, 30 attack subs, 3 carriers, 44 surface combatants.
Pearl Harbor (HQ), San Francisco, Whidbey Island, San Diego, Long Beach, Adak (Alaska).
(See also Forces Abroad, below.)
RESERVES: 85,400.
Ships in commission with the Reserve including 16 destroyers, 4 amph warfare ships, 22 ocean minesweepers, 4 log spt ships.
2 carrier wings: 6 attack sqns with 60 A-7B, 4 fighter with 48 F-4N, 2 recce with RF-8G, 2 AEW with 8 E-2B, 2 ECM with EA-6A, EKA-3B,
2 tanker sqns with KA-3.
2 MR wings: 13 sqns with P-3A/B.
1 hel wing: 7 sqns; (4 ASW with 26 SH-3D, 2 lt attack with 16 HH-1K, 1 SAR with HH-3).
1 tac spt wing: 2 composite sqns with TA-4J; 8 spt sqns with C-9, C-l 18, C-130.
Naval Construction Bde: 9 regts, 17 bns; specialist and spt units.
Marine Corps: 188,100.
3 divs, each of 9 inf, 1 recce, 1 tk, 1 engr, 1 amph bns, 1 arty regt.
575 M-60A1 med tks; 985 LVTP-7 APC; 175mm SP guns; 150 105mm, M-198 155mm towed, 155mm, 203mm SP how; 230 81mm mor;
106mm RCL; TOW, Dragon ATGW; Redeye, Stinger SAM.
3 Air Wings: 35,600; some 440 combat aircraft, 72 armed hel.
10 fighter sqns with 144 F-4N/S.'
16 FGA sqns: 5 lt with 61 AV-8A/C Harrier V/STOL; 5 lt with 80 A-4M; 6 med with 60 A-6A/E.
1 recce sqn with 10 RF-4B.
1 ECM sqn with 15 EA-6B.
3 observation sqns with 24 OV-10A.
2 utility sqns with 24 C-l 17D/CT-31G.
3 assault tpt/tanker sqns with 36 KC-130F.
20 hel sqns: 2 hy with 38 CH-53D; 9 med with 162 CH-46F; 6 lt with 96 UH-1E/N; 3 attack with 72 AH-1J/T.
6 ocu: 3 with some 40 A-4M, A-6/E, 1 with F-4N ac; 2 with CH-46F, CH-53D hel.
7 trg sqns with TA-4F, TAV-8A.
2 SAM bns with Improved HAWK.
AAM: Sparrow, Sidewinder. ASM: Maverick.
(On order: 329 LVTP-7 amph APC, 12 AV-8B ac, 33 CH-53E hel, Stinger SAM.)
RESERVES: 34,800.
1 Marine div. 3 regts, 21 combat and spt bns: 6 air gps (4 combat, 1 service, 1 air control).
1 air wing: 2 fighter sqns with 24 F-4N; 6 attack sqns with 72 A-4E. 1 observation sqn with 16 OV-10A/E; 1 tpt/tanker sqn with 12 KC-130F,
10 hel sqns (1 attack with 18 AH-1J, 3 heavy with 18 CH-53A/D, 2 medium with 36 CH-46, 4 light with 21 UH-1N);
1 SAM bn with HAWK; 32 spt units.
DEPLOYMENT:
Hawaii: 1 bde (from Japan-based div).
Air Force: 558,000; some 3,200 combat aircraft.* (* Excluding ac in SAC and NORAD; incl ac in ANG and Air Force Reserve.)
26 combat wings, comprising 83 sqns: 32 with 774 F-4 (55 to be replaced with F-16); 16 with 358 F-15; 7 with 150 F-16;
5 Wild Weasel (1 with 24 F-105G, 4 with 84 F-4G); 11 with 252 F-111A/D/E/F; 12 with 276 A-10A.
6 tac recce sqns with 108 RF-4C.
3 AWACS sqns with 22 E-3A.
11 tac air control sqns; 6 with 88 OV-10 and O-2A; 1 with 7 EC-130E; 1 with 11 EC-135K ac; 3 with 27 CH-3 hel.
5 special operations sqns: 3 with 19 MC-130 ac; 1 with AC-130 ac, CH-3, UH-1N hel; 1 with HH-53H hel.
4 aggressor trg sqns with 55 F-5E, T-38.
17 ocu: 1 with 13 F-16; 7 with F-4; 1 with F-5; 2 with F-15; 2 with F-101/-106; 3 with 60 A-10; 1 with RF-4C.
14 tac airlift sqns with 218 C-130.
17 hy (strategic) tpt sqns: 4 with 70 C-5A; 13 with 134 C-141A, 100C-141B (being modified from A; to be 270 by mid-1982, incl 36 from reserve).
8 SAR sqns incl 1 msl spt sqn (SAC): 11 C-135, 28 HC-130 ac, 42 HH-3/-53, 68T/H/UH-1 hel.
3 medical tpt sqns with 19 C-9.
3 weather recce sqns with 13 WC-130, 5 WC-135B.
Trials unit: 12 MiG-21, 4 MiG-23.
30 trg sqns: 8 F-16B, 120 T-33A, 662 T-37B, 690 T-38, 113 T-39, 100 T-41A/C, 13 T-43A,
4 C-5A, 28 C-130, 16 C-141A, 5 HC-130, 2 UV-18A (DHC-6) ac; 8 HH-53, 8 C/HH-3, 10 H/U/TH-1hel.
Hel incl 73 UH-1N, 21 HH-3E, 162 HH-53.
AAM: Sidewinder, Sparrow. ASM: Maverick, Standard; Shrike (anti-radiation).
(On order: 162 F-16, 315 F-15 fighters, 261 A-10 FGA, 13 E-3A, 15 EF-111A, 30 A-7K, 7 C-13OH, 3EC-130E.)
DEPLOYMENT:
Continental United States (incl Alaska);
(i) Tactical Air Command: 98,000: 2 Air Forces; 11 air divs; 28 wings; 30 fighter sqns, 3 tac recce sqns, 3 tac air spt sqns.
(ii) Alaskan Air Command: 7,300: incl 1 fighter wing (2 sqns), 1 control (warning) gp, 1 tac air spt sqn, 2 combat spt gps.
(iii) Military Airlift Command: 71,000: 2 Air Forces; 3 air divs; 9 wings; 11 tac, 17 strategic airlift sqns, weather, SAR sqns.
(iv) Support elements: 171,500. Comms, logs, systems trg, electronic security Comds.
(See also Forces Abroad below.)
RESERVES: 153,800. 41 wing equivalents.
(i) Air National Guard: 97,100; 24 wings, 73 gps, 94 sqns; 741 combat aircraft.
10 interceptor sqns (NORAD-assigned, seep. 5);
33 fighter/FGA sqns (3 with 60 F-105B/D, 11 (1 OCU) with 160F-4C, 14 with 312A-7D, 5 with 90 A-10);
8 recce sqns with 107 RF-4C;
1 ECM sqn with 12 F-4G Wild Weasel;
6 tac air spt sqns (4 with 50 OA-37B, 2 with 75 O-2A);
19 tac tpt sqns with 168 C-130A/B/E/H;
13 tanker sqns with 107 KC-135 (NORAD-assigned);
2 special electronics sqns (1 with 18 EB-57B/C, 5 T-33, 1 with 20 EC-130E):
2 SAR sqns with 8 HC-130 ac, and 12 HH-3E hel.
Trg ac incl 40 T-33, 6 T-43A.
(ii) Air Force Reserve: 56,700; 19wings, 52 sqns: about 165 combat aircraft, 5 armed hel.
8 fighter sqns (2 with 69 F-105D, 1 with 24 A-37B, 3 with 20 F-4C; 2 with 42 A-10);
16 tac tpt sqns (11 (1 ocu) with 112C-130/A/B, 3 with 48 C-123K, 2 with C-7A);
3 tanker sqns with 21 KC-135 (NORAD-assigned);
2 special operations sqns (1 with 10 AC-130 ac, 1 with 5 S/HH-3 hel);
1 weather recce sqn with 7 WC-130;
4 SAR sqns with 16 HC-130 ac, 9 C/HH-3E, 10H/UH-1 hel.
18 Reserve Associate Military Airlift sqns (personnel only): 4 for C-5A, 13 for C-141, 1 aero medical for C-9A (1 for KC-10A forming),
(iii) Civil Reserve Air Fleet (numbers fluctuate): 334 long-range commercial ac: 224 passenger
(Boeing 707/747, L-1011, DC-8/-10); 110 cargo/convertible (Boeing 707/747, DC-8/-10).
Para-Military Forces:
Coast Guard: 45,000; 42 destroyer-size vessels, 7 icebreakers, 79 patrol craft, 118 other vessels; 47 ac and 93 hel, incl
22 HC-130B/E/H, 17 HC-131, 1 VC-4A, 1 VC-11 A, 6 HU-16E ac, 24 HH-3F, 69 HH-52A hel.
(On order: 9 cutters, 41 HU-25A ac, 90 HH-65 hel.)
Coast Guard Reserve: 11,600 (a further 9,700 have some Reserve obligation);
1 cutter, 167 Port Security units in 40 ports, 59 spt units, 63 reserve gps, 150 small vessels.
Forces Abroad:
Army:
Europe: 219,729.
(i) Germany: 208,000. 1 Army HQ: 2 corps (incl 2 armd, 2 mech divs, 1 armd, 2 mech bdes plus 2 armd cav regts), 4 AD sqns with HAWK;
3,000 med tks.
(Includes those stockpiled for the Strategic Reserve formations.
The armd and 2 mech bdes are from the divs in the US earmarked to reinforce 7th Army.)
(ii) West Berlin: 4,400. HQ elements and 1 inf bde.
(iii) Greece: 569.
(iv) Italy: 3,760.
(v) Netherlands: 1,000.
(vi) Turkey: 1,200.
(vii) Other: 800.
Pacific (see also Deployment, above):
(i) South Korea: 30,000. 1 inf div (13,900), 1 AD bde with 8 Improved HAWK btys.
(ii) Japan: 2,500; base and spt personnel.
Navy:
Second Fleet (Atlantic) (see also 'Deployment and Bases') Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Bermuda, Keflavik (Iceland), Holy Loch (Britain).
Sixth Fleet (Mediterranean): 5 subs, 2 carriers, 14 surface combatants. Gaeta (HQ), Naples, Sigonella, La Maddalena (Italy), Rota (Spain).
Seventh Fleet (Western Pacific): 8 subs, 2 carriers, 21 surface combatants. Yokosuka (Japan, HQ),Subic Bay (Philippines), Agena, Apra Harbor (Guam),
Midway.
Dets serve in the Indian Ocean: 1-2 carrier task forces (some 12 surface combatants), 7 chartered stores ships. Middle East Force (Persian Gulf): 1cmdship, 4 surface combatants.
MARINES:
Caribbean: Cuba (Guantanamo) 420. 1 reinforced marine coy.
Pacific Japan: 1 MAF (1 div(-), 1 air wing), 1 Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), 1 bn landing team.*
(* Marine Amphibious Units are 5-7 amph ships with a composite Marine bn gp incl tks, arty and hel embarked.
Only 1 in Mediterranean and 1 in Pacific are regularly 1 constituted. 1 Bn Landing Team (MAU less hel) also deployed in the Pacific;
1 occasionally formed for the Atlantic.)
Indian Ocean: 1,800: 1 MAU deployed intermittently.
Air Force:
Europe: US Air Force, Europe (USAFE): 54,000.
Britain (20,500): 1 Air Force HQ: 4 combat wings: 4 sqns with 90 F-111 E/F, 4 sqns with 84 A-10, 2 sqns with 36 RF-4C, 1 sqn with F-5E,
spt sqns, 1 tac tpt sqn with 16 C-130 (MAC); 29 KC-135, 4 EC-135.
Spain: 1 Air Force HQ: strategic recce unit, 1 tac wing, 3 sqns F-4, A-10, F-l5 (1 trg wing); units in Italy, Greece and Turkey.
Germany: 1 Air Force HQ: 5 combat wings: 3 sqns with 66 F-111, 2 sqns with 42 A-10, 8 sqns with 144 F-4, 3 sqns with 54 F-15.
Netherlands: 1 sqn with F-15.
Iceland: 1 AD sqn with F-4E.
Total 29 fighter sqns, plus 5 in US on call (7 with 147 A-10, 10 with 180 F-4C/D/E, 5 with 90 F-15, 7 with 156 F-111E/F), 2 tac recce sqns,
plus 3 in US on call, with 36 RF-4C; 1 ECM sqn with 24 F-4G Wild Weasel.
Pacific: Pacific Air Forces (PACAF): 30,000.
Japan: 1 Air Force HQ: 1 div: 1 wing with F-15, RF-4C, T-39, UH-1E;
Korea: 1 div: 2 wings: 5 sqns, 4 with 72 F-4D/E (2 to get48 F-16), 1 with 18 OV-10.
Philippines: 1 Air Force HQ: 1 wing with F-4E/G, F-5E; 9 fighter sqns (6 with F-4, 3 with F-15); 1 tac recce sqn with RF-4;
1 tac spt sqn with 18 OV-10; 1 special operations sqn with MC-130; 2 tac airlift sqns, 32 C-130 (MAC); det with 2 E-3A AWACS;
1 combat trg sqn with F-5E (other ac incl T-33, T-39).
Middle East (all services):
Egypt: 323.
Saudi Arabia: 861.
Africa (all services): 120.
THE SOVIET UNION
Population: 265,500,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force 2 years, Navy and Border Guards 2-3 years.
Total armed forces: 3,673,000. (Excludes some 560,000 Border Guard, internal security, railroad and construction troops.)
Estimated GNP 1979: 422.5 bn roubles, (See Reader's Notes. Official exchange rate 1979, $1=0.657 roubles.)
Estimated defence expenditure: see pp.14-15.
Strategic Nuclear Forces:
OFFENSIVE:
(a) Navy: 989 SLBM in 84 subs (950 SLBM within SALT Agreement, 39 outside it).
(Typhoon-class, 20 SS-NX-20, fitting out; more building).
11 D-III SSBN, each with 16 SS-N-18 (1 more may enter service in 1981; more building): (176 msls).
4 D-II SSBN, each with 16 SS-N-8: (64 msls).
18 D-I SSBN, each with 12 SS-N-8: (216 msls).
1 Y-II SSBN with 12 SS-NX-17 (trials): (12 msls).
28 Y-I SSBN, each with 16 SS-N-6 Sawfly (5 more believed converting to attack subs): (448 msls).
(Perhaps 18 carry mod 3 (6-MRV warhead), 10 with mod 1.)
1 H-III SSBN with 6 SS-N-8: (6 msls).
15 diesels: 1 G-III (5 SS-N-8), 1 G-IV (5 SS-N-6): (10 msls); 13 G-II each with 3 SS-N-5 (39 missiles: non-SALT).
(b) Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF): 385,000 (50,000 civilians).* (*The SRF and PVO-Strany, separate services, have their own manpower.)
6 operational rocket armies, organized in divs, regts, bns and btys; probably 1 msl per bty; 300 launch control HQ; 3 msl test centres.
ICBM: Some l,398. (Figures may vary slightly during conversion.)
580 SS-11 Sego (some 60 in SS-19 silos; may be being modified to SS-19) (The reare 360 SS-19 silos.)
60 SS-13 Savage.
150 SS-17 (mostly mod 1, 4 MIRV).
308 SS-18 (mostly mod 2, 8-10 MIRV; modification to mod 4 may have begun).
300 SS-19 (mostly mod 3, 6 MIRV).
IRBM and MRBM: some 610 deployed (perhaps 500 in Western USSR, rest east of Urals).
40 SS-5 Skean IRBM.
230 SS-20 IRBM (mobile launchers capable of being reloaded).
(As of l July 1981. By mid-August 1981 holdings of up to 250 with 1 ready reload were reported.)
340 SS-4 Sandal MRBM.
RESERVES: 520,000 personnel; a proportion of the msls withdrawn from service.
(c) Long-Range Air Force (LRAF): 45,000; some 774 combat aircraft.
3 Air Armies: 2 (North West and South West bomber corps) opposite NATO, in Europe, 1 (Far East Bomber Corps) 9 regts. Eastern USSR.
(There are also staging and dispersal points in the Arctic.)
Long-range bombers: 150. 105 Tu-95 Bear A/B, 45 Mya-4 Bison (some 70 Bear have AS-3 Kangaroo ASM).
Medium-range bombers: 500 (365 in Western USSR). 310 Tu-16 Badger, 125 Tu-22 Blinder, 65 Tu-22M Backfire B (AS-4 Kitchen ASM).
Recce: 34. 4 Tu-95 Bear E, 15Tu-16Badger D/E/F/K, 15 Tu-22 Blinder C
ECM: 90 Tu-16 Badger H/J.
Tankers: 45. 35 Mya-4 Bison A, 10 Tu-16 Badger.
ASM: AS-3 Kangaroo, AS-4 Kitchen, AS-5 Kelt, AS-6 Kingfish.
DEFENSIVE:
Air Defence Force(PVO-Strany): 550,000; * (*The SRF and PVO-Strany, separate services, have their own manpower.)
10 Air Defence Districts, numerous AD regiments. 14 specialist schools. It includes:
ABM: 32 ABM-1 Galosh (32 former sites nonoperational); range over 320 km, warheads nuclear, presumably MT range.
1regt (4 bns) at 4 sites around Moscow.
Aircraft: about 2,500; in regts and sqns.
Interceptors: some 750 MiG-23 Flogger B/G, 330 MiG-25 Foxbat A, some 200 Su-9 Fishpot B, Su-11 Fishpot C, 800 Su-15 Flagon D/E/F,
120 Tu-28P Fiddler, 300 Yak-28P Firebar,
AAM: AA-3Anab, AA-5Ash, AA-6 Acrid, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid.
Airborne Warning and Control Aircraft: 10 modified Tu-126 Moss.
Trg ac incl 40 Su-11, 120 Su-15, 20 MiG-15, 60 MiG-17, 50 MiG-23, 50 MiG-25, 10 Yak-28.
SAM: About 10,000 launchers in some 1,200 fixed sites:
some 12,000 SA-1 Guild, SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa (launcher capacity being doubled), SA-5 Gammon; SA-10 now entering service.
AA artillery: 23mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm, 130mm guns.
Warning Systems: Some 7,000, incl satellites and EW and ground control intercept radars,
(i) Satellites: 1 geostationary over the Atlantic (anti-SLBM). 2 Molniya-type with elliptical orbits (anti-ICBM).
(ii) Over-the-Horizon (Backscatter) radars: 3 (possibly 4), near Minsk, near Nikolayev (Caucasus), and in the Far East; targeted on the US and polar areas,
(iii) Long-range early-warning radars: At least 5 reported sites. Mostly Hen-series (e.g. Hen House), range 6,000 km,
covering approaches from the west, north-east, southeast and, possibly, south,
(iv) Intermediate-range radars: Dog House, and Cat House, associated with the Moscow ABM complex, range 3,000 km
(new system reported building),
(v) ABM-associated control radars: Try Add (with Galosh), a new 10-site system, 2,800 km range, believed in service,
(vi) High-altitude, aircraft-associated radars: Tall King, 600km range,
(vii) Missile-associated short range radars: Yo-Yo (with SA-1); Fan Song, Spoon Rest (SA-2); Flat Race, Squat Eye, Low Blow (SA-3).
(viii) Gun-associated radars: Fire Can, Flap Wheel.
Civil Defence: 2 widespread shelter programmes down to city level include some 75 cmd posts within 120 km of Moscow,
and accommodation for at least 110,000 officials.
Army: 1,825,000 (perhaps 1,400,000 conscripts).
46 tk divs.
119 motor rifle divs.
8 AB divs (each 3 para regts, arty regt, AA bn).
Front and Army tps:
14 arty divs.
Indep tk regts, arty, SSM, ATK, engr bdes, cw regts, bns, spt services.
Tanks: 45,000 IS-2/-3, T-10, T-10M hy, T-54/-55/-62, 10,000 T-64/-72 med (most fitted for deep wading) and PT-76 lt.
AFV: 62,000 BRDM scout cars; BMP and BMD MICV, BTR-50/-60/-70/-152, OT-64, MT-LB APC. (BTR-50/-60 being replaced by -70 and BMP.)
Artillery: Some 20,000 100mm, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm and 180mm towed guns/how and 122mm and 152mm SP guns;
7,200 82mm, 120mm, 160mm and 240mm mor;
2,700 122mm, 140mm and 240mm MRL.
ATK: 40mm RPG-7, 73mm RPG-16 RL; SPG-9 73mm RCL;
10,800 76mm, 85mm, 100mm towed and ASU-75/-85 SP ATK guns;
AT-2 Swatter, AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot, AT-5 Spandrel, AT-6 Spiral ATGW.
AA artillery: 8,000 23mm, 57mm towed, ZSU-23-4 and ZSU-57-2 SP guns.
SAM (mobile systems): SA-4 Ganef, SA-6 Gainful, SA-7 Grail, SA-8 Gecko, SA-9 Gaskin, SA-11.
SSM (nuclear-capable): about 1,300 launchers (units organic to formations), incl
some 680 FROG (482 facing NATO area, some 186 in Far East); SS-21 (replacing FROG),
540 Scud A/B (410 NATO area, 130 Far East), SS-23 (replacing Scud),
120 SS-12 (65 NATO area, 55 Far East), to be replaced by SS-22.
DEPLOYMENT:
Central and Eastern Europe: 30 divs (15 tk, 15 motor rifle) plus 1 arty:
East Germany, 9 tk, 10 motor rifle, plus 1 arty; Poland, 2 tk; Hungary, 2 tk, 2 motor rifle; Czechoslovakia, 2 tk, 3 motor rifle. 10,500 med tks.*
(* Excluding from the area tks in reserve (replaced by new ones but not withdrawn).)
European USSR Military Districts (MD): 67 divs (23 tk, 38 motor rifle, 6 AB), plus 7 arty:
Baltic, 3 tk, 5 motor rifle, 2 AB, plus 2 arty; Belorussian, 9 tk, 2 motor rifle, 1 AB, plus 1 arty;
Carpathian, 2 tk, 9 motor rifle, plus 1 arty; Kiev, 7 tk, 4 motor rifle, plus 1 arty;
Leningrad, 8 motor rifle, 1 AB, plus 1 arty; Moscow, 2 tk, 4 motor rifle, 1 AB; Odessa, 6 motor rifle, 1 AB, plus 1 arty.
Central USSR: 6 divs (1 tk, 5 motor rifle): Ural, 1 tk, 2 motor rifle; Volga, 3 motor rifle.
Southern USSR: 24 divs (1 tk, 21 motor rifle, 2 AB) plus 3 arty:
N. Caucasus, 1 tk, 5 motor rifle, plus 1 arty; Trans-Caucasus, 11 motor rifle, 1 AB, plus 1 arty; Turkestan, 5 motor rifle, 1 AB, plus 1 arty.
Sino-Soviet border: 46 divs (6 tk, 40 motor rifle), plus 3 arty: Central Asian, 1 tk, 6 motor rifle.
Under High Command Far East:
Siberian, 5 motor rifle; Transbaykal, 3 tk, 7 motor rifle, plus 1 arty; Far Eastern, 1 tk, 20 motor rifle, plus 2 arty, Mongolia, 1 tk, 2 motor rifle.
Afghanistan: perhaps 5 motor rifle, 1 AB(parent MD unknown; incl with MD totals above).
Soviet divs have three degrees of combat readiness:
Category 1, between three-quarters and full strength, with complete eqpt;
Category 2, between half and three-quarters strength, complete with fighting vehicles;
Category 3, about one-quarter strength, possibly complete with fighting vehicles (some obsolescent).
The 30 divs and 1 arty div in Eastern Europe are Category 1.
About half those in European USSR and the Far East are in Category 1 or 2.
Most of the divs in Central and Southern USSR are likely to be Category 3.
Tk divs in Eastern Europe have some 335 med tks, motor rifle divs up to 266, but elsewhere holdings may be lower.
Navy: 443,000 (some 75% conscripts), incl 59,000 Naval Air Force, 12,000 Naval Infantry, and 8,000 Coastal Artillery and Rocket Troops;
259 cruise-missile and attack subs (99 nuclear, 160 diesel), 294 major surface combat ships.
A further 115 attack subs and 25 major surface combat ships are in reserve.
Submarines, cruise-missile: 69:
47 nuclear (SSGN): 1 O-class (20 SS-N-19); 1 P-class (10 msl tubes, possibly SS-N-7); 11 C-I,
5 C-II-class (8 SS-N-7 Siren each, some C-II may have SS-N-9); 29 E-II (5 with 8 SS-N-12, 24 with 8 SS-N-3a each).
22 diesel (SSG): 16 J-class (4 SS-N-3a each), 4 W-Long Bin (4 SS-N-3 each); 2 W-Twin Cylinder (2 SS-N-3 each) may be trg vessels.
Submarines, Attach. 190:
52 nuclear (SSN): 5 A-, 13 N-, 16 V-I-, 6 V-II-, 7 V-III-, 5 E-I-class.
138 diesel (SS): 14 T-, 60 F-, 10 R-, 10 Z-IV-, 40 W-, 4 B-class.
(More modern A-, V-, T-class may carry some SS-N-16 and or SS-N-15 ASW msls.)
Surface Ships: 294 major combat vessels.
2 Kiev carriers of 43,000 tons (2 more building) with 4 twin SS-N-12 SSM, 2 twin SA-N-3/-4 SAM, 1 twin SUW-N-1 ASW,
14 Yak-36 Forger A/B VTOL ac, 16 Ka-25 Hormone A/B hel.
2 Moskva ASW hel carriers with 2 twin SA-N-3 SAM, twin SUW-N-1 ASW, 18 Ka-25 Hormone hel.
1 Kirov class nuclear msl cruiser (CGN) with 20 SS-N-19 SSM, 10 SA-N-6,2 twin SA-N-4 SAM, 2 twin SS-N-14 ASW, 2-4 Ka-25 hel.
17 GW ASW cruisers (more building): 7 Kara with 2 twin SA-N-3, 2 twin SA-N-4 SAM, 2 quad SS-N-14 SSM, 1 hel;
10 Kresta-Il with 2 twin SA-N-3, 2 quad SS-N-14,1 hel.
8 GW cruisers: 4 Kresta-I with 2 twin SS-N-3b SSM, 2 twin SA-N-1 SAM, 4 Kynda with 2 quad SS-N-3b, 1 twin SA-N-l.
11 Sverdlov cruisers: (1 with twin SA-N-2, 2 with twin SA-N-4,2 with 1 hel).
73 destroyers: 7 SSM/SAM (1 Sovremenny, 6 mod Kashin); 4 Kildin SSM; 29 SAM (13 Kashin, 8 Kanin, 8 SAM Kotlin);
32 gun (18 Kotlin, 14 Skory); 1 Udaloy ASW msl with 2 quad SS-N-14 (on trials).
180 frigates: 72 GW (30 Krivak-I/-II with 1 quad SS-N-14, 2 twin SA-N-4 (more building), 2 Koni with twin SA-N-4,
40 Grisha-V-III with twin SA-N-4); 108 gun (6 Grisha-II (with KGB), 18 Mirka, 48 Petya, 36 Riga).
834 minor surface combatants:
23 GW corvettes: 2 Tarantul with 2 twin SS-N-2), 21 Nanuchka with 6 SS-N-9, 1 twin SA-N-4.
128 FAC(M): 13 hydrofoil (1 Sarancha with 2 twin SS-N-9, twin SA-N-1, 12 Matka with 2 SS-N-2c); 70 Osa-I, 45 Osa-II with 4 SS-N-2b).
220 FAC(T): 64 Poti, 90 Stenka, 30 Shershen, 1 Slepen (trials); 1 Babochka, 34 7 hydrofoils.
66 patrol craft: 40 SO-1, 6 Susanin, 20 T-58.
45 coastal patrol craft< (mostly KGB): 20 Pchela hydrofoils, 25 Zhuk.
127 ocean minesweepers: 33 Natya, 49 Yurka, 45 T-43 (11 more are T-43/PFR radar pickets).
166 coastal minesweepers: 3 Andryusha, 40 Sonya, 3 Zhenya, 8 Sasha, 72 Vanya, 40 Evgenya<.
59 minesweeping boats<: 10 Ilyusha, 4 Olya, 5 TR-40, 40 K-8.
84 amph ships:
1 Ivan Rogov with twin SA-N-4, 3 hovercraft (more building); 14 Alligator; 12 Ropucha LST;
52 Polnocny; 5 MP-4 LSM.
Some 85 amph craft:
Some 35 LCU: 20 Vydra, 15 SMB-1.
50 hovercraft: 9 Aist. 11 Lebed<, 30 Gus<.
200 principal auxiliary ships of various configurations, 28 fleet replenishment, 28 spt tankers, 96 supply and cargo ships.
18 submarine tenders, 30 repair ships. Civilian sealift, 2,475 ships, could augment these.
58 intelligence collection vessels (AGl); 110 naval, 340 civilian oceanographic, spaceassociated, and hydrographic research vessels.
Ships in reserve: 10 Z-, 90 W-, 15 Q-class subs; 1 Sverdlov cruiser; 12 Skory destroyers; 12 Riga frigates; 20 T-43 minesweepers.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (59,000); some 755 combat ac, 245 hel.
Four Fleet Air Forces; organized in air divs, each with 2-3 regts of HO elements and 2 sqns; recce, ASW, transport
organized in independent regiments or squadrons.
Strike bbrs: some 70 Tu-22M Backfire B with AS-4 Kitchen ASM.
Med bbrs: 310: 240 Tu-16 Badger C/G with AS-2 Kipper/AS-5 Kelt/AS-6 Kingfish, 30 Tu-16 Badger A, some 40 Tu-22 Blinder A.
FGA: 85: 45 Yak-36 Forger A/B VTOL, 40 Su-17 Fitter C/D.
ASW: 190: some 50 Tu-95 Bear F, 50 Il-38 May, 90 Be-12 Mail.
MR/ECM: 100: some 40 Tu-16 Badger D/E/F, 45 Tu-95 Bear D, 5 Tu-22 Blinder C, 10 An-12 Cub C.
Tankers: 70 Tu-16 Badger.
ASW hel: 245: 65 Mi-14 Haze. 180 Ka-25 Hormone A/B.
ASM: AS-2 Kipper. AS-4 Kitchen, AS-5 Kelt, AS-6 Kingfish.
220 misc tpts and trainers, and tpt hel.
NAVAL INFANTRY (Marines): (12,000).
5 naval inf regts (each 3 inf, 1tk bn), one each with Northern, Baltic and Black Sea Fleets, Marine div of two regts with Pacific Fleet.
T-54/-55 med, PT-76 lt tks; BMP MICV, BTR-60P APC; BM-21 122mm MRL; ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-9 SAM.
COAST ARTILLERY AND ROCKET TROOPS: (8,000).
Hy coastal guns, perhaps 100 SS-C-lb Sepal SSM (similar to SS-N-3) to protect approaches to naval bases and major ports.
DEPLOYMENT AND BASES (average strengths, excluding units in reserve):
Northern Fleet: 135 subs (plus 45 SSBN), 82 major, 120 minor surface combatants, 12 amph, 72 principal auxiliary spt, 80 bombers.
Severomorsk (HQ), Motovskij Gulf, Polyarny, Severodvinsk, Archangelsk.
Baltic Fleet: 22 subs, 42 major, 294 minor surface combatants, 50 amph, 19 principal auxiliary spt, 120 bombers.
Baltiysk (HQ), Kronshtadt, Tallin, Liepaja, Riga.
Black Sea Fleet (incl Caspian Flotilla and Mediterranean Sqn): 22 subs, 84 major, 210 minor surface combatants, 53 amph, 36 principal auxiliary spt.
80 bombers. Sevastopol (HQ), Poti, Odessa.
PacificFleet: 80 subs (plus 24 SSBN), 86 major, 210 minor combatants, 54 amph, 73 major auxiliary spt, 330 combat ac incl 100 bombers.
Vladivostok (HQ), Petropavlovsk, Sovyetskaya Gavan.
Detachments from this fleet serve in the Indian Ocean; facilities also in Vietnam (Da Nang and Cam Ranh Bay);
Aden (Socotra) and Ethiopia (Dahlakls).
Air Force: 475,000.* (*Excluding PVO-Strany and Long-Range Air Force.)
Tactical Air Force: 195,000; some 5,300 combat aircraft, some 1,000 armed hel.
16 Air Armies of varying strengths (totalling 124 ac regts, and some indep ac sqns),
mostly organized in divs of 3 regts (each regt usually of a single ac type in 3 sqns, totalling 45ac).
FGA: 2,650: some 750 MiG-21 Fishbed, 500 MiG-27 Flogger D, 165 Su-7 Fitter A, 700 Su-17 Fitter C/D/H, 480 Su-24 (Su-19) Fencer,
50 Yak-28 Brewer A/B/C. Sukhoi 'RAM-J' in production.
Fighters: 1,700: 400 MiG-21 Fishbed C/D/F, 1,300 MiG-23 Flogger B.
Recce: 735: 160 MiG-25 Foxbat B/D, 175 MiG-21 Fishbed H, 200 Yak-28 Brewer D, 200 Su-17 Fitter H.
ECM: 40 Yak-28 Brewer E.
Hel: Some 3,500: 300 Mi-l/-2 Hare/Hoplite, 100 Mi-4 Hound A, 500 Mi-6 Hook, 1,600 Mi-8 Hip C/E, 950 Mi-24 Hind A/B/C/D/E.
Trainers: Some 1,100 ac; 700 hel.
AAM: AA-1 Alkali, AA-2 Atoll, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid. ASM: AS-7 Kerry, AS-10; hel-borne: AT-2 Swatter, AT-6 Spiral.
Military Transport Aviation: 125,000; some 1,300 aircraft. Organized in regiments.
Incl some 750 An-12 Cub, 125 Il-76 Candid, 50 An-22 Cock hy.
Some 1,400 of the 1,650 civil Aeroflot ac are med- and long-range and could augment military airlift.
DEPLOYMENT:
4 Tactical Air Armies (2,000 ac) in Eastern Europe, 1 in each of 12 MD in the USSR (not in N. Caucasus, Turkestan, Ural, Volga).
Afghanistan: possibly 1 air div: 1 air, 1 hel regt, tpts.
RESERVES (all services):
Soviet conscripts have a Reserve obligation to 50.
Total Reserves could be 25,000,000, of which some 5,000,000 have served in last five years.
Soviet forces abroad: Afghanistan, 85,000; Angola, 200; Cuba, 2,600; Ethiopia, 1,000; Iraq, 1,000; Kampuchea, 300; Libya, 1,750; Mali, 200;
Mauritania, 200; Mozambique, 400; Seychelles, some 100; Vietnam, 4,500; Syria, 2,500; N.Yemen, 500; S.Yemen, 1,500.
Para-Military Forces: 560,000.
300,000 KGB border troops, 260,000 MVD security troops. Border troops equipped with tks, SP guns, AFV, ac and ships;
MVD with tks and AFV.
By law part of armed forces of USSR.
Part-time military training organization (DOSAAF) conducts such activities as flight training, shooting, parachuting and
pre-military training of those aged 15 and over in schools, colleges and workers' centres.
Claimed active membership 80 million, with 5 million in instructors and activists; effectives likely to be much fewer.
SOVIET DEFENCE EXPENDITURE
No single figure for Soviet defence expenditure can be given, since precision is not possible on the basis of present knowledge. The declared Soviet defence budget is thought to exclude a number of elements such as military R&D, stockpiling and civil defence - indeed some contend that it covers only the operating and military construction costs of the armed forces. The problem of arriving at a current budgetary figure was discussed in TheMilitary Balance 1973-1974, pp. 8-9, and on pp. 109-110 of the 1976-1977 edition. The official defence budget for 1980 of 17.1 bn roubles equals about 6% of the total government expenditure, or 2.8% of GNP, according to non-Soviet estimates of the latter.
Furthermore, Soviet pricing practices are quite different from those in the West. Objectives are set in real terms with no requirement for money prices to coincide with the real costs of goods and services. The rouble cost of the defence effort may thus not reflect the real cost of alternative production forgone, and in turn a rouble value of defence expressed as a percentage of Soviet GNP measured in roubles may not reflect the true burden.
If rouble estimates are then converted into dollars to facilitate international comparisons, the difficulties are compounded, because the exchange rate chosen should relate the purchasing power of a rouble in the Soviet Union to that of a dollar in the USA. The official exchange rate is considered inadequate for this purpose, and there is no consensus on an alternative.
An alternative approach - estimating how much it would cost to produce and man the equivalent of the Soviet defence effort in the USA - produces the index number problem: faced with the American price structure, the Soviet Union might opt for a pattern of spending different from her present one. This particular method tends to overstate the Soviet defence effort relative to that of the USA.
Accordingly, the estimates produced by a number of methods are given below, both in roubles and dollars, together with official figures for the defence budget published by the Soviet Union. Estimates produced by China are also given but their basis is not known.
РАСХОДЫ НА ОБОРОНУ СССР
Ни одна цифра советских оборонных расходов не может быть дана, поскольку точность невозможна на основе имеющихся знаний. Считается, что объявленный советский оборонный бюджет исключает ряд элементов, таких как военные НИОКР, накопление запасов и гражданская оборона, - некоторые утверждают, что он покрывает только эксплуатационные расходы и расходы на военное строительство вооруженных сил. Проблема достижения текущего бюджетного показателя обсуждалась в Military Balance 1973-1974, стр. 8-9, и на стр. 109-110 в 1976-1977 издании. Официальный оборонный бюджет 1980 года в размере 17,1 млрд рублей составляет около 6% от общих государственных расходов, или 2,8% ВНП, по несоветским оценкам последнего.
Кроме того, советская практика ценообразования сильно отличается от Западной. Цели ставятся в реальном выражении без требования, чтобы денежные цены совпадали с реальными затратами на товары и услуги. Таким образом, рублевая стоимость оборонных усилий может не отражать реальную стоимость упущенного альтернативного производства, а рублевая стоимость обороны, выраженная в процентах от советского ВНП, измеренного в рублях, может не отражать истинное бремя.
Если расчеты в рублях пересчитаны в доллары США в целях облегчения международных сопоставлений, эти трудности усугубляются, потому что курс, выбранный должен относиться к покупательной способности рубля СССР к доллару США. Официальный обменный курс считается неадекватным для этой цели, и нет консенсуса относительно альтернативы.
Альтернативный подход - оценка того, во сколько обойдется производство и укомплектование персоналом эквивалента советских оборонных усилий в США - создает проблему индекса: столкнувшись с американской структурой цен, Советский Союз может выбрать модель расходов, отличную от ее нынешней. Этот метод имеет тенденцию завышать советские оборонные усилия по сравнению с американскими.
Соответственно, ниже приводятся оценки, составленные по ряду методов, как в рублях, так и в долларах, а также официальные данные по оборонному бюджету, опубликованные Советским Союзом. Дана оценка Китая, но её основа не известна.
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The Alliances and Europe
THE WARSAW PACT
Treaties
The Warsaw Pact is a multilateral military/politico alliance formed by the 'Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Co-operation' signed in Warsaw on 14 May 1955 by the Governments of the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania; Albania left the Pact in September 1968. The Pact is committed to the defence only of the European territories of the member states.
The Soviet Union is also linked by bilateral treaties of friendship and mutual assistance with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania. These also have similar bilateral treaties with each other. The essence of East European defence arrangements is not therefore dependent on the Warsaw Treaty as such. The Soviet Union concluded status of-forces agreements with Poland, East Germany, Romania and Hungary between December 1956 and May 1957, and with Czechoslovakia in October 1968; all remain in effect except the one with Romania, which lapsed in June 1958 when Soviet troops left Romania.
Organization
The senior formal political body is the Political Consultative Committee (PCC) which comprises the First Secretaries of the Communist Parties, Heads of Government or their representatives, the Foreign and the Defence Ministers of all the member countries, the Soviet Chief of General Staff and the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) and Chief of Staff (C of S) of the Pact Joint High Command. Its executive agency is the Joint Secretariat, with representatives from each country, which is responsible for armaments and logistics and for preparing the PCC's agendas. It also has a Permanent Commission responsible for recommendations on general questions of foreign policy. Both are located in Moscow.
The Council of Foreign Ministers advises the PCC on foreign policy, working with the permanent Commission and the Combined Secretariat. The senior military body is the Council of Defence Ministers. Chaired by the C-in-C, Warsaw Pact, it includes his C of S, the Deputy Ministers of Defence of the Pact nations, Deputy C-in-C, Soviet Air Defence Forces (whose operational area includes Central Europe), and probably the Inspector-General of the Pact and the Chairman of the Technical Committee. This Council meets infrequently to supervise the work of the Permanent Joint High Command (JHC). That Command is headed by a Soviet Marshal, who is also the Soviet First Deputy Minister of Defence. Each Pact Defence Ministry has a senior general as a permanent representative on the JHC staff, while a Soviet general is assigned to each national HQ, except in Romania. The Staff is responsible for operational plans and for managing the Pact field exercises. The Pact military representatives also form the Military Council which, chaired by the C-in-C, and including the C of S, advises the JHC on nonoperational matters, and controls the Central Administration for training, standardization and, possibly, technical affairs. The offices of C-in-C and C of S and all important staff posts have always been held by Soviet officers.
The JHC controls the Soviet Forces in Eastern Europe and Western USSR. The East European Pact armies remain under national control until war breaks out, when they are expected to come under command of the JHC. Among the Soviet military HQ in the Warsaw Pact area are the Group of Soviet Forces, Germany (GSFG) at Zossen-Wiinsdorf near Berlin; the Northern Group of Forces, (NGF) at Legnica, Poland; the Central Group of Forces (CGF) at Milovice, north of Prague, and the Southern Group of Forces (SGF) at Budapest. A Soviet Tactical Air Army is located with each Group of Forces. Command of the air defence system covering the whole Warsaw Pact area, with the probable exception of Romania, is centralized in Moscow and is directed by the C-in-C of the Soviet Air Defence Forces, Voyska Protivovozdushnoy Oborony Strany (PVO Strany)
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Nuclear Weapons
The Soviet Union has deployed short-range surface-to-surface launchers and nuclear-capable aircraft in Eastern Europe. East European countries also have short-range SSM launchers, but there is no evidence that nuclear warheads have been supplied, nor is there any reason to assume so. Soviet longer-range SSM and aircraft are based in the Soviet Union.
ВАРШАВСКИЙ ДОГОВОР
Договора
Варшавский договор - многосторонний военно-политический союз, образованный "Договором о дружбе, взаимной помощи и сотрудничестве", подписанным в Варшаве 14 мая 1955 года правительствами Советского Союза, Албании, Болгарии, Чехословакии, Восточной Германии, Венгрии, Польши и Румынии; Албания вышла из договора в сентябре 1968 года. Пакт привержен защите только европейских территорий государств-членов.
Советский Союз также связан двусторонними договорами о дружбе и взаимопомощи с Болгарией, Чехословакией, ГДР, Венгрией, Польшей и Румынией. Они также имеют аналогичные двусторонние договоры друг с другом. Таким образом, суть восточноевропейских оборонных договоренностей не зависит от Варшавского договора как такового. Советский Союз заключил соглашения о статусе сил с Польшей, Восточной Германией, Румынией и Венгрией в период с декабря 1956 года по май 1957 года и с Чехословакией в октябре 1968 года; все они остаются в силе, за исключением Румынии, которая прекратила свое существование в июне 1958 года, когда советские войска покинули Румынию.
Организация
Высшим официальным политическим органом является политический консультативный комитет (ПКК), в состав которого входят первые секретари коммунистических партий, главы правительств или их представители, министры иностранных дел и обороны всех стран-членов, Советский начальник Генерального штаба, главнокомандующий и начальник штаба объединенного Верховного командования договора. Его исполнительным учреждением является совместный Секретариат с представителями каждой страны, который отвечает за вооружения и материально-техническое обеспечение и за подготовку повесток дня ПКК. Он также имеет постоянную комиссию, отвечающую за выработку рекомендаций по общим вопросам внешней политики. Оба расположены в Москве.
Совет министров иностранных дел консультирует ПКК по вопросам внешней политики в сотрудничестве с постоянной комиссией и Объединенным Секретариатом. Высшим военным органом является Совет министров обороны. Под председательством главнокомандующего, Варшавского договора, он включает его, заместителей министров обороны стран договора, заместителя главнокомандующего, командующего советской ПВО (операционная зона включает в себя Центральную Европу), и, возможно, генерального инспектора пакта и председателя технического комитета. Этот совет нечасто собирается для наблюдения за работой постоянного Объединенного Командования Вооруженными Силами (ОКВС). Это командование возглавляет советский маршал, который также является первым заместителем Министра Обороны СССР. Каждое министерство обороны договора имеет старшего генерала в качестве постоянного представителя в штабе ОКВС, в то время как советский генерал назначается в каждый Национальный штаб, за исключением Румынии. Персонал отвечает за оперативные планы и управление полевыми учениями Пдлр. Военные представители пакта также образуют военный совет, который под председательствомГлавнокмандующего и в том числе начштаба, консультирует ОКВС по вопросам, не связанным с эксплуатацией, и контролирует Центральную администрацию по подготовке кадров, стандартизации и, возможно, техническим вопросам. Штабквартиры и все важные штатные должности всегда занимали советские офицеры.
ОКВС контролирует советские войска в Восточной Европе и Западной части СССР. Армии Восточноевропейского договора остаются под национальным контролем до начала войны, когда ожидается, что они перейдут под командование ОКВС. Среди советских военных в штаб Варшавского договора находятся Группы Советских войск в Германии (ГСВГ) в Цоссене-Вюнсдорфе под Берлином; Северная группа войск (СГВ) в Легнице, Польша; Центральной группы войск (ЦГВ) в Миловице, к северу от Праги и Южной группы войск (ЮГВ) в Будапеште. В каждой группе войск имеется советская тактическая воздушная армия. Командование системой противовоздушной обороны, охватывающей весь район Варшавского договора, за исключением, вероятно, Румынии, централизовано в Москве и управляется командующим советских войск ПВО.
Ядерное оружие
Советский Союз развернул в Восточной Европе пусковые установки малой дальности класса "земля-земля" и ядерные самолеты. Восточноевропейские страны также располагают пусковыми установками БР малой дальности, но нет никаких доказательств того, что ядерные боеголовки были поставлены, и нет никаких оснований предполагать это. Больше Дальние советские самолёты и ракеты базируются в СССР.
(* East European Warsaw Pact divs are of three categories with different manning (and hence readiness) levels.
Category 1 formations are at up to three-quarters of establishment strength; Category 2 at up to half; Category 3 little more than cadres.)
BULGARIA
Population: 8,900,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force 2 years, Navy 3 years.
Total regular forces: 149,000 (94,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1980: $37.4 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 924 m leva ($1.34 bn). $1=0.69 leva.
Army: 105,000 (70,000 conscripts).
3 Military Districts:
8 motor rifle divs.*
5 tk bdes.
3 SSM bdes with Scud.
4 arty regts.
3 AA arty regts.
1 mountain bn.
2 recce bns.
Special commando coys.
200 T-34, 1,600 T-54/-55, some 60 T-72 med tks; 290 BRDM-1/-2 scout cars; 1,500 BTR-60, FUG-70, 35 OT-62 APC;
76mm, 85mm, 100mm, 400 122mm, 130mm towed, SU-100 SP guns; 122mm, 100 152mm how; 100 BM-21 122mm MRL;
36 FROG-1, 30 Scud SSM; 90 57mm ATK guns; 82mm, 350 120mm, 160mm mor,
150 SPG-9 73mm, B-10 82mm RCL; Sagger, Snapper ATGW;
23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm towed, ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-6/-7 SAM.
RESERVES: 200,000.
Navy: 10,000 (6,000 conscripts); 12 combat hel.
4 ex-Sov subs: 2 R-, 2 W-class.
2 Riga frigates.
3 Poti corvettes.
8 patrol craft: 6 SO-1, 2 Kronshtadt.
4 FAC(M) (3 Osa-I, 1 Osa-II) with Styx SSM.
14 FAC(T): 6 Shershen, 8 P-4<.
28 MCM vessels: 2 T-43 ocean, 4 Vanya coastal, 18 PO-2, 4 Yevgenyai inshore.
18 Vydra LCU, 9 MFP D-3 landing craft.
1 underway replenishment ship.
2 hel sqns: 1 ASW with 12 Mi-14 Haze; 1 SAR with 6 Mi-2, 6 Mi-4.
2 coastal arty regts (1,000): 20 btys; 100mm, 150mm guns.
2 indep Samlet SSM bns.
3 Naval Guard coys.
Bases: Varna, Burgas, Sozopol, Atiya.
RESERVES: 20,000.
Air Force: 34,000 (18,000 conscripts); some 248 combat ac, some 12 armed hel.
1 air division: 3 combat regts:
6 FGA sqns with 64 MiG-17, some 20 MiG-23.
8 interceptor sqns: 6 with 80 MiG-21; 2 with 60 MiG-17.
2 recce sqns with 24 MiG-17.
1 tpt regt with 10 Il-14, 4 An-24, 2 Tu-134, 9 An-2.
1 hel regt with 30 Mi-2, 40 Mi-4/-8, 12 Mi-24, 12 Ka-26.
Trg ac incl 80 L-29, Yak-11/-18, 30 MiG-15UTI.
AAM: AA-1 Alkali, AA-2 Atoll.
1 para regt.
1 air defence division: 3 air defence zones: Some 22 SAM sites with 150 SA-2/-3.
RESERVES: 20,000
Para-Military Forces: 15,000 Ministry of Interior border guards, 16 bdes; 10,000 security police;
150,000 People's Territorial Militia; 'Voluntary Organization for Co-operation in National Defence'.
(These 'voluntary' organizations correspond to the DOSAAF organization in the Soviet Union (see p. 14).)
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Population: 15,400,000.
Military service: Army 2 years, Air Force 3 years.
Total regular forces: 194,000 (117,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1980: $92 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 22.4 bn koruny ($3.52 bn). $1=6.36 koruny.
Army: 140,000 (100,000 conscripts).
2 Military Districts:
5 armd divs (2 at Category 2 status).*
5 motor rifle divs.*
1 arty div: 2 arty, 2 AA, 3 Scud SSM bdes, 2 ATK regts (6 bns).
1 AB bde.
6 engr bdes.
3,400 T-54/-55, 20 T-72 med tks; 680 OT-65, BRDM scout cars; 650 BMP MICV, 3,000 OT-62/-64/-810 and TOPAZ (BTR-50) APC;
85mm, 150 100mm, 400 122mm, 50 130mm guns; 230 152mm SP how (incl truck-mounted);
150 RM-70 122mm, 120 M-51 130mm MRL; 40 FROG, 27 Scud SSM; 81mm mor; 125 82mm RCL; 150 AT-4 Spigot, Sagger ATGW;
500 57mm towed, M-53/-59 30mm AA guns; SA-4/-6/-7 SAM.
RESERVES: 295,000 (liability to age 50).
Air Force: 54,000 (17,000 conscripts); 471 combat ac, some 12 armed hel.
2 air armies: 3 air divs: 15 combat regts:
14 FGA sqns: 6 with 80 Su-7BM/U; 1 with 12 MiG-23, 3 with 42 MiG-21/-21U; 3 with 36 MiG-15.
18 interceptor sqns with 252 MiG-21/-21U/-23.
3 recce sqns: 1 with 25 MiG-21RF; 2 with 30 L-29/-39.
2 tpt regts with 6 An-24, 40 Il-14, 1 Tu-134, LET L-410M, Tu-154B.
1 hel regt, 3 indep hel sqns with Mi-l/-2, 70 Mi-4, 20 Mi-8, 12 Mi-24.
Trg ac incl 150 L-29, 24 L-39, Zlin 326.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
3 air defence divs:
6 SAM regts: some 30 sites with 200 SA-2/-3.
RESERVES: 30,000.
Para-Military Forces: 11,000 border troops: 7 bdes, 28 bns, some AFV, ATK guns; 24,000 Interior Guard; 2,500 Civil Defence Troops;
about 120,000 part-time People's Militia.
'Association for Co-operation with the Army'
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Population: 16,750,000.
Military service: Army, Border Guard 18 months; Navy and Air Force 24 months.
Total regular forces: 167,000 (92,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1980: $106 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 14.1 bn ostmarks ($6.96 bn). $1=2.03 ostmarks.
Army: 113,000 (67,000 conscripts).
2 Military Districts, 2 Army HQ:
2 tk divs (each 3 tk, 1 motor rifle regts).*
4 motor rifle divs (each 1 tk, 3 motor rifle regts).
2 SSM bdes with Scud.
2 arty regts.
2 AA regts with 57mm, 100mm guns.
2 AD regts with SA-4 SAM.
3 sigs regts.
1 engr regt and 2 engr bns.
1 railway construction regt.
2 ATK bns.
2 AB bns.
About 1,500 T-54/-55, T-72 med tks (1,600 more tks in storage);
880 BRDM-1/-2 and FUG-70 scout cars; 700 BMP MICV, 1,000 BTR-50P/-60P/-152 APC;
335 122mm, 100 130mm, 72 152mm, guns/how, incl M-1973 152mm SP; 108 RM-70 122mm MRL; 24 FROG-7, 18 Scud B SSM;
250 120mm mor; 120 100mm ATK guns; AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot ATGW; 48 57mm, 48 100mm towed,
96 ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-4/-6/-7/-9 SAM.
RESERVES: 250,000.
Navy: 16,000 (10,000 conscripts).
3 sqns.
2 Rostock frigates (ex-Sov Koni).
1 Koralle corvette (more building).
12 Hai large patrol craft.
15 Osa-I FAC(M)with Styx SSM.
49 FAC(T): 18 Shershen, 31 Libelle<.
50 coastal minesweepers: 14 Kondor-I, 36-II.
12 Frosch LST.
2 Kondor-I intelligence collection vessels (AGI).
8 supply ships and tankers, incl 2 modified Frosch lt tpts.
1 hel sqn with 8 Mi-4, 5 Mi-8.
Coastal Frontier Brigade (3,000): 12 inf, arty bns, 8 boat sqns; 18 vessels, 152mm guns, Samlet SSM.
Bases: Peenemiinde, Rostock/Warnemiinde, Sassnitz, Wolgast, Tarnewitz.
RESERVES: 25,000.
Air Force: 38,000 (15,000 conscripts); 359 combat ac, 5 armed hel.
2 air divs:
4 FGA sqns: 3 with 35 MiG-17; 1 with 12 MiG-23.
1 recce sqn with 12 MiG-21.
Air Defence Command:
2 air divs:
6 AD regts: 18 sqns with 300 MiG-21F/MF/FL/R/U/-23.
7 SAM regts, some 30 sites with 200 SA-2/-3.
2 radar regts.
1 tpt regt: 3 tpt sqns with 20 Il-14, 15 Tu-134, An-2, An-14.
2 hel regts: 6 hel sqns with 40 Mi-2/-4, 70 Mi-8, 15 Mi-24.
Trg ac incl Yak-11, L-29/-39, Zlin 226, MiG-15UTI.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, ASM: AT-3 Sagger ATGW.
RESERVES: 30,000.
Forces abroad: Algeria; Angola (800); Ethiopia; Libya (1,600); Mozambique; S. Yemen (100); Syria.
Para-Military Forces: 70,200. 46,500 border guards: 18 border, 2 indep, 1 special, 6 trg regts with some 66 bns, 1 boat sqn with 24 patrol craft.
1 MFS Guard (Berlin) regt (6,200): 4 motor rifle, 1 hy, 1 trg bns; FUG-70 AFV, 85mm, 100mm ATK, 120mm mor, ZU-23 AA guns, hel.
17,500 security troops: 21 bns; APC, 82mm mor.
Workers' Militia: 15,000 combat groups; AFV, APC, 76mm ATK, 82mm, 20mm mor, 23 mm, 37mm AA guns.
'Sport and Technology Association': 450,000 (75% active); 1 central and 14 regional gps, small arms.
HUNGARY
Population: 10,740,000.
Military service (incl Border Guard): 18 months.
Total regular forces: 101,000 (58,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1980: $46 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 19.06 bn forints ($1.24 bn). $1=15.37 forints.
Army: 80,000 (50,000 conscripts) incl Danube Flotilla.
1 tk div.*
5 motor rifle divs.*
1 arty, 1 AA arty, 1 SAM regts, 1 SSM bde with Scud.
1 AB bn.
About 1,200 T-54/-55, 30 T-72 med, 100 PT-76 lt tks;
60 BMP-1 MICV; about 300 BRDM and some 400 FUG-65 scout cars; 1,400 PSzH (FUG-70) APC;
250 122mm, 18 122mm SP how; 100 152mm gun/how; 50 BM-21 122mm MRL; 24 FROG, 12 Scud SSM; 300 82mm, 100 120mm mor;
150 SPG-9 73mm, 107mm RCL; 150 85mm, 100mm ATK guns; 100 Sagger, Snapper ATGW;
150 57mm towed, 50 ZSU-23-4 and ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; 50 SA-6, 300 SA-7, 50 SA-9 SAM.
Danube Flotilla (part of Army): 700.
10 100-ton patrol craft, some river MCM, 5 small landing craft, some small tp tpts.
Air Force: 21,000 (8,000 conscripts); 130 combat ac, 12 armed hel.
1 air div:
2 AD fighter regts: 6 interceptor sqns with 115 MiG-21/F/PF/U, 15 MiG-23.
1 tpt regt: 2 tpt sqns with 24 An-2/-24/-26,Il-14, 2 Tu-134.
1 hel regt: 3 hel sqns: 1 with 35 Mi-4/-8, 1 with 12 Mi-24, 1 with 12 Ka-26.
Trg ac incl Yak-11/-18, L-29, MiG-15UTI.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
1 AD div:
3 SAM regts, some 20 sites with 120 SA-2/-3.
RESERVES(all services): 143,000.
Para-Military Forces: 15,000 border guards (11,000 conscripts); 11 districts.
60,000 part time Worker's Militia. 'Sport Association for National Defence'.
POLAND
Population: 35,900,000.
Military service: Army, internal security forces, Air Force 2 years; Navy, special services 3 years.
Total regular forces: 319,500 (187,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1980: $155 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 70.4 bn zloty ($4.67 bn). $1 = 13.9 zloty.
Army: 210,000 (154,000 conscripts).
3 Military Districts.
5 armd divs.*
8 mech divs.*
1 AB div.*
1 amph assault div.*
3 arty bdes, 1 arty regt, 5 AA arty regts.
3 ATK regts.
1 SAM bde with SA-4.
4 SSM bdes with Scud.
3,400 T-54/-55, 30 T-72 med, 130 PT-76 lt tks; 2,000 OT-65 and BRDM-1/-2 scout cars; 5,500 BMP-1, OT-62/-64 APC;
400 76mm, 100mm, 122mm guns; 122mm incl SP, 250 152mm guns/how;
250 BM-21 122mm, 140mm, 240mm MRL; 51 FROG-3/-1, 36 Scud SSM;
680 57mm, 85mm towed, ASU-85 SP ATK guns; 600 82mm, 120mm mor; 73mm, 82mm, 107mm RCL; Snapper, AT-4 Spigot, Sagger ATGW;
400 23mm, 57mm, 85mm and 100mm towed, 100 ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-4/-6/-7/-9 SAM.
Forces Abroad: Syria (UNDOF): 129.
Navy: 22,500 (6,000 conscripts).
4 W-class submarines.
1 Kotlin destroyer with twin Goa SAM.
13 Osa FAC(M) with Styx SSM.
17 FAC(T): 4 Pilica, 10 Wisla<, 3 P-6C
23 large patrol craft: 13 Obluze, 1 Oksywie, 9 Gdansk (some coastguard).
23 ocean minesweepers: 12 Krogulec, 11 T-43.
25 K-8 minesweeping boats.
23 Polnocny LCT, 4 Marabut LCM, 15 Eichstaden LCA.
3 intelligence vessels (AGI): 1 B-10, 2 Moma.
1 Naval Aviation Div (52 combat aircraft):
1 attack regt: 3 sqns with 42 MiG-17.
1 recce sqn with 10 Il-28.
1 hel regt: 2 sqns with 25 Mi-2/-4/-8.
SSM: Styx/Samlet.
Bases: Gydnia, Hel, Swinoujscie, Kolobrzeg, Ustka.
Air Force: 87,000 (27,000 conscripts); 705 combat ac, 5 armed hel.
4 air divs:
3 FGA regts: 18 FGA sqns: 3 with 35 Su-7/-7U; 3 with 35 Su-20; 12 with 150 MiG-17.
10 AD regts: 33 AD sqns with some 430 MiG-17/-21/-21U.
6 recce sqns with 35 MiG-21RF, 5 Il-28, 15 LIM-6.
2 tpt regts with 9 An-2, An-12, 12 An-26, 12 Il-14.
1 comms/liaison sqn with 2 Tu-134A, 5 Yak-40,Il-18 ac; 4 Mi-8 hel.
3 hel regts with 165 MM/-2, 5 Mi-4, 22 Mi-8, 5 Mi-24.
300 trainers: TS-8, TS-11, MiG-15/-21UTI, Su-7U.
AAM: AA-1 Alkali, AA-2 Atoll.
3 AD divs:
9 SAM regts, some 50 sites, 300 SA-2/-3.
RESERVES (all services): 605,000.
Para-Military Forces: 72,000. 16,000 border troops (Ministry of Interior): 12 bdes, some 34 coastguard patrol craft.
56,000 internal defence troops: tks, AFV, ATK guns.
350,000 Citizen's Militia, 'League for National Defence' (some 200,000 active).
RUMANIA
Population: 22,310,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force 16 months, Navy 2 years.
Total regular forces: 184,500 (110,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1980: $104 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 10.4 bn lei ($1.35 bn). $1=7.7 lei.
Army: 140,000 (95,000 conscripts).
3 Military Districts:
2 tk divs.*
8 motor rifle divs.*
3 mountain bdes.
2 arty bdes, 3 arty, 2 AA arty, 3 ATK regts.
2 Scud SSM bdes.
1 AB regt.
200 T-34, 1,600 T-54/-55/-72, some M-77 med tks; 600 BRDM-1/-2 scout cars; 2,000 BTR-50/-60, TAB-70/-72 (BTR-60), OT-810 APC;
150 76mm, 50 85mm, 100mm and 130 SU-100 SP guns; 600 122mm, 150 152mm guns/how; 122mm, 150 130mm MRL;
30 FROG, 20 Scud SSM; 57mm ATK guns; 1,000 82mm, 200 120mm mor; 73mm, 260 76mm and 82mm RCL; 120 Sagger, Snapper ATGW;
400 30mm, 37mm, 250 57mm, 85mm, 100mm AA guns; SA-6/-7 SAM.
Navy: 10,500(5,000 conscripts).
Black Sea Fleet, Danube Sqn, Coastal Defence.
3 Poti corvettes.
5 Osa FAC(M)with Styx SSM.
3 Kronshtadt large patrol craft.
19 ex-Ch Shanghai FAC(G/P/ASW).
25 FAC(T): 19 ex-Ch Huchwan hydrofoils, 6 ex-Sov P4(.
46 river patrol craft (monitor [gun vessel] building).
14 minesweepers (4 ex-GDR M-40 coastal, 10 ex-Sov T-301 inshore); 8 ex-Pol TR-40, 8 VD-141 minesweeping boats<.
4 Mi-4 SAR hel.
Coastal Defence (2,000): HQ Constanta, 4 sectors: 18 arty btys with some 108 130mm, 150mm, 152mm guns. Observer Post tps, naval engineers.
Would get 2 regts of naval inf on mobilization.
Bases: Mangalia, Constanta; Breila, Galati, Giurgiu, Sulina, Tulcea (Danube).
Air Force: 34,000 (10,000 conscripts); 328 combat aircraft.
2 air divs: 4 combat regts:
6 FGA sqns with 70 MiG-17.
12 interceptor sqns with 240 MiG-21F/PF/U/-23.
1 recce sqn with 18 Il-28.
1 tpt regt with 3 Il-14, 4 Il-18, 1 Il-62, 10 An-24, 6 An-26, 5 Li-2, 1 Boeing 707.
1 hel regt: 10 Mi-4, 25 Mi-8, 45 IAR-316B (Alouette III), 15 IAR-330 (Puma).
Trg ac: 50 L-29, 50 MiG-15UTI.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
1 AD div with 108 SA-2 at some 18 SAM sites.
(On order 23 IAR-93 Orao).
RESERVES(all services): 300,000.
Para-Military Forces: 37,000: 17,000 border guards: 12 bdes. 20,000 Ministry of Defence security troops with AFV, ATK guns.
Some 900,000 Patriotic Guard. "Voluntary Sports Association'.
THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
Treaties
The Brussels Treaty of 1948 commits its signatories - Belgium, Britain, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands - to give one another 'all the military and other aid and assistance in their power' if one is the subject of'armed aggression in Europe'. The Treaty's duration is 50 years.
The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949 by Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States; Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, and West Germany in 1955. The Treaty unites Western Europe and North America in a commitment to consult together if the security of any one member is threatened, and to consider an armed attack against one as an attack against all, to be met by such action as each of them deems necessary, 'including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area'. The Paris Agreements of 1954 added a Protocol aimed at strengthening the NATO structure and revised the Brussels Treaty, to enable West Germany and Italy to join it. The Treaty had no date of termination. France withdrew from the military organization in 1966; Greece, which left in 1974, has now rejoined it. A 1969 amendment requires members to give one year's notice of their intention to withdraw from it.
The US also maintains a number of important bilateral treaties with NATO and non-NATO European countries covering the stationing of US forces in Europe and the American use of bases and facilities. Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Turkey are among those which have such ties. Norway and the US reached agreement over pre-positioning military stores in January 1981. The US-Turkish Treaty was revised in 1980.
Organization
The Organization of the Alliance is known as NATO. Its governing body is the North Atlantic Council, with its headquarters in Brussels, which consists of representatives from the fifteen member countries - usually the Foreign Ministers, who normally meet twice a year, and permanent ambassadors representing each government, who meet at least weekly. The Council has a President, appointed annually from each member nation in alphabetical order. The Secretary General is a permanent appointment; he is Chairman of the Council. With the International Staff, he advises the Council and its Committees on political, military, financial, economic and scientific aspects of defence planning.
The Council controls a number of specialist Committees. Their recommendations or decisions represent the collective views of the member governments. They include: Political Affairs, Defence Review, Armaments, Civil Emergency Planning, Pipelines, European Air Space, the Nuclear Affairs Defence Council (NADC; formed 1966, and comprising all members except France, Iceland and Luxembourg), and the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG, also formed 1966, and comprising all members except France and Iceland) which is responsible for the detailed work required as the basis for nuclear policy. The Council meets twice a year at the deputy minister level and more often at the ambassadorial and staff levels. Military policy is the responsibility of the Defence Planning Committee (DPC), composed of representatives of the member nations.
The Eurogroup, an informal advisory body of the West European Alliance members (except France and Iceland), was set up in 1968. It has produced the European Defence Improvement Programme (EDIP, 1970) and the Independent European Programme Group (IEPG, 1976) and agreements on principles of co-operation in the fields of armaments (1972), training (1973), logistics (1975), battlefield communications and procurement. It meets frequently to discuss and to recommend improvements in European defences.
The International Staff comprises the Offices of the Secretary General, of the Executive Secretary, of Security, of Management and of the Financial Controller, and five Divisions, each under an Assistant Secretary General. These are: Political Affairs; Defence Planning and Policy; Defence Support; Infrastructure, Logistics and Council Operations; and Scientific and
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Environmental Affairs. Of these, Defence Planning and Policy, and Defence Support, are the most directly involved in defence matters. Planning and Policy provides analysis and planning in the fields of force structures, nuclear and civil emergencies. Defence Support deals with armaments research, development, production and procurement; air defence systems; and command, control and communications. Its particular responsibility is the NATO Air Defence Ground Environment System (NADGE).
The highest military authority in the Alliance is the Military Committee. It comprises the Chiefs-of-Staff of all member countries except France, which maintains a liaison staff, and Iceland, which has no military forces. The Chiefs appoint Military Representatives who are in permanent session at NATO HQ in Brussels. The Committee has a President, who changes annually and is provided by member countries in alphabetical order, and a Chairman, elected for a two- to three-year term, who is the Committee's representative on the Council. The Committee makes recommendations to the Council and Defence Planning Committee on military questions and advises Allied Commanders and subordinate military authorities. The Committee controls a number of agencies through the International Military Staff (IMS).
The Treaty covers all member countries in Europe and North America, Turkey in Asia Minor, the islands under the jurisdiction of any member in the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of Cancer, and any Allied military presence in that area or in the Mediterranean. The area is divided among three Allied Commands: Europe, Atlantic and Channel, which are further subdivided. The accompanying tables show this division and the subordinate Commands. The defences of North America are developed by the joint Canada-US Planning Group. Strategic nuclear forces are outside NATO command, but Europe and Atlantic Commands participate in the US Joint Strategic Planning System. The Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) exercises planning control over a small number of US and all the British ballistic missile submarines. The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) has control over a larger US SSBN contingent.
(I) ALLIED COMMAND EUROPE (ACE - European area, less Britain, France, Iceland and Portugal), with its HQ (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, or SHAPE), prepares defence plans for the area and, in wartime, would control all land, sea and air operations including the air defence of Britain. Internal defence, including coastal waters, remains a national responsibility. National authorities maintain a representative at SHAPE.
The European Command has some 6,000 tactical nuclear warheads in its area. The number of delivery vehicles (aircraft, missiles and howitzers) is over 3,000, spread among all countries excluding Luxembourg. The nuclear explosives, however, are maintained in American custody, with the exceptions of certain British weapons and of French tactical nuclear weapons, which are only held in France. Norway and Denmark do not permit nuclear weapons on their soil in peacetime. There is a large number of low-yield weapons, but the average yield of bombs is about 100 kilotons and that of missile warheads 20 kilotons.
About 66 division-equivalents are earmarked for assignment, or assigned, to SACEUR in peacetime. The Command also has some 3,400 tactical aircraft, based on about 200 standard NATO airfields, backed up by a system of jointly financed storage depots, fuel pipelines and signal communications. Most land and air forces stationed in the Command are assigned to SACEUR, while naval forces are normally earmarked. A 1978 decision to deploy an integrated force of early warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft has led to the formation of NATO Early Warning Command (NAEW Comd), and delivery of the aircraft, with which the British Nimrod AEW aircraft will be compatible, is beginning.
The 2nd French Corps of three divisions (which is not integrated in NATO forces) is stationed in Germany under a status agreement reached between the French and German Governments. Co-operation with NATO forces and commands has been agreed between the commanders concerned.
(a) Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT) has command of both the land forces and the air forces in the Central European Sector. These forces include 26 divisions, and about 2,200 tactical aircraft. Northern Army Group (NORTHAG), responsible for the sector north of the Gottingen-Liege axis, includes the Belgian, British and Dutch divisions and four German divisions and is supported by 2nd Allied Tactical Air Force (2 ATAF), composed of Belgian, British, Dutch and German units and one American brigade. American forces, seven German divisions and the Canadian brigade group are under Central Army Group (CENTAG), supported by 4 ATAF, which includes American, German and Canadian units and an American Army Air Defense Command. Allied Air Forces, Central Europe (AAFCE) was set up in 1974 to provide centralized control of air forces in the sector.
(b) Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH) is responsible for the defence of Denmark, Norway, Schleswig-Holstein and the Baltic approaches. Most of the Danish and Norwegian land, sea and tactical air forces are earmarked for it, and most of their active reserves assigned to it. Germany has assigned it one division, two combat air wings and her Baltic fleet. Apart from exercises and some small units, US naval forces do not normally operate in this area. Some Allied equipment is pre-positioned in Norway.
(c) Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) is intended to deter aggression, to safeguard the sea lanes of communication in the Mediterranean and to defend the territorial integrity of Greece, Italy and Turkey. It is responsible for the air defence of the Southern Region in peace and war and for naval operations in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The ground defence system is based upon two separate commands: the Southern (LANDSOUTH), comprising Italy and its approaches, and South-eastern (LANDSOUTHEAST), covering Turkey. There is also an overall air command (AIRSOUTH), and there are two naval commands (NAVSOUTH and STRIKEFORSOUTH) responsible to AFSOUTH. Ground forces include 22 division-equivalents from Turkey, 8 from Italy and 13 from Greece, as well as the tactical air forces of these countries. Other forces have been earmarked, as have the US Navy's Sixth Fleet and naval forces from Greece, Italy and Turkey.
Maritime patrol aircraft from Southern Region nations and the United States operate in the Mediterranean, co-ordinated by Maritime Air Forces Mediterranean (MARAIRMED), a functional command of NAVSOUTH; French aircraft participate. Submarine Force Mediterranean (SUBMED), another functional command of NAVSOUTH, is responsible for the conduct of submarine operations throughout the Mediterranean.
The Allied Naval On Call Force Mediterranean (NAVOCFORMED) consists of a ship from each of the allied powers concerned with the Southern Region, including the United Kingdom and the United States, and is normally activated twice each year for a month.
(d) ACE Mobile Force (AMF), has been formed with particular reference to the northern and south-eastern flanks. Provided by seven countries, it comprises seven infantry battalion groups, an armoured reconnaissance squadron, six artillery batteries, helicopter detachments and ground-support fighter squadrons, but has no air transport of its own. The composition of the Force varies depending on the flank to which it is to be deployed. Approximately half of the forces listed are declared for each flank.
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(II) ALLIED COMMAND ATLANTIC (ACLANT) is responsible for the North Atlantic area from the North Pole to the Tropic of Cancer, including Portuguese coastal waters. In the event of war, its duties are to participate in the strategic strike and to protect sea communications. There are no forces assigned to the command in peacetime except Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT), which normally consists, at any one time, of four destroyer-type ships. However, for training purposes and in the event of war, forces which are predominantly naval are earmarked for assignment by Britain, Canada, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal and the United States. There are six subordinate commands: Western Atlantic, Eastern Atlantic, Iberian Atlantic, Striking Fleet Atlantic, Submarine Command and STANAVFORLANT. The nucleus of the Striking Fleet Atlantic has been provided by the United States Second Fleet with some five attack carrier groups; carrier-based aircraft share the nuclear strike role with missile-firing submarines.
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(III) ALLIED COMMAND CHANNEL (ACCHAN) has as its wartime role to exercise control of the English Channel and the southern North Sea. Many of the smaller warships of Belgium, Britain and the Netherlands are earmarked for this Command, as are some maritime aircraft. There are arrangements for co-operation with French naval forces. A Standing Naval Force, Channel (STANAVFORCHAN) was formed in 1973 to consist of mine counter-measure ships from Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Britain; other interested nations might participate on a temporary basis. Its operational command is vested in CINCCHAN.
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Commanders
Unlike the Warsaw Pact, high command of NATO forces is not restricted to one nation. Senior commanders reflect the major contributing components of the force. SACEUR and SACLANT have always been American Officers, and the Commander-in-Chief Channel (CINCCHAN), one of the two Deputies to SACEUR and the Deputy SACLANT, British; the other Deputy to SACEUR is German. SACEUR is also Commander-in-Chief of the United States Forces in Europe (CINCUSEUR). AFCENT is commanded by a German general, AFNORTH by a British general and AFSOUTH by an American admiral, with LANDSOUTH and LANDSOUTHEAST under Italian and Turkish commanders respectively, and MARAIRMED and SUBMED under American rear-admirals. .
СЕВЕРОАТЛАНТИЧЕСКИЙ ДОГОВОР
Договор
Брюссельский договор 1948 года обязывает подписавшие его стороны - Бельгию, Великобританию, Францию, Люксембург и Нидерланды - оказывать друг другу "всю военную и иную помощь и содействие в их силах", если они являются объектом "вооруженной агрессии в Европе". Срок действия договора - 50 лет.
Североатлантический договор был подписан в 1949 году Бельгией, Великобританией, Канадой, Данией, Францией, Исландией, Италией, Люксембургом, Нидерландами, Норвегией, Португалией и Соединенными Штатами; Греция и Турция присоединились в 1952 году, а Западная Германия-в 1955 году. Договор объединяет страны Западной Европы и Северной Америки, которые взяли на себя обязательство консультироваться друг с другом, если один из участников находится под угрозой, и рассматривать вооруженное нападение на одну как нападение на всех, должны быть выполнены такие действия, какие каждый из них сочтет необходимым, включая применение вооруженной силы с целью восстановления и последующего сохранения безопасности Североатлантического региона'. Парижские соглашения 1954 года добавили протокол, направленный на укрепление структуры НАТО, и пересмотрели Брюссельский договор, чтобы позволить Западной Германии и Италии присоединиться к нему. Договор без даты окончания. Франция вышла из состава военной организации в 1966 году; Греция, которая ушла в 1974 году, теперь присоединилась к ней. Поправка 1969 года требует от членов уведомлять за один год о своем намерении выйти из нее.
США также поддерживают ряд важных двусторонних договоров с НАТО и не входящими в НАТО европейскими странами, охватывающих размещение американских сил в Европе и американское использование баз и объектов. Исландия, Италия, Норвегия, Португалия и Турция относятся к числу тех, кто имеет такие связи. Норвегия и США достигли соглашения о предварительном размещении военных складов в январе 1981 года. Американо-турецкий договор был пересмотрен в 1980 году.
Организация
Организация Североатлантического союза известна как НАТО. Его руководящим органом является Североатлантический совет со штаб-квартирой в Брюсселе, в состав которого входят представители 15 стран-членов - обычно министры иностранных дел, которые обычно встречаются два раза в год, и постоянные послы, представляющие каждое правительство, которые встречаются по крайней мере еженедельно. Совет имеет председателя, ежегодно назначаемого от каждого государства-члена в алфавитном порядке. Генеральный секретарь является постоянным назначенным; он является председателем Совета. Вместе с Международным персоналом он консультирует совет и его комитеты по политическим, военным, финансовым, экономическим и научным аспектам оборонного планирования.
Совет контролирует ряд специализированных комитетов. Их рекомендации или решения отражают коллективные мнения правительств государств-членов. Они включают в себя: политические вопросы, сведения об обороне, вооружению, гражданское чрезвычайное планирование, трубопроводы, европейское воздушное пространство, ядерныые вопросы обороны Совета (NADC НАТО; образована в 1966 году, состоит из всех членов, кроме Франции, Исландии и Люксембурга), а также группа ядерного планирования (NPG, также сформирована в 1966, и состоит из всех членов, кроме Франции и Исландии), отвечает за подробное работы, необходимой в качестве основы для ядерной политике. Совет собирается два раза в год на уровне заместителей министров и чаще на уровне послов и сотрудников. За военную политику отвечает Комитет по оборонному планированию (DPC), в состав которого входят представители государств-членов.
Еврогруппа, неофициальный консультативный орган членов западноевропейского Альянса (за исключением Франции и Исландии), была создана в 1968 году. Она подготовила Европейскую оборонную программу развития (EDIP, 1970) и независимую европейскую программу Группы (IEPG, 1976) и соглашения о принципах сотрудничества в области вооружений (1972), обучение (1973), организация (1975), закупки и коммуникации. Она часто собирается для обсуждения и вынесения рекомендаций по улучшению европейской обороны.
Международный персонал включает канцелярии генерального секретаря, исполнительного секретаря, Службы безопасности, управления и финансового контролера, а также пять отделов, каждый из которых подчиняется помощнику Генерального секретаря. К ним относятся: политические вопросы; оборонное планирование и Политика; оборонная поддержка; инфраструктура, материально-техническое обеспечение и операции совета; и вопросы охраны окружающей среды. Из этих, оборонного планирования и политики, и поддержки защиты, непосредственно занимающихся вопросами обороны. Планирование и политика обеспечивает анализ и планирование в области силовых структур, ядерных и гражданских чрезвычайных ситуаций. Оборонное обеспечение занимается исследованиями, разработками, производством и закупками вооружений; системами противовоздушной обороны; командованием, контролем и связью. Его особая ответственность - наземная система ПВО НАТО (NADGE).
Высшим военным органом Североатлантического союза является военный комитет. В его состав входят начальники штабов всех государств-членов, за исключением Франции, которая имеет штаб связи, и Исландии, которая не имеет вооруженных сил. Начальники назначают военных представителей, которые находятся на постоянной сессии в штаб-квартире НАТО в Брюсселе. В состав комитета входят председатель, который меняется ежегодно и предоставляется странами-членами в алфавитном порядке, и председатель, избираемый на двух-трехлетний срок, который является представителем комитета в Совете. Комитет выносит рекомендации Совету и Комитету оборонного планирования по военным вопросам и консультирует командиров союзников и подчиненные им военные органы. Комитет контролирует ряд учреждений через Международный военный персонал (IMS).
Договор охватывает все страны-члены в Европе и Северной Америке, Турцию в Малой Азии, острова, находящиеся под юрисдикцией любого члена в Североатлантическом регионе к северу от Тропика Рака, и любое военное присутствие союзников в этом районе или в Средиземном море. Район разделен между тремя союзными командованиями: Европой, Атлантикой и Ла-Маншем, которые далее подразделяются. В прилагаемых таблицах показано это деление и подчиненные командования. Оборона Северной Америки разрабатывается совместной канадско-американской группой планирования. Стратегические ядерные силы находятся за пределами командования НАТО, но командования Европы и Атлантики участвуют в совместной системе стратегического планирования США. Верховный Главнокомандующий НАТО в Европе (SACEUR) осуществляет плановый контроль над небольшим количеством американских и всех британских подводных лодок с баллистическими ракетами. Верховный Главнокомандующий НАТО в Атлантике (SACLANT) имеет контроль над более крупным контингентом ПЛАРБ США.
(I) Союзное командование в Европе (ACE - европейская зона, кроме Англии, Франции, Исландии и Португалии), с штабом (штаб ВГК ОВС НАТО в Европе, или SHAPE), готовит военные планы в зоне, и в военное время, будет контролировать все сухопутные, морские и воздушные перевозки, в том числе противовоздушной обороны Великобритании. Внутренняя оборона, включая прибрежные воды, остается национальной обязанностью. Национальные власти поддерживают представительный характер.
Европейское командование имеет около 6000 тактических ядерных боеголовок в своем районе. Количество средств доставки (самолеты, ракеты и гаубицы) составляет более 3000, распределенных между всеми странами, за исключением Люксембурга. Вместе с тем ядерные взрывчатые вещества хранятся на американских складах, за исключением некоторых видов британского оружия и французского тактического ядерного оружия, которые хранятся только во Франции. Норвегия и Дания не разрешают держать ядерное оружие на своей территории в мирное время. Существует большое количество оружия малой мощности, но средняя мощность бомб составляет около 100 килотонн, а ракетных боеголовок 20 килотонн.
Около 66 эквивалентов дивизий предназначены для SACEUR в мирное время. Командование также располагает примерно 3400 тактическими самолетами, базирующимися примерно на 200 стандартных аэродромах НАТО, подкрепленными системой совместно финансируемых складов, топливопроводов и сигнальной связи. Большинство сухопутных и военно-воздушных сил, дислоцированных в командовании, закреплены за SACEUR, в то время как военно-морские силы обычно выделяются. Решение 1978 года о развертывании интегрированных сил системы раннего предупреждения и управления (AWACS) привело к формированию командования НАТО по раннему предупреждению (NAEW Comd), и начинается поставка самолета, с которым будет совместим британский самолет Nimrod AEW.
2-й французский корпус из трех дивизий (который не интегрирован в силы НАТО) дислоцируется в Германии в соответствии с соглашением о статусе, достигнутым между французским и немецким правительствами. Между соответствующими командующими было достигнуто соглашение о сотрудничестве с силами и командованием НАТО.
(a) Союзные силы в Центральной Европе (AFCENT) включают как сухопутные, так и воздушные силы в центральноевропейском секторе. Эти силы включают 26 дивизий и около 2200 тактических самолетов. Северная группа армий (NORTHAG), отвечающая за сектор к северу от оси Геттинген-Льеж, включает бельгийские, британские и голландские дивизии и четыре немецкие дивизии и поддерживается 2-й Союзной тактической авиацией (2 ATAF), состоящей из бельгийских, британских, голландских и немецких подразделений и одной американской бригады. Американские войска, семь немецких дивизий и канадская бригадная группа находятся под командованием Центральной группы армий (CENTAG) при поддержке 4 ATAF, в которую входят американские, немецкие и канадские подразделения и командование ПВО американской армии. Военно-воздушные силы союзников Центральной Европы (AAFCE) были созданы в 1974 году для обеспечения централизованного управления военно-воздушными силами в секторе.
(b) Союзные силы в Северной Европе (AFNORTH) отвечают за оборону Дании, Норвегии, Шлезвиг-Гольштейнского и Балтийского проходов. Большая часть сухопутных, морских и тактических военно-воздушных сил Дании и Норвегии предназначена для них, и большая часть их активных резервов закреплена за ней. Германия выделила одну дивизию, два боевых воздушных крыла и свой Балтийский флот. Помимо учений и некоторых небольших подразделений, Военно-морские силы США обычно не действуют в этом районе. Некоторая союзническая техника предварительно размещена в Норвегии.
(c) Союзнык силы в Южной Европе (AFSOUTH) призваны сдерживать агрессию, охранять морские пути сообщения в Средиземноморье и защищать территориальную целостность Греции, Италии и Турции. Он отвечает за воздушную оборону Южного региона в мирное и военное время и за военно-морские операции в Средиземном и Черном морях. Система наземной обороны базируется на двух отдельных командованиях: Южном (LANDSOUTH), включающем Италию и ее подходы, и Юго-Восточном (LANDSOUTHEAST), охватывающем Турцию. Существует также общее командование воздуха (AIRSOUTH), и есть два военно-морских команд (NAVSOUTH и STRIKEFORSOUTH) подчиненных на AFSOUTH. Сухопутные войска включают 22 дивизии эквивалентных из Турции, 8 из Италии и 13 из Греции, а также тактические воздушные силы этих стран. Были выделены и другие силы, а также Шестой флот ВМС США и военно-морские силы Греции, Италии и Турции.
Морские патрульные самолеты из стран Южного региона и Соединенных Штатов действуют в Средиземном море, координируемые Военно-Морскими Силами Средиземноморья (MARAIRMED), функциональное командование NAVSOUTH; участвуют французские самолеты. Подводные силы Средиземноморья (SUBMED), еще одно функциональное командование NAVSOUTH, отвечает за проведение подводных операций по всему Средиземноморью.
Военно-морские силы союзников в Средиземном море (NAVOCFORMED) состоят из корабля от каждой из союзных держав, связанных с южным регионом, включая Соединенное Королевство и Соединенные Штаты, и обычно активируются два раза в год в течение месяца.
(d) Мобильные силы АCE (AMF) были сформированы с уделением особого внимания Северному и Юго-Восточному флангам. В ее состав входят семь пехотных батальонных групп, бронетанковый разведывательный эскадрон, шесть артиллерийских батарей, вертолетные отряды и эскадрильи истребителей наземного обеспечения, но она не имеет собственного воздушного транспорта. Состав сил варьируется в зависимости от того, на каком фланге они будут развернуты. Примерно половина перечисленных сил заявлена для каждого фланга.
(II) Командование НАТО на Атлантике (ACLANT) отвечает за Североатлантический район от Северного полюса до Тропика Рака, включая прибрежные воды Португалии. В случае войны в его обязанности входит участие в стратегическом ударе и защита морских коммуникаций. В мирное время командованию не назначаются никакие силы, кроме постоянных Военно-Морских Сил "Атлантик" (STANAVFORLANT), которые обычно состоят из четырех кораблей типа эсминцев. Однако для целей подготовки и в случае войны силы, которые в основном являются военно-морскими, предназначены для назначения Великобританией, Канадой, Данией, Германией, Нидерландами, Португалией и Соединенными Штатами. Есть шесть подчиненных командований: западного атлантического океана, восточной части Атлантического океана, иберийской Атлантики, ударного Атлантического флота, подводного командования и STANAVFORLANT. Ядро ударного флота Atlantic было предоставлено Вторым флотом Соединенных Штатов с примерно пятью группами ударных авианосцев; авианосцы разделяют роль ядерного удара с ракетными подводными лодками.
(III) Командование НАТО в Канал (ACCHAN) выполняет в военное время функции по осуществлению контроля над Ла-Маншем и Южной частью Северного моря. Многие из небольших военных кораблей Бельгии, Великобритании и Нидерландов, а также некоторые морские самолеты предназначены для этого командования. Есть договоренности о сотрудничестве с французскими военно-морскими силами. В 1973 году были сформированы постоянные военно-морские силы"канал" (STANAVFORCHAN), состоящие из противоминных кораблей Бельгии, Германии, Нидерландов и Великобритании; другие заинтересованные страны могли бы принять участие на временной основе. Его оперативное командование возложено на CINCCHAN.
Командный состав
В отличие от Варшавского договора, верховное командование силами НАТО не ограничивается одной страной. Старшие командиры отражают основные компоненты, способствующие сил. ВГК ОВС НАТО в Европе и ОВС НАТО на Атлантике всегда были американские офицеры, а командующий Канала (CINCCHAN), один из двух депутатов Верховного главнокомандующего и заместителя ВГК ОВС НАТО на Атлантике, британский, другой заместитель ВГК ОВС НАТО в Европе - немецкий. SACEUR также является главнокомандующим силами Соединенных Штатов в Европе (CINCUSEUR). AFCENT командует немецкий генерал, AFNORTH британский генерал и AFSOUTH американский адмирал, с LANDSOUTH и LANDSOUTHEAST под итальянские и турецкие командующими соответственно, и MARAIRMED и SUBMED под американскими контр-адмиралами.
BELGIUM
Population: 9,903,000.
Military service: 8 or 10 months.* (* Conscripts serve 8 months if posted to Germany, 10 months if serving in Belgium.)
Total armed forces: 89,500 (3,400 women; 24,600 conscripts).
Estimated GDP 1980: $114.84 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981 (NATO and national definition): 121.76 bn francs ($3.56 bn). $1=34.2 francs (1981), 30.46 francs (1980).
Army: 65,000 (incl Medical Service; 20,000 conscripts).
1 corps HQ, 1 div HQ.
1 armd bde.
3 mech inf bdes.
1 para-cdo regt.
3 recce bns.
2 mot inf bns.
3 arty bns.
1 SSM bn with 4 Lance.
2 SAM bns with 36 HAWK.
5 engr bns (3 fd, 1 bridge, 1 eqpt).
4 aviation sqns.
334 Leopard, 55 M-47 med, 133 Scorpion lt tks; 153 Scimitar AFV; 1,123 APC(M-75, AMX VCI, 266 Spartan);
21 105mm, 14 203mm how; 96 M-108 105mm, 26 M-44, 41 M-109 155mm, 10 M-110 203mm SP how; 5 Lance SSM;
80 JPK C-90 SP ATK guns; 180 Milan ATGW; 43 Striker AFV with Swingfire ATGW;
115 20mm, 55 Gepard 35mm SP AA guns; 60 HAWK SAM;
12 Islander ac, 68 Alouette II hel.
(On order: 514 MICV, 525 M-113, 80 BDX APC; 240 Milan ATGW; Improved HAWK SAM.)
Forces Abroad: Germany: 25,000; 1 corps HQ, 1 div HQ, 1 armd, 1 mech inf bdes, 1 HAWK bn.
RESERVES: 133,000 (incl Medical Service), some on immediate recall status; 11,000 train every year, 1 mech, 1 mot inf bde train every three years.
Navy: 4,400 (1,000 conscripts).
4 E-71 frigates with 4 Exocet SSM, 8 Sea Sparrow SAM.
7 ex-US Type 498 ocean minehunters.
5 ex-US Type 60 coastal MCM (4 in reserve).
14 Herstal inshore minesweepers.
2 log support and comd ships (MCM).
3 Alouette III hel.
Bases: Kallo, Ostend, Zeebrugge.
RESERVES: 4,500 (on immediate recall status).
Air Force: 20,100 (3,600 conscripts); 344 combat aircraft.
5 FGA sqns: 3 with 54 Mirage 5BA/D: 2 with 36 F/TF-104G (to be replaced by F-16A/B).
2 AD sqns: 1 with 18 F-16A/B; 1 with 18 F-104G/TF-104G (being replaced by F-16A/B).
1 recce sqn with 18 Mirage 5BR.
2 tpt sqns with 12 C-130H, 2 Boeing 727QC, 3 HS-748, 5 Merlin IIIA, 2 Falcon 20.
1 SAR hel sqn with 3 HSS-1, 5 Sea King.
Trg and liaison sqns ac incl 32 SF-260MB, 23 Fouga CM-170. 2 sqns with 32 Alpha Jet.
AAM: Sidewinder.
8 SAM sqns with 72 Nike Hercules.
(On order some 98 F-16A fighters; Sidewinder AAM; 43 BDX (Timoney) APC.)
Para-Military Forces: 16,000 Gendarmerie with 62 FN armd cars, 5 Alouette II, 3 Puma hel.
(On order: 80 BDX (Timoney) APC.)
BRITAIN
Population: 55,968,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 343,646, incl 16,696 women and some 9,300 enlisted outside Britain.
Estimated GDP 1980: $485.14 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981-82: £12.275 bn ($27.77 bn); NATO definition $28.66 bn.
(NATO budget content is standardized and differs from national.)
$1=£0.442 (1981), £0.455 (1980).
Strategic Forces:
SLBM: 4 Resolution-class SSBN, each with 16 Polaris A3 msls with 3 MRV (to be modified with Chevaline).
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) station at Fylingdales.
Army: 176,248 (incl 6,546 women and 8,960 en listed outside Britain, of which 7,100 are Gurkhas).
1 corps, 4 armd, 1 arty div HQ.
11 armd regts.
8 armd recce regts.
48 inf bns (incl 1 demonstration bn).
5 Gurkha inf bns.
3 para bns(1 in inf, 2 in para role).
1 special air service (SAS) regt.
1 msl regt with Lance SSM.
3 AD regts with Rapier SAM.
18 arty regts (1 hy, 13 fd, 1 GW, 1 cdo, 1 ATK, 1 locating).
11 engr regts (incl 4 armd div, 1 amph, 1 Gurkha).
6 army aviation regts.
AFV: 900 Chieftain med (60 in reserve), 271 FV101 Scorpion lt tks;
243 FV601 Saladin armd cars; 290 FV107 Scimitar, 1,429 Ferret, 200 Fox recce; 2,338 FV432, 600 FV603 Saracen, 60 FV103 Spartan APC.
Arty: 100 105mm pack how and lt guns; 93 FH-70 155mm how,
FV433 Abbot 105mm, 50 M-109 155mm, 31 M-107 175mm, 16 M-110 203mm SP guns/how; 12 Lance SSM.
ATK: Carl Gustav 84mm, 120mm RCL; Milan, Swingfire ATGW; FV102 Striker, 178 FV438/FV712 AFV with Swingfire ATGW.
AD: Blowpipe, 108 Rapier/Blindfire SAM.
Air: 100 Scout, 7 Alouette II, 20 Sioux, 158 Gazelle, 30 Lynx hel.
14 landing craft (2 tk, 12 med).
(On order: 240 Challenger med tks; 1,900 MCV-80 MICV; 102 FH-70 155mm how, 69 M-109A2 SP how; LAW RL; Milan, TOW ATGW;
48 Blowpipe SAM; 25 Gazelle, 98 Lynx hel).
DEPLOYMENT (see also Forces Abroad, below):
United Kingdom Land Forces (UKLF): United Kingdom Mobile Force (UKMF) -
6th Field Force with 5 (3 regular, 2 TA)inf bns and log spt gp;
7th Field Force with 3 regular, 2 TA units;
8th Field Force (3 regular, 2 TA bns for Home Defence);
1 bn gp (for ACE Mobile Force (Land)), 1 SAS regt (part), 1 Gurkha inf bn.
HQ Northern Ireland: 9,128; 3 inf bde HQ, 1 armd recce regt, variable number of major units in inf role,* 1 SAS, 3 engr sqns, 2 army aviation sqns.
(* 5 resident inf bns, 4 units in inf role.)
RESERVES: 137,000 Regular Reserves. 69,500 Territorial Army (TA): 2 armd recce regts, 38 inf bns, 2 SAS, 3 fd, 3 lt AD, 7 engr regts.
7,500 Ulster Defence Regiment (11 bns).
Navy: 74,687 (incl Fleet Air Arm, Royal Marines, 4,065 women and 330 enlisted outside Britain); 62 major surface combat vessels.
Submarines, attack: 28.
12 nuclear (6 Swiftsure, 3 Churchill, 2 Valiant, 1 Dreadnought), 16 diesel (13 Oberon, 3 Porpoise).
Surface Ships:
2 ASW carriers: 1 (Invincible) with 5 Sea Harrier V/STOL, 9 Sea King hel, twin Sea Dart SAM;
1 (Hermes) with 5 Harrier V/STOL, 12 Sea King hel, 2 quad Seacat SAM.
14 GW destroyers: 6 County (1 trials, 5 with 1 Wessex ASW hel, twin Seaslug, 2 quad Seacat SAM, 4 also have 4 Exocet SSM);
1 Type 82 with twin Sea Dart SAM, Ikara ASW;
7 Type 42 with twin Sea Dart, 1 Lynx ASW hel.
46 frigates: 45 GP (3 Type 22 with 4 Exocet SSM, 2 Sea Wolf SAM, 1 Lynx hel;
8 Type 21 with quad Seacat SAM, 1 Wasp/Lynx hel (5 with quad Exocet);
26 Leander with 1 Wasp/Lynx (7 with 4 Exocet, 3 quad Seacat: 8 with Ikara ASW, 2 quad Seacat; 10 converting to quad Exocet, Sea Wolf);
8 Rothesay (2 trg/trials) with quad Seacat, 1 Wasp hel);
1 Type 12 ASW (trg)
38 minesweepers/minehunters: 2 Hunt, 2 Venturer (trg), 29 Ton (9 Reserves), 1 coastal, 4 inshore (trg). 2 MCMspt (Abdiel, VT-2 hovercraft).
25 patrol craft: 7 Island, 6 Ton, 4 Bird (2 trg), 2 Loyal, 2 Ford (trg), 3 FAC(P) (trg), 1 Boeing hydrofoil (trials).
2 LPD assault ships with 4 LCM, 4 LCVP, 4 quad Seacat SAM.
Amphibious vessels incl: 1 hel spt ship, 6 landing ships, 16 LCM, 29 LCVP.
1 ice patrol, 1 Royal Yacht/hospital, 6 depot/support ships, 15 tankers (1 trg).
5 hovercraft: 3 SRN-6, 1 BH-7, 1 SRN-5 (trg).
Included in above refitting or in reserve are: 1 SSBN, 3 nuclear, 4 diesel subs, 1 GW destroyer, 9 frigates, 1 MCM, 3 FAC(P), 1 LPD, 1 landing ship,
2 depot/spt ships, 1 tanker.
(On order: 2 ASW carriers, 3 Trafalgar SSN, 2 Type 42 destroyers, 3 Type 22 frigates, 2 Castle patrol craft, 7 Hunt MCM, 2 fleet tenders,
Harpoon SSM.)
Bases: Chatham, Devonport, Faslane, Portland, Portsmouth, Rosyth.
FLEET AIR ARM: 20 combat ac, some 90 armed hel.
3 FGA sqns (1 HQ) with 20 Sea Harrier FRS-1.
6 ASW hel sqns: 5 with 42 Sea King HAS-2/-5 (3 sqns embarked). 1 (23 fits) with 26 Lynx HAS-2.
24 ASW fits: 22 with Wasp HAS-1, 2 with Wessex HAS-3.
2 cdo assault sqns; 1 with 10 Sea King HU-4, 1 with 20 Wessex HU-5.
8 SAR and trg hel sqns: 1 with 12 Wessex HAS-3,
3 with 37 Wessex HU-5, 1 with 16 Sea King HAS-1/-2/-5, 1 with 11 Wasp HAS-1, 1 with 8 Lynx HAS-2, 1 with 18 Gazelle HT-2.
3 fits with 2 Sea Heron C-2, 1 Heron C-4, 2 Sea Devon C-20, 2 Chipmunk T-40 ac.
1 observer trg sqn with 13 Jetstream T-2, 1 trg fit with 10 Chipmunk T-10.
1 fleet requirements and direction trg unit with 12 Canberra T-4/TT-18/T-22, 22 Hunter T-8C/GA-11.
(On order 13 Sea Harrier FRS-1, 1 T-4 V/STOL, 3 Hunter T-8M, 2 Jetstream T-2 ac; 10 Sea King HAS-2, 5 Sea King HU-4;
17 Lynx HAS-2 hel.)
ROYAL MARINES: (7,899).
1 cdo bde with 3 cdo gps, 2 cdo sqns (army), 1 log regt, 1 lt hel sqn, spt units.
1 Special Boat, 2 Raiding sqns.
Milan ATGW; Blowpipe SAM; 12 Gazelle AH-1, 6 Scout AH-1 hel.
(On order 4 Lynx hel.)
RESERVES (Navy and Marines): 25,000 Regular and 9,000 Volunteer, 9 MCM vessels.
Air Force: 92,701 (incl 6,085 women); some 700 combat ac.
17 strike/attack sqns: 6 with some 48 Vulcan B-2 (to be disbanded from 1981); 5 with some 60 BuccaneerS-2A/B; 6 with 72 Jaguar GR-1.
3 close support sqns with 48 Harrier GR-3/T-4 V/STOL.
9 interceptor sqns: 2 with 24 Lightning F-6/F-3 (24 more ac in reserve); 7 with 88 Phantom (4 with FGR-2, 3 with FG-1).
5 recce sqns: 1 with 8 Vulcan SR-2, 2 with 24 Jaguar GR-1,2 with 22 Canberra PR-7/-9.
1 AEW sqn with 6 Shackleton AEW-2 (5 in reserve).
4 MR sqns with 28 Nimrod MR-1/-1A, MR-2.
2 tanker sqns with 16 Victor K-2.
1 strategic tpt sqn with 11 VC-10C1.
4 tac tpt sqns with 45 C-130H (6 C-130HC3) (+11 active reserve).
3 comms sqns with 6 HS-125 CC1/2, 4 Andover, 6 Pembroke, 13 Devon ac, 2 Whirlwind, 1 Gazelle hel.
Queen's Fit with 3 Andover ac, 2 Wessex hel.
4 ECM/target facilities/calibration sqns. with 45 Canberra,3 Nimrod R-l, 5 Andover E-3/C-1.
11 ocu: 1 NATO with 23 Br, 16 FGR Tornado GR-1; 10 others with, 9 Vulcan B-2; 14 Buccaneer Mk 2; 24 Phantom FGR-2;
26 Jaguar GR-l/T-2; 27 Harrier GR-3/T-4 V/STOL; 3 Nimrod MR; 7 Canberra B-2/T-4; 5 C-130; 3 Victor K-2 ac;
4 Wessex HC-2, 5 Puma HC-1, 2 Sea King HAR-3, 6 CH-47 Chinook hel.
2 tac weapons units with 60 Hunter F-6/GA-9/T-7, 46 Hawk T-1, 2 Jet Provost.
6 hel sqns: 4 tac tpt (2 with 40 Wessex, 2 with 26 Puma HC-1); 2 SAR with 10 Whirlwind, 8 Wessex; 14 Sea King.
Trg units with 83 Hawk T-1, 151 Jet Provost, 1 Jetstream T-l, 113 Bulldog T-1, 60 Chipmunk T-10, 19 Dominie T-l, 1 Husky T-1 ac,
5 Whirlwind, 5 Wessex Mk 5, 25 Gaze/fe HT-3 hel.
AAM: Sidewinder, Sparrow, Red Top, Firestreak. ASM: Martel.
8 SAM sqns: 2 with Bloodhound 2, 6 (RAF Regt) with Rapier.
(On order: 24 Harrier GR-3, 123 Tornado (out of 220 GR-1 FGA, 165 F-2 AD planned), 11 Nimrod AEW-3, 46 Hawk, 9 VC-10 tankers,
27 CH-47D Chinook, 7 Puma hel, AIM-9L Sidewinder, Sky Flash AAM, Sea Eagle ASM.)
ROYAL AIR FORCE REGIMENT:
4 wing HQ.
6 SAM sqns (Rapier)and 5 fd sqns.
(On order. Scorpion lt tks, Spartan APC.)
DEPLOYMENT:
The Royal Air Force includes an operational home command (Strike Command),
responsible for the UK Air Defence Region and the Near and Far East, and 1 overseas command (RAF Germany).
RESERVES: 28,000 Regular; about 400 Volunteer; 3 AD sqns.
Forces Abroad:
Antarctica: Navy: 1 ice patrol ship.
Belize: Army: 1 inf bn, 1 armd recce tp, 1 arty bty, 1 lt AD tp, 1 engr sqn (part), 1 hel fit.
RAF: 1 fit; 4 Harrier GR-3 FGA, 4 Puma hel, 1 Rapier AD det RAF Regt.
Navy: 1 destroyer/-frigate (guard ship), 1 spt ship.
Brunei: 1 Gurkha inf bn.
Canada: Army training team.
Cyprus: Army: 1 inf bn less 2 coys, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 hel fit and log support with UNFICYP (817);
1 inf bn plus 2 inf coys, 1 armd recce, 1 engr spt sqns, 1 hel fit in garrison at Sovereign Base Areas.
RAF: 4,500: 1 Whirlwind sqn (incl 1 fit (4 ac) with UNFICYP), periodic dets of other ac, 1 fd sqn RAF Regt.
Falkland Islands: 1 Marine det.
Germany: British Army of the Rhine (BAOR): 55,000: 1 corps HQ, 4 armd divs, 1 arty div, 5th Field Force; Berlin Inf Bde: 3,100.
RAF: 10,800: 2 Phantom FGR-2, 2 Buccaneer, 5 Jaguar (1 recce), 2 Harrier, 1 Wessex (tpt), 1 Bloodhound,4 Rapier sqns, 1 fd sqn RAF Regt.
Gibraltar: Army: 1 inf bn, 1 engr team, 1 arty surveillance tp. Navy: 1 destroyer, 1 spt ship.
Hong Kong: Army: 7,100: Gurkha Field Force with 1 British, 3 Gurkha inf bns (to be 4), 1 Gurkha engr regt, 1 hel sqn, spt units.
Navy: 5 Ton patrol craft, 2 SRN-6 hovercraft, 1 Marine Raiding sqn. RAF: 1 Wessex sqn.
Indian Ocean (intermittent): 4 destroyers/frigates, 2 spt ships. Diego Garcia, 1 naval det.
Para-Military Forces: Royal Ulster Constabulary: 6,950, some 3,000 reserves.
CANADA
Population: 24,375,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 79,497 (10,480 women).*
(* The Canadian Armed Forces were unified in 1968. Of the total strength, some 46,000 are not identified by service.)
Estimated GDP 1980: $US 242.1 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981-82: $Can 5.91 bn ($US 4.99 bn); NATO definition not available. $US 1= $Can 1.18 (1981), $Can 1.19 (1980).
Army (Land Forces): 13,000.*
Mobile Command (about 19,000 land and air).
(Mobile Command commands army combat forces, and Maritime Command all naval forces.
Air Command commands all air forces, but Maritime Command has operational control of maritime air forces.
Mobile command has operational control of 10 TAG. HQ 4 ATAF in Europe has operational control of 1 CAG.
There are also a Communications Command and a Canadian Forces Training System.)
2 bde gps each comprising:
1 armd regt, 3 inf bns, 1 arty regt (2 close spt, 1 AD btys), 1 engr regt, spt units.
1 special service force comprising: 1 armd regt, 1 inf bn, 1 AB regt, 1 arty regt, 1 engr regt, spt units.
1 mech bde gp (under command Canadian Forces, Europe) comprising:
1 armd regt, 2 mech inf bns, 1 med SP arty, 1 mech engr regts, spt units, 1 lt hel sqn.
114 Leopard C-1 med tks; 100 Lynx, 177 Cougar AFV; 955 M-113, 243 Grizzly APC;
55 105mm pack, 159 105mm how, 50 M-109 155mm SP how; 810 Carl Gustav 84mm RCL; 149 TOW ATGW;
10 40mm AA guns; 113 Blowpipe SAM.
(On order: 150Cougar, Grizzly APC.)
RESERVES: about 15,500 Militia; 100 combat arms units plus spt units (all in Mobile Command), plus 1,560 in Communications Reserves.
Navy (Maritime); 5,500.*
Maritime Command (about 9,300).f
3 Oberon submarines.
4 DD280 ASW hel destroyers, each with 2 Sea King hel and 2 quad Sea Sparrow SAM.
19 ASW frigates (2 Annapolis with 1 hel; 4Mackenzie, 4 Improved Restigouche with ASROC; 6 St Laurent with 1 hel; 3 Restigouche in reserve).
3 replenishment spt ships (2 with 3 Sea King hel each).
6 coastal patrol ships (trg).
6 small patrol craft.
(On order: 6 destroyers).
DEPLOYMENT:
Atlantic: 3 subs, 13 surface (1 in reserve), 2 replenishment spt ships with 1 hel.
Pacific: 10 surface (2 in reserve), 1 replenishment spt ship.
Bases: Halifax, Esquimalt.
RESERVES: about 3,250.
Air Force (Air): 15,300; * some 247 combat aircraft.
Air Command (23,000).
1 Air Group (1 CAG):
3 fighter sqns with 42 CF-104/CF-104D.
1 hel sqn with 11 CH-136 (Kiowa).
1 Tactical Air Group (10 TAG):
2 fighter sqns with 20 CF-116 (F-5A), 4 CF-116D (F-5D).
6 hel sqns with 31 CH-135 (UH-1N), 36 CH-136, 8 CH-147 (Chinook).
Air Defence Group (NORAD-assigned):
3 AWX sqns and 1 OCU with 54 CF-101 Voodoo, 18 CT-133 (Silver Star).
1 EW sqn with 7 CF-100 (to retire end-1981), 3 CC-117 (Falcon 20, to be 6 end-1981); 16 CT-133.
4 main, 17 auxiliary sites of Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line.
24 long-range radar sites (CADIN/Pine Tree Line).
Maritime Air Group:
3 maritime patrol sqns, 1 trg and 1 testing sqn with 17 CP-140 Aurora, 10 CF-107 Argus (being replaced by CP-140).
1 MR, 1 trg and 1 reserve sqns with 15 CP-121 Tracker.
2 ASW hel sqns and 1 trg sqn with 35 CH-124 (Sea King).
2 utility sqns with 9 T-33,3 CP-121 ac and 2 CH-135 hel.
Air Transport Group:
4 tpt sqns: 2 with 24 CC-130E/H; 1 with 5 CC-137 (Boeing 707); 1 with 4 CC-117, 7 CC-109 Cosmopolitan, 2 CC-132 (DHC-7R).
4 tpt/SAR sqns with 11 CC-115 (DHC-5), 8 CC-138 (DHC-6) ac, 3 CH-113 Labrador, 1 CH-113A Voyageur,3 CH-135 (Twin Huey) hel.
1 SAR unit with 3 CH-113 Labrador.
4 base fits with 1 CC-129 (C-47), 9 CH-118 Iroquois, 2 CH-135.
3 trg sqns: 1 with 14 CF-116 (F-5A), 21 CF-116D (F-5D); 1 with 10 CF-104, 10 CF-104D; 1 with 4 CT-114C Tutor, 4 CC-130E;
5 CC-129 (to retire 1981), 2 CT-133.
2 schools: 1 with 21 CT-134 (Musketeer) ac, 13 CH-136 hel; 1 with 122 CT-114.
1 test unit with 3 CF-104, 4 CF-116, 4 CT-133 ac; 2 CH-135,1 CH-136 hel.
(On order 113 CF-18A, 25 CF-18B Hornet fighters; 21 CT-134 ac; 14 CH-139 (Bell 206B Jet Ranger).)
RESERVES: Air Reserve Group; 2 wings with 22 CSR-123 (DHC-3 Otter)ac, 3 CH-136 hel.
Forces Abroad:
Europe: One mech bde gp of 3,000 with 59 Leopard med tks, 375 M-113 APC/recce, 24 M-109 155mm SP how, 40 TOW ATGW,
50 40mm AA guns, 70 Blowpipe SAM, hel. (2,500 additional tps in Canada as reinforcements.)
1 Air Group: 764: 3 fighter sqns with 42 CF-104/CF-104D; 1 hel sqn with 11 CH-136 hel; 2 CC-132,4 CT-133 liaison ac.
Cyprus: (UNFICYP): 515. Syria/Israel: (UNDOF): 220. Other Middle East: (UNTSO): 20.
Para-Military Forces:
Coast Guard: 18 icebreakers, 13 patrol craft, 2 DHC-7R ac, 35 hel; 3 SRN 5/6 hovercraft.
DENMARK
Population: 5,146,000.
Military service: 9 months.
Total armed forces: 32,600 (500 women; 11,000 conscripts).
Estimated GDP 1981: $58.1 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: kr 10.05 bn ($1.53 bn); NATO definition $1.52 bn. $1 =6.56 kroner (1981), 5.91 kroner (1980).
Army: 19,300 (7,700 conscripts); being reduced.
3 mech inf bdes, each with 1 tk, 2 mech, 1 arty bns, 1 recce sqn, 1 engr coy, spt units.
2 mech inf bdes, each with 1 tk, 2 mech, 1 arty bns, 1 engr coy, spt units.
1 indep recce bn.
Some indep mot inf bns.
120 Leopard I, 60 Centurion med, 20 M-41 lt tks; 650 M-113, M-106 mortar-armed APC;
24 155mm guns; 144 105mm, 96 155mm, 12 M-l 15 203mm how; 72 M-109 155mm SP how; 81mm, 120mm mor;
252 106mm RCL; LAW RL; TOW ATGW;
224 L/60 and L/70 40mm AA guns; Hamlet (Redeye) SAM;
15 Saab T-17 lt ac; 12 Hughes 500A hel.
(On order 84mm Carl Gustav RCL; 840 TOW ATGW.)
RESERVES: 5,000 Augmentation Force, subject to immediate recall;
41,000 Field Army Reserve, comprising 12,000 Covering Force Reserve (to bring units to war strength and add 1 mech bn to each bde)
and 29,000 to provide combat and log support;
24,000 Regional Defence Force, (being reorganized into Regimental Combat Teams), with 21 inf, 2 tk, 7 arty bns, ATK sqns, spt units;
56,500 Army Home Guard (12,000 women).
Navy: 5,700 (1,400 conscripts).
6 submarines: 2 Narhvalen, 4 Delfinen (1 to retire in 1981).
5 frigates with 8 Harpoon SSM, Sea Sparrow SAM:
2 Peder Skram, 3 Niels Juel.
5 Hvidbjernen fishery-protection frigates, each with 1 hel.
10 Willemoes FAC(M)with HarpoonSSM.
6 Seleven FAC(T) (some in reserve).
22 large patrol craft: 8 Daphne, 3 Agdleq, 2 Maagen, 9 Barse.
28 coastal patrol craftC
7 minelayers: 4 Falster, 2 Lindormen, 1 Langeland (to retire 1983).
6 ex-US Type 60 coastal minesweepers.
Coastal defence unit:
8 Alouette III, 7 Lynx hel.
(On order 4 Type 210 submarines, 15 Harpoon SSM, Sea Sparrow SAM, 1 Lynx hel.)
Bases: Copenhagen, Korsor, Frederikshavn.
RESERVES: 4,000; Navy Home Guard 4,900. 20 coastal patrol craft.
Air Force: 7,600 (1,900 conscripts); 116 combat aircraft.
3 FGA sqns: 1 with 20 F-35XD Draken, 1 with 20 F-100D/F, 1 with 20 F-16.
2 interceptor sqns each with 20 F-104G.
1 recce sqn with 16 RF-35XD Draken.
1 tpt sqn with 3 C-47, 3 C-130H.
1 SAR sqn with 8 S-61A hel.
Trainers: F-16B, TF-35XD Draken, 16 Saab T-17.
2 SAM bns: 1 with 36 Nike Hercules, 1 with 24 Improved HAWK.
AAM: Sidewinder. ASM: Bullpup.
(On order: 34 F-16A/B fighters, 10 Gulfstream III MR/lt tpt ac.)
RESERVES: 7,500; Air Force Home Guard 11,900.
Forces Abroad: Cyprus (UNFICYP): 1 bn (365).
FRANCE
Population: 53,800,000.
Military service: 12 months; 18 months for overseas.
Total armed forces: 504,630* (15,000 women; 262,280 conscripts). (* Incl 10,250 on inter-service central staff.)
Estimated GDP 1980: $632 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: fr 104.44 bn ($21.23 bn); NATO definition: $26.0 bn. $1=4.92 francs (1981), 4.38 francs (1980).
Strategic Forces: (21,100; some 2,800 Army, 5,500 Navy, 12,000 Air Force, 800 Gendarmerie).
SLBM: 5 SSBN, each with 16 M-20 msls (1 more building), (M-4 msl to replace M-20).
IRBM: 18 in 2 sqns, 1 with 9 SSBS S-3 msls, 1 with S-2 (being replaced by S-3).
Aircraft:
Bombers: 6 sqns with 33 Mirage IVA (AN-22 nuclear bombs).
Recce/trg: 1 sqn with 4 Mirage IVA.
2 trg sqns: 1 with 4 Mirage IIIB/BRU; 1 with 5 Noratlas N-2501/SNB.
Tankers: 1 wing (3 sqns) with 11 KC-135F.
Reserve: 10 Mirage IVA (incl 8 recce).
Army: 321,320, incl Army Aviation, 6,500 women (203,830 conscripts).
1 army HQ.
3 corps HQ.
8 armd divs.
4 motor rifle divs.
1 alpine div.
1 air-portable mot div (Marines).
1 para div.
1 It bde(overseas intervention).
Berlin sector force (1 armd regt, 1 inf regt).
Indep regts:
5 recce, 2 drone regts.
5 motor rifle regts.
6 arty regts, 5 AA arty regts.
6 engr regts.
8 sigs regts.
2 cw defence regts.
3 logistics bdes.
5 SSM regts with 42 Pluton.
5 SAM regts: 3 with 60 HAWK, 2 with 24 Roland I.
1,114 AMX-30 med, 340 AMX-13 lt tks;
39 AMX-10RC, 230 Panhard EBR hy, 440 AML lt armd cars; 600 AMX-10P MICV, 1,540 AMX-13 VTT, 900 VAB APC;
10 155mm GCT SP, 195 105mm HM-2, AU-50, 205 155mm F-3 how, 112 155mm BF-50 SP how; 42 Pluton SSM;
315 120mm mor; 105/6mm RCL; SS-11, 840 Milan, 97 HOT, ENTAC ATGW;
20mm, 100 40mm towed, 48 30mm SP AA guns; HAWK, 50 Roland SAM; R-20 recce drones.
(On order: 145 AMX-30 med tks; 110 AMX-10RC, 100 ERC-90S armd cars; 185 AMX-10 MICV, 155mm GCT SP guns; 1,235 VAB APC;
35 HOT, 140Milan ATGW; 216 twin 20mm AA guns; 71 Roland II SAM.)
ARMY AVIATION (ALAT): (6,450).
5 combat hel regts; 7 lt gps, 9 indep regts, 5 overseas sqns.
190 Alouette II, 69 Alouette III, 132 SA-330 Puma, 166 SA-341F and 19 SA-342M Gazelle hel; 20 Broussard, 70 L-19 lt ac.
RESERVES: about 280,000 (10 inf divs, and 4 divs formed from military schools, unit equivalents of 30 regts).
Navy: 69,600 incl Naval Air, 18,000 conscripts (700 women); 44 major surface combat vessels.
4 comds: 2 home (CECLANT, CECMED), 2 overseas.
21 submarines (4 Agosta, 9 Daphne, 2 Arethuse, 6 Narvat).
2 Clemenceau carriers: 1 attack with 40 ac (2 fits with 20 Super Etendard, 1 with 10 F-8E, 1 with 10 Alize), 4 hel; 1 ASW with 40 hel.
1 Jeanne d'Arc hel carrier (trg ship, capacity 8 hel) with Exocet SSM.
1 command cruiser with 4 Exocet SSM, 1 twin Masurca SAM.
20 destroyers: 2 C-70 with 4 Exocet SSM, 20 Crotale SAM, 2 hel; 2 Suffren with 4 Exocet, 1 Malafon ASW/SSM, 2 twin Masurca;
3 Type F-67 with 6 Exocet, 8 Crotale, 2 hel; 1 Type 56 with 1 Malafon, 1 hel;
2 Type T-53(1 ASW with 4 Exocet, 1 hel; 1 air-direction); 9 Type T-47 (4 with Tartar SAM; 5 ASW with 1 Malafon);
1 Type C-65 with 4 Exocet, Malafon.
20 frigates: 9 Riviere (8 with 4 Exocet); 1 Type E-52; 10 Type A-69 (3 with 2 Exocet).
5 FAC(M): 4 Trident with 6 SS-12; 1 La Combattante with quad SS-11 SSM.
9 large patrol craft: 4 Sinus, 1 Le Fougueux, 4 ex-Can La Dunkerquoise.
5 Circe minehunters, 10 ex-US Aggressive ocean minesweepers/minehunters.
17 coastal minesweepers: 5 Sirius, 12 ex-US Adjutant (6 in reserve).
2 assault ships with 3 Super Frelon or 10 Alouette hel, 18 LCM or 2 LCT.
5 LST, 11 LCT, 4 log spt ships, 26 LCM.
9 tankers, 1 maintenance ship.
(On order: 3 subs, 5 C-70 destroyers, 1 frigate, 2 ASW corvettes, 15 minehunters, 2 log vessels.)
Bases: Cherbourg, Brest, Lorient, Toulon.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (13,000); 146 combat ac, 45 hel.
3 strike sqns with 36 Super Etendard (AN-52 nuclear weapons).
1 interceptor sqn with 15 F-8E(FN) Crusader.
2 ASW sqns with 24 Alize.
5 MR sqns: 4 with 28 Atlantic, 1 with 7 SP-2H Neptune.
1 recce sqn with 1 Etendard IVP.
1 ocu with 12 Etendard IVM, 12 Magister, 5 Alize.
4 ASW hel sqns with 16 Super Frelon, 24 Lynx.
1 assault hel sqn with 5 Super Frelon.
2 SAR/trg/liaison hel sqns with 24 Alouette II/III.
1 hel ocu with Alouette II/III.
7 comms fits with 8 Nord 262,6 Falcon, 4 SP-2H Neptune, C-47,DC-6A, Nord 2504, 11 Navajo ac, Alouette II/III, 2 Super Frelon, 2 Lynx hel.
3 trg and liaison sqns with 8 Nord 262,20 C-47, 6 CAP-10, 8 Paris, 15 Rallye ac, Alouette II/III hel.
(On order: 20 Super Etendard fighters, 5 Gardien MR; 16 EMB-121 Xingu tpt ac, 14 Lynx hel; Matra SATCPSAM.)
MARINES: 1 bn. (On order: 50 ERC-90S armd cars.)
RESERVES: about 50,000.
Air Force: 103,460 (40,450 conscripts, 5,000 women); 460 combat aircraft.
Air Defence Command (CAFDA): (6,300).
9 interceptor sqns: 2 with 30 Mirage IIIC, 7 with 105 Mirage F-1C (1 OCU with 15 Mirage F-l B forming).
4 liaison and comms fits with 30 Magister and Broussard.
6 SAM sqns with 24 Crotale(6 more forming).
Air-defence system: automatic STRIDA II, radar stations.
AAM: R-530, R-550 Magic, Super 530.
Tactical Air Force(FATAC): (25,000).
5 strike sqns: 3 with 45 Jaguar, 2 with 30 Mirage IIIE (AN-52 nuclear weapons).
12 FGA sqns: 5 with 75 Mirage IIIE, 2 with 30 Mirage 5F, 5 with 75 Jaguar A.
3 recce sqns with 45 Mirage IIIR/RD (to be replaced by Mirage F-l R).
2 OCU: 1 with 20 Mirage IIIB/BE, 1 with 20 Jaguar A/E.
8 liaison/comms fits with 38 Magister, 10 Broussard, 4 Paris, 3 Fregate, 6 Noratlas, 2 Mystere 20 ac, 13 Alouette II/III hel.
AAM: Sidewinder,R-550 Magic, R-530. ASM: AS-30, AS-37 Martel.
Air Transport Command (COTAM): (4,600).
7 tac tpt sqns: 3 with 56 Transall C-160, 4 with 48 Noratlas.
1 OCU with 19 C-160, Noratlas, Fregate.
4 tpt sqns, plus misc units: 5 DC-8F (1 ECM), Fregate, Mystere 20, 10 DHC-6, 1 Falcon 50, Paris, Broussard ac; 12 Puma, 3 Alouette III hel.
5 hel sqns with 33 Alouette II, 24 Alouette III, 8 Puma.
1 hel OCU with 15 Alouette II/III, 2 Puma.
Training Command (CEAA): Some 400 aircraft,
incl 80 Alpha Jet, Magister, T-33A, Mystere IV, Falcon, 40 Flamant, Noratlas, Broussard, Paris, 28 CAP-10B, 25 CAP-20.
(On order: 14 Mirage F-1B, 36 F-1C, 62 F-1R, 48 Mirage 2000 fighters; 95 Alpha Jet trg ac; 25 Transall C-160 tpts; 25 Xingu, 30 Epsilon trg ac;
24 Crotale, Matra SATCP SAM.)
RESERVES: 120,000.
Forces Abroad:
Europe:
Germany: 4$,500; 3 armd divs.
Berlin: 2,700; 1 armd regt, 1 inf regt.
Overseas Dependencies: 16,400: some 9,800 army, 2,000 navy, 1,600 air, 3,000 Gendarmerie.
Four inter-service overseas commands:
Antilles-Guyana (3 inf regts); South Indian Ocean (1 para regt, 1 inf coy); New Caledonia (1 inf regt); Polynesia (2 inf regts).
Two naval commands: Indian Ocean (AUNDIEN) and Pacific (ALPACi). (160 lt tks, 10 Mirage IIlC, 7 MR, 15 tpt ac; 36 hel, 17 patrol vessels.)
Other Overseas: some 23,000, all services (numbers vary according to local circumstances):
eqpt incl 120 AFV, 15 combat vessels, 25 combat and 23 tpt ac, 43 hel, 18 spt vessels.
Deployed:
Central African Republic: 1,200: para, Legion Marine units; armd cars, 120mm mor, Milan ATGW, 1 hel sqn.
Djibouti: 4,000; 2 inf regts, 2 armd sqns, 2 arty btys; 1air sqn with Mirage, naval elements.
Gabon: 650: 4 Jaguar, 3 C-160, 1 Atlantic ac.
Ivory Coast: 450.
Lebanon (UNIFIL): 730; engr coy, log unit.
Saudi Arabia: 80 (technical advisers).
Senegal: 1,300; marine inf.
Zaire: trg team.
Para-Military Forces: 82,000 Gendarmerie (5,400 conscripts): 907 territorial units, 155 traffic units, 130 mobile squadrons, 225 overseas units with
36 AMX-13/75 lt tks; 120 AML armd cars, 33 AMX-13 VTT, 155 VRBG APC; 280 81mm mor;
6 Cessna 206C ac, 43 Alouette II/III and Ecureuil hel; 6 patrol boats (on order VBC-90 armd cars).
6,900 Service de Santi (230 conscripts).
GERMANY: FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
Population: 61,665,000 (incl West Berlin).
Military service: 15 months.
Total armed forces: 495,000 (60 women, 225,000 conscripts); * mobilization strength about 1,250,000.
(* The military divisions of the Ministry of Defence, Central Military Agencies and Central Medical Agencies comprise 11,300 military personnel.
The overall strength of the armed forces includes 6,000 reserve duty training positions.)
Estimated GDP 1980: $792 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: DM 42.09 bn ($20.17 bn); NATO definition: $25.0 bn. $1=DM 2.09 (1981), DM 1.89 (1980).
Army: 335,200 (176,000 conscripts).
Field Army: 272,000 (under reorganization; complete late 1981). 3 corps:
12 divs (6 armd, 4 armd inf, 1 mountain, 1 AB) totalling 67 tk, 62 armd inf, 12 para bns. Comprises:
17 armd bdes (each with 3 tk, 1 armd inf, 1 armd arty bns).
15 armd inf bdes (each with 1 tk, 3 armd inf, 1 armd arty bns).
1 mountain bde.
3 AB bdes.
1 AD regt; 3 bns with Gepard SP AA guns and Roland II SAM.
I1 AA regts with Gepard 35mm SP.
4 SSM bns with 26 Lance.
3 army aviation comds, each with 1 lt, 1 med tpt hel regt (3 hel ATGW regts, 1 indep hel sqn forming).
Territorial Army: 38,000.
3 Territorial Commands, 6 Military Districts, 6 Home Defence bdes (each with 2 tk, 2 inf, 1 arty bns and manned, on average, at 60%).
6 more Home Defence bdes planned (each with 1 tk, 2 inf, 1 fd arty bns): weapons storage units only in peacetime. Security troops:
15 Home Defence Regiments (45 mot inf bns), 150 coys, 300 security platoons;
defensive, comms, military police and service units on mobilization.
AFV: 1,200 M-48A2/A2G2, 2,437 Leopard I, 150 Leopard 2 med tks; 408 SpPz-2 Luchs, 1,000 SPz 11-2, 280 SPz 12-3 (HS-30) armd cars;
2,136 Marder MICV, 270 TPZ-1, 4,000 M-113 APC.
Arty: 200 105mm, 164 FH-70 155mm how; 586 M-109 155mm how, 60 M-107 175mm guns (being replaced by 203mm), 77 M-110 203mm SP how;
1,000 120mm mor, 208 LARS 110mm MRL; 26 Lance SSM.
ATK: 770 JPz 4-5 90mm SP ATK guns; 200 106mm RCL; 170 SS-11, 1,700 Milan, 347 TOW ATGW, 200 RJPz-(HOT) SP ATGW launchers.
AD: 1,745 20mm, 200 40mm towed, 400 Gepard 35mm SP AA guns; 800 Redeye, 100 Roland SAM.
Air: 190 UH-1D, 200 Alouette II/III, 25 PAH-1 (Bo-105P with HOT), 25 Bo-105M, 108 CH-53G hel.
(On order. 1,550 Leopard 2 tks; 576 TPZ-1APC; 52 FH-70 155mm, improved 203mm how;
182 Milan ATGW, 762 RJPz-(TOW), 174 RJPz-(HOT) SPATGW launchers; 200 Roland II SAM; 152 PAH-1, 75 Bo-105M hel.)
Navy: 36,500, incl naval air arm (11,000 conscripts).
24 submarines (18 Type 206, 6 Type 205).
9 destroyers: 3 Adams with 1 Tartar SSM and 8 ASROC; 4 Hamburg with 2 twin Exocet SSM; 2 ex-USFletcher.
6 Koln frigates.
6 corvettes: 5 Thetis, 1Hans Burkner.
30 FAC(M) with 4 Exocet SSM: 10 Type 143, 20 Type148.
10 Type 142 FAC(T).
18 Lindau MCM: 6 coastal minesweepers, 12 Type 331 Troika control minehunters; 18 F-1 drone MCM vessels.
22 Schutze coastal minesweepers.
18 inshore minesweepers: 4 Type 393/394B, 14 Type 393/394A.
10 Rhein depot, 8 Liineberg spt ships, 6 tpts, 7 tankers.
22 Type 520 LCU, 28 Type 521 LCM.
(On order: 6 Type 122 frigates, 10 Type 143A FAC(M).)
Bases: Flensburg, Wilhelmshaven, Kiel, Olpenitz.
NAVAL AIR ARM: 112 combat aircraft.
3 attack sqns with 66 F-104G.
1 recce sqn with 27 RF-104G.
2 MR sqns with 14Atlantic, 5 ELINT Atlantic.
1 SAR hel sqn with 21 Sea King Mk 41.
1 utility sqn with 20 Do-28-2 ac.
Trg: 9 TF-104F.
ASM: AS-20, AS-30, AS-34 Kormoran.
(On order: 112 Tornado MRCA, 4 Westwind ac, 12 Lynx hel, AS-34 Kormoran ASM.)
Air Force: 106,000 (38,000 conscripts); 552 combat aircraft.
Tactical Command (GAFTAC): 479 combat ac.
12 FGA sqns: 8 with 144 F-104G; 4 with 60 F-4F.
7 lt FGA sqns: 5 with 90 Alpha Jet; 2 with 42 G-91R3 (converting to 36 Alpha Jet).
4 interceptor sqns with 60 F-4F.
4 recce sqns with 60 RF-4E.
1 ocu with 18 TF-104G; 5 HFB-320 Hansa Jet ECM trg.
8 SSM sqns with 72 Pershing 1A.
3 SAM regts (each of 2 bns of 4 btys) with 216 Nike Hercules launchers.
3 SAM regts (each of 3 bns of 4 btys) with 216 Improved HAWK launchers.
4 aircraft control and warning regts.
AAM: Sidewinder.
Transport Command.
3 tpt sqns with 75 Transall C-160 (some being withdrawn).
5 hel sqns with 92 UH-ID.
1 special air mission sqn with 4 Boeing 707-320C, 3 C-140 Jetstar, 6 HFB-320 Hansa Jet, 3 VFW-614, 6 Do-28-2 Skyservant ac,
4 UH-1D hel.
Training Command: 73 combat ac.
Combat trg wing (Luke Air Force Base, USA) with 30 F-104G (+10 in store), 17 TF-104G (+11 in store).
Combat trg: 1 sqn (Cottesmore, Britain) with 16 Tornado; 1 det at Goose Bay, (Canada).
Ocu (George Air Force Base, USA): 10 F-4E.
Pilot trg wing (Sheppard Air Force Base, USA) with 35 T-37B, 41 T-38A.
Primary trg unit with 31 P-149D.
Miscellaneous liaison, range and base fits with 21 G-91R3 (reserve), 113 Do-28D.
(On order. 109 Tornado (86 FGA, 23 trainers), 36 Alpha Jet FGA.)
RESERVES: 750,000 (all services).
GREECE
Population: 9,585,000.
Military service: Army 22, Navy 26, Air Force 24 months.
Total armed forces: 193,500 (834 women; 150,000 conscripts).
Estimated GDP 1980: $44 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 71.25 bn drachmas ($1.77 bn); NATO definition not available. $1=40.17 drachmas (1980).
Army: 150,000 (123,000 conscripts).
3 Military Regions; 4 corps HQ.
1 armd div.
1 mech div.
12 inf divs.
1 para-cdo div (1 para, 1 cdo bdes; 1 marine, 1 cdo bns).
3 armd bdes.
1 marine inf regt.
12 fd, 3 AA arty bns.
2 SSM bns with 8 Honest John (1 more to be formed).
1 SAM bn with 18 Improved HAWK.
14 army aviation coys, 1 indep fit.
350 M-47, 810 M-48, 230 AMX-30 med, 80 M-41, 190 M-24 lt tks;
665 M-3A1, 240 M-8, 40 M-20 armd cars; 120 AMX-10P MICV, 80 Leonidas, 120 M-2, 460 M-3 half-track, 460 M-59, 820 M-113 APC;
600 25-pdr, 36 M-2 155mm, 36 M-107 175mm guns; 108 75mm pack, 324 M-101 105mm, 270 M-114A1 155mm, 72 M-115 203mm towed;
126 M-52A1 105mm, 54 M-44, 60 M-109A2 155mm, 20 M-110 203mm SP how; 24 Honest John SSM;
700 106mm RCL; 64 M-18 SP ATK guns; SS-11, 400 Cobra, TOW, Milan ATGW;
twin 20mm RH-202, 40mm, 75mm, 90mm AA guns; 18 Improved HAWK, Redeye SAM;
1 Super King Air, 2 Aero Commander, 50 U-17A ac; 5 Bell 47G, 22 UH-1D, 50 AB-204B/-205 hel.
(On order. 55 AMX-30, 106 Leopard 1A4 med tks, 12 M-113A2, 8 Leonidas APC, 37 Chaparral SAM,6 CH-47, 8 AH-1 hel with TOW.)
RESERVES: about 350,000, incl some 100,000 National Guard.
3 Territorial, 17 Sub Commands: 12 indep inf bdes, some 100 Home Guard bns (mainly coastal defence);
M-41, M-24 lt tks, 70 M-3A1, armd cars, M-2, M-3 half-track, 75mm pack, 25-pdr, 105mm guns/how, 106mm RCL.
Navy: 19,000 (12,000 conscripts).
10 submarines: 8 Type 209,2 ex-US Guppy.
16 ex-US destroyers: 6 Gearing, 9 Fletcher, 1 Sumner.
6 frigates: 1 Kortenaer, 1 ex-Rhein, 4 ex-US Cannon.
15 FAC(M): 13 La Combattante II/III (8 with Exocet, 5 with Penguin SSM), 2 with SS-12 SSM.
12 FAC(T): 7 Jaguar, 5 Nasty.
3 coastal patrol craft.
2 coastal minelayers.
14 coastal minesweepers (9 MSC-294, 5 ex-US Adjutant).
1 LSD, 7 LST, 5 LSM, 10 LCU, 13 LCM, 14 LCA, 34 LCVP.
1 ASW hel sqn with 12 AB-212.
(On order: 1 FAC(M) with Penguin, 32 Harpoon SSM.)
Bases: Patrai, Salamis, Thessaloniki, Suda Bay.
RESERVES: about 20,000.
Air Force: 24,500 (15,000 conscripts); 409 combat ac, 4 armed hel.
Tactical Air Force: 1 combat wings: 1 tpt wing.
12 FGA sqns: 3 with 54 A-7H, 6 TA-7H; 3 with 54 F-4E; 2 with 33 F/TF-104G; 4 (reserve) with 96 F-84.
6 interceptor sqns: 3 with 43 F-5A, 2 with 38 Mirage F-1CG, 1 (reserve) with 24 F-102A/TF-102A.
2 recce sqns: 1 with 16 RF-5A, 6 RF-4E; 1 (reserve) with 18 RF-84F.
1 ocu with 9 F-5B.
1 MR sqn with 12 HU-16B Albatross ac, 4 Alouette III hel.
3 tpt sqns with 12 C-130H, 6 YS-11, 8 C-47, 30 Noratlas, 1 Gulfstream,7 CL-215.
3 hel sqns with 12 AB-205, 2 AB-206A, 10 Bell 47G, 8UH-19D, 35UH-1D.
Air Training Command: incl 42 T-33, 20 T-41A,
1 sqn with 16 T-37C, 1 sqn with 36 T-2E.
AAM: Sparrow, Sidewinder, Super Sidewinder, Falcon, R-550 Magic. ASM: Maverick, Bullpup.
1 SAM wing: 1 bn with 36 Nike Hercules; 1 with 36 Nike Ajax.
(On order 8 CH-47C hel, 300 Super Sidewinder AAM, 200 Maverick ASM.)
RESERVES: about 20,000.
Para-Military Forces: Gendarmerie (30,000): Mowag Roland, 15 UR-416 APC.
Coastguard and Customs (4,000): some 100 patrol craft.
ITALY
Population: 57,200,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force 12 months, Navy 18 months.
Total armed forces: 366,000 (239,300 conscripts).
Estimated GDP 1980: $384 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 7,500 bn lire ($7.2 bn); NATO definition $8.89 bn. $1=1,040.5 lire (1981), 878.5 lire (1980).
Army: 255,000 (188,000 conscripts).
3 corps HQ.
1 armd div (2 armd, 1 mech bdes).
3 mech divs (each of 1 armd, 2 mech bdes).
2 indep mech bdes.
4 indep mot bdes.
5 alpine bdes.
1 AB bde.
2 amph bns.
1 msl bde (1 Lance SSM, 3 HAWK SAM bns).
550 M-47, 300 M-60A1, 900 Leopard I med tks; 4,100 M-106, M-113, M-548 and M-577 APC;
36 M-107 175mm SP guns; 1,067 how, incl 334 105mm pack, 697 155mm (incl 62 FH-70 and 205 M-109E SP), 36 203mm;
81mm, 107mm, 120mm mor; 6 Lance SSM; 57mm, 106mm RCL; Cobra, SS-11, TOW, Milan ATGW;
230 40mm AA guns; 22 Improved HAWK SAM.
(On order 105 Leopard I med tks; 400 M-113 APC; 180 FH-70 155mm towed, SP-70, M-109 155mm SP how; TOW, Milan ATGW.)
ARMY AVIATION: 20 units with 35 O-1E, 80 SM-1019 lt ac;
hel incl 70 AB-47G/J, 36 AB-204B, 98 AB-205A, 140 AB-206A/A-1, 24 CH-47C, 5 A-109 Hirundo.
(On order 60 A-129 Mangusta, 2 CH-47C, 10 AB-212 hel.)
RESERVES: 550,000.
Navy: 42,000, incl 1,500 air arm, 1,000 marines and 23,000 conscripts.
9 submarines: 2 Sauro, 4 Toti, 2 ex-US Tang, 1 ex-US Guppy III.
1 Vittorio Veneto hel carrier with 9 AB-212 ASW hel, twin Terrier SAM.
2 Andrea Doria cruisers with 4 ASW hel, twin Terrier.
4 GW destroyers: 2 Audace with 2 ASW hel, 1 Tartar SAM; 2 Impavido with 1 Tartar.
1 Impetuoso-class destroyer.
12 frigates: 4 Lupo with 8 Otomat SSM with 8 Otomat SSM, 8 Sea Sparrow SAM, 1 ASW hel; 2 Alpino with 2 hel;
3 Bergamini with 1 hel; 3 Centauro (to retire).
8 corvettes: 4 De Cristofaro, 4 Albatross.
1 Sparviero hydrofoil with Otomat SSM.
4 FAC: 2 Freccia (1 with 5 Sea Killer SSM), 2 Lampo.
4 ex-US Aggressive ocean, 7 ex-US Adjutant and 11 Agave coastal, 5 Aragosta inshore minesweepers; 5 ex-US Adjutant minehunters.
2 ex-US De Sow County LST, 19 ex-US LCM.
2 Stromboli replenishment tankers.
1 Marine inf bn (600) with M-113A1, LVTP-7
APC, 81mm, 106mm RCL.
(On order 2 Sauro subs, 1 hel carrier, 2 Audace destroyers, 6 Maestrale frigates, 6 SSM hydrofoils, 4 Lerici-class minehunters.)
Bases: La Spezia, Taranto, Ancona, Brindisi, Augusta, Messina, La Maddalena, Cagliari, Naples, Venice.
NAVAL AIR ARM: 88 combat hel.
5 ASW hel sqns: 2 with 24 SH-3D; 1 with 18 AB-204AS; 2 with 46 AB-212.
1 utility sqn with 12 AB-204B hel.
1 trg sqn with 12 AB-47J hel.
(On order 17 AB-212, 16 SH-3D hel.)
RESERVES: 160,000; 41,000 active.
Air Force: 69,000 (28,300 conscripts); some 310 combat aircraft.
6 FGA sqns: 1 with 18 F-104G, 3 with 54 F-104S, 2 with 36 G-91Y.
3 lt attack/recce sqns with 54 G-91R/R1/R1 A.
6 interceptor sqns with 72 F-104S.
2 recce sqns with 24 F/RF-104G.
2 MR sqns with 14 Atlantic (Navy assigned).
1 ECM/recce sqn: 1 G-222, 6 PD-808, 11 EC-47.
1 ocu with 12 TF-104G.
3 tpt sqns: 2 with 32 G-222, 1 with 10 C-130H.
4 comms sqns with 26 P-166M, 32 SIAI-208M, 8 PD-808, 2 DC-9 ac; 2 SH-3D, 20 AB-47 hel.
4 SAR sqns with 15 AB-204,20 HH-3F hel.
6 trg sqns with 70 G-91T, 100 MB-326/-339, 14 P-166M, 20 SF-260M ac; 35 AB-47J, 5 AB-204B hel.
AAM: AIM-7E Sparrow, AIM-9B Sidewinder, Aspide 1A.
8 SAM groups with 96 Nike Hercules.
(On order: 100 Tornado MRCA, 100 MB-339 trg, 7 G-222 tpt ac, Kormoran ASM.)
RESERVES: 28, 000; some additional aircraft.
Forces Abroad: Lebanon (UNIFIL): 340.
Para-Military Forces: 84,500 Carabinieri: 1 mech bde with 13 bns, 1 AB bn, 2 cav sqns with
29 M-47 med tks, 9 Fiat 6616, 120 M-6, M-8 armd cars, 470 Fiat 242/18AD, 200 M-113 APC, 23 AB-47, 2 A-109, 5 AB-205, 23 AB-206 hel.
68,436 Public Security Guard: 12 mobile units with 30 VTC 6614 APC, 3 P-64B ac, 1 AB-47J, 3 A-109, 13 AB-206A, 2 AB-212 hel.
45,064 Finance Guards with 14 AB-47J, 61 NH-500M hel, patrol craft.
(On order 41 Fiat 6616 armd cars, 10 VTC 6614 APC, 2 A-109,2 AB-212 hel.)
LUXEMBOURG
Population: 364,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 690.
Estimated GDP 1980: $4.17 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 1.23 bn francs ($35.9 m); NATO definition: $50.6 m. $1=34.2 francs (1981), 30.46 francs (1980).
Army: 690.
1 lt inf bn.
1 indep coy.
81 mm mor; LA W RL; TOW ATGW.
(On order: 5 V-150 Commando APC.)
Para-Military Forces: 450 Gendarmerie.
NETHERLANDS
Population: 14,178,000.
Military service: Army 14-16 months, Navy and Air Force 14-17 months.
Total armed forces: 102,800 (1,316 women; 49,300 conscripts).
Estimated GDP 1980: $15.43 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 11.397 bn guilders ($4.94 bn); NATO definition: $4.93 bn. $1=2.31 guilders (1981), 2.07 guilders (1980).
Army: 67,000 (42,500 conscripts), but see Reserves.
2 armd bdes.
4 mech inf bdes.
1 SSM bn with Lance.
3 hel sqns (Air Force-manned).
468 Leopard 1, 343 Centurion med, 131 AMX-13 lt tks; 242 AMX-VCI, 744 M-113, 743 YP-408 (to retire), 871 YPR-765 APC;
44 105mm, 140 155mm, 28 203mm how; 82 AMX 105mm (being replaced by M-109 155mm), 136 M-109 155mm,
26 M-107 175mm (being replaced by 203mm), 13 M-110 203mm SP guns/how; 6 Lance SSM;
81mm, 194 107mm, 149 120mm mor; Carl Gustav 84mm, 106mm RCL; LAW RL; TOW ATGW;
131 L-40/70 40mm towed, 95 Gepard 35mm SP AA guns;
48 Alouette III, 24 Bo-105 hel.
(On order 445 Leopard 2 med tks; 144 M-198 155mm how; 37 M-110A2 203mm SP how; 350 Dragon ATGW.)
RESERVES: 145,000: many on short leave, immediate recall;
1 armd, 2 mech inf bdes, corps troops and 1 indep inf bde would be completed by call-up of reservists.
A number of inf bdes could be mobilized for territorial defence.
Navy: 16,800, incl marines and naval air arm (2,200 conscripts).
6 submarines: 2 Zwaardvis, 2 Potvis, 2 Dolfijn.
2 Tromp GW destroyers (flagships): 16 Harpoon SSM, 1 Tartar, 8 Sea Sparrow SAM, 1 Lynx hel.
3 Friesland destroyers (being replaced by Kortenaer frigates).
10 frigates: 4 Kortenaer with 8 Harpoon, Sea Sparrow, 1 Lynx hel; 6 Van Speijk with 8 Harpoon, 2 quad Seacat SAM, 1 hel.
6 Wolf corvettes.
5 Balder large patrol craft.
3 Onversaagd MCM spt ships; 15 Dokkum coastal minehunters; 16 Van Straelen inshore minesweepers.
2 Poolster fast combat spt ships.
10 LCA<.
(On order: 2 Walrus subs, 8 frigates, 15 Alkmaar minehunters, Harpoon SSM.)
Bases: Den Helder, Flushing, Curacao.
MARINES: 2,900.
2 amph combat gps.
1 mountain/arctic warfare coy.
NAVAL AIR ARM: 1,800; 17 combat ac, 9 hel.
2 MR sqns with 6 SP-13A Atlantic, 10 P-2 Neptune, 1 P-3C Orion.
2 ASW hel sqns with 9 Lynx HAS-27.
I SAR hel sqn with 6 Lynx HAR-25.
(On order: 12 P-3C Orion ASW, 2 F-27 MR ac; 8 Lynx ASW hel.)
RESERVES: about 20,000; 9,000 on immediate recall.
Air Force: 19,000 (4,600 conscripts); 182 combat aircraft.
Tactical Air Command:
5 FGA sqns: 3 with 54 NF-5A, 2 with 36 F-104G.
2 interceptor sqns: 1 with 18 F-16; 1 with 18 F-16 converting.
1 recce sqn with 18 RF/TF-104G.
3 ocu: 1 with 18 NF-5B; 1 with 8 TF-104; 1 with 8 F-16A, 4 F-16B (for FGA sqn trg).
1 tpt sqn with 12 F-27.
1 SAR fit with 4 Alouette III.
AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.
11 SAM sqns with 66 Improved HAWK (8 in Germany).
4 SAM sqns with 16 Nike Hercules.
(On order : 76 F-16 FGA, incl F-16B trainers; 25 Shorad/Flycatcher AA systems.)
RESERVES: about 6,000.
Forces Abroad:
Germany. Army: 5,500; 1 armd bde, 1 recce, 1 engr bns, spt elements.
Lebanon (UNIFIL): Army: 1 bn (816).
Netherlands Antilles: Navy: l destroyer, 1 amph combat det, 1 MR det (3 ac).
Para-Military Forces: 8,400:
Royal Military Constabulary (Koninklijke Marechaussee) 3,650 regulars, 450 conscripts; 3 divisions comprising nine districts with 87 brigades.
Home Guard: 4,300; 3 sectors; inf weapons.
NORWAY
Population: 4,100,000.
Military service: Army 12 months, Navy and Air Force 15 months.
Total aimed forces: 37,000 (6,065 women; 26,500 conscripts).
Estimated GDP 1980: $55.7 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 7.21 bn kroner ($1.57 bn); NATO definition not available. $1=5.08 kroner (1980).
Army: 18,000 (16,095 conscripts).
1 bde gp of 3 inf bns, 1 bn gp, in North Norway.
Indep armd sqns, inf bns and arty regts.
78 Leopard, 38 M-48 med, 70 NM-116 (M-24/90) lt tks; M-113 APC;
250 105mm, 155mm how; 130 M-109 155mm SP how; 107mm mor; Carl Gustav 84mm, 106mm RCL; ENTAC, TOW ATGW;
Rh-202 20mm, L/70 40mm AA guns; RBS-70 SAM;
24 O-1E, 24 L-18 lt ac.
RESERVES: 122,000:
11 Regimental Combat Teams (bdes) of about 5,000 men each, spt units and territorial forces; 21 days refresher training each 3rd/4th year.
Home Guard (all services) 85,000 (90 days initial service).
Navy: 9,000, incl 1,600 coast artillery (5,000 conscripts).
15 Type 207 Kobben submarines.
5 Oslo frigates with 6 Penguin SSM, 8 Sea Sparrow SAM.
2 Sleipner corvettes.
40 FAC(M) with Penguin SSM: 20 Storm, 14 Hauk, 6 Snogg.
8 Tjeld FAC(T).
1 Vadso patrol craft.
2 Vidar coastal minelayers, 9 ex-US MSC-60 coastal minesweepers, 1 minehunter.
1 Horten depot ship.
7 LSM: 2 Kvalsund, 5 Reineysund.
33 coast arty btys: 75mm, 105mm, 127mm, 150mm guns.
(On order: 8 T-210 submarines, 2 Hauk FAC(M), 1 inshore minesweeper, 3 fishery protection ships, 120mm guns.)
Bases: Horten, Bergen, Harstad, Tromsa.
RESERVES: 22,000.
Coastguard established as part of Navy; 2 Type 320 patrol vessels with 6 Penguin II SSM, 1 Lynx hel; 12 armd vessels (1 Type 320 on order).
Air Force: 10,000 (5,485 conscripts); 115 combat ac, 4 armed hel.
4 FGA sqns: 3 with 54 F-5A; 1 with 16 CF-104G/D, 2 TF-104B.
1 interceptor sqn with 16 F-16A.
1 recce fit with 3 RF-5A.
1 MR sqn with 7 P-3B.
1 ocu with 13 F-5B, 4 F-16B.
1 ASW hel sqn with 6 Lynx (2 coastguard).
2 tpt sqns: 1 with 6 C-130H, 3 Falcon 20S; 1 with 5 DHC-6 ac; 8 UH-1B hel.
1 SAR hel sqn with 10 Sea King Mk 43.
2 utility hel sqns with 26 UH-1B.
27 Safir trainers (being replaced by Safari).
AAM: Sidewinder, ASM: Bullpup.
4 lt AA bns with L/70 40mm guns.
1 SAM bn (4 btys) with 128 Nike Hercules.
(On order: 44 F-16A, 8 F-16B fighters; 2 P-3C MR, 16 Safari trg ac; 1 Sea King hel; 40 Roland II, RBS-70 SAM; Penguin III ASM.)
RESERVES: 18,000. 7 lt AA bns for airfield defence with L/60 40mm guns.
Forces Abroad: Lebanon (UNIFIL): 952; 1 bn, 1 service coy, 1 medical coy, 1 hel fit.
PORTUGAL
Population: 10,067,000.
Military service: Army 16 months; Navy, Air Force 24 months.
Total armed forces: 70,926 (18,000 conscripts).
Estimated GDP 1980: $23.91 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 49.0 bn escudos ($869 m); NATO definition: $944 m. $1=56.39 escudos (1981), 50.45 escudos (1980).
Army: 47,000 (10,000 conscripts).
6 regional commands (4 military regions, 2 island commands).
1 inf bde.
1 tk regt.
3 cav regts.
14 inf regts, 1 indep inf bn.
1 cdo regt.
3 fd regts, 2 indep fd arty bns.
1 AA and coast arty bn.
2 engr regts.
1 sigs regt, 1 sigs bn.
34 M-47, 23 M-48A5 med, 11 M-24 lt tks; 34
Panhard EBR hy, 27 AML It, 32 Ferret Mk 4 armd cars; 86 M-113, 79 Chaimite (Commando) APC;
95 5.5-in (140mm) guns, 216 M-101A1, M-18 105mm guns/how; 54 107mm, 82 120mm mor;
12 90mm, 131 106mm RCL; 21 TOW ATGW; 56 150mm, 152mm, 234mm coast arty; 288 40mm AA guns.
Navy: 13,426 incl 2,689 marines (5,200 conscripts).
3 Albacora (Fr Daphne) submarines.
17 frigates: 4 Andrade, 6 Coutinho, 4 Belo, 3 Silva.
10 Cacine large patrol craft.
16 coastal patrol craft, incl 4 Sao Rogue minesweepers.
2 LCT, 11 LCM, 1 LCA.
(On order: 3 modified Kortenaer frigates.)
Base: Lisbon (Alfeite).
Air Force: 10,500, incl 2,000 para (2,800 conscripts); 85 combat aircraft.
1 combat, 5 administrative wings:
2 FGA sqns: 1 with 20 G-91R3, 8 G-91T3; 1 with 21 G-91R4, 2 G-91T3.
1 recce sqn with 4 CASA C-212B.
1 ocu with 18 T-33A, 12 T-38 COIN ac.
3 tpt sqns: 1 with 5 C-130H; 2 with 16 CASA C-212 Aviocar.
2 SAR hel sqns with 11 SA-330 Puma.
2 hel/utility sqns with 30 Alouette III.
2 liaison sqns with 32 Reims-Cessna FTB 337G.
3 trg sqns: 1 with 2 CASA C-212A ac, 3 Alouette III hel; 1 with 25 T-37C; 1 with 35 Chipmunk.
1 para regt (3 bns).
(On order: 20 A-7P FGA ac, 12 A-109A hel (4 with TOW).)
Para-Military Forces: National Republican Guard: 14,600; Public Security Police: 15,290; Fiscal Guard: 7,385.
TURKEY
Population: 46,263,000.
Military service: 20 months.
Total armed forces: 569,000 (489,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1978: $45.3 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 298 bn liras ($3.1 bn); NATO definition not available. $1=95.95 liras (1981), 25 liras (1978).
Army: 470,000 (420,000 conscripts).* (* About half the divs and bdes are below strength, much eqpt is unserviceable.)
4 army HQ: 8 corps HQ.
1 armd div.
2 mech inf divs.
14 inf divs.
6 armd bdes.
4 mech bdes.
8 inf bdes.
1 para bde, 1 cdo bde.
4 SSM bns with 16 Honest John.
3,000 M-47, 500 M-48 med tks; M-8 armd cars; 1,600 M-113, 400 M-59, 900 M-2/-3 and Commando APC;
1,500 75mm, 105mm, 155mm (incl M-109 SP) and 203mm (incl M-110 SP) how; 400 105mm, 210 155mm, 36 175mm SP guns;
1,750 60mm, 81mm, 4.2-in (107mm), 120mm mor; 18 Honest John SSM;
1,200 57mm, 390 75mm, 800 106mm RCL; M-18, M-36 76mm SP ATK guns; 85 Cobra, SS-11, TOW ATGW;
900 40mm, M-51 75mm, M-117/-118 90mm AA guns;
2 DHC-2, 18 U-17, 6 Cessna 206, 3 Cessna 421, 7 Do-27, 9 Do-28, 20 Baron, 40 Citabria 150S trg ac;
100 AB-205/-206,20 Bell 47G, 48 UH-1D hel.
(On order: 70 Leopard 1A3 med tks; TOW, 2,500 Milan ATGW.)
RESERVES: 400,000.
Navy: 46,000, incl marines (36,000 conscripts); 22 combat ac, 9 armed hel.
14 submarines (2 in reserve): 4 Type 209, 9 ex-US Guppy, 1 Tang.
14 ex-US destroyers: 7 Gearing with ASROC, 4 Fletcher, 1 Sumner, 1 Smith, 1 Carpenter.
2 Berk frigates, each with 1 hel.
13 FAC(M): 4 Dogan (Lurssen) with quad Harpoon SSM, 9 Kartal with Penguin SSM.
8 FAC(T): 7 Jaguar, 1 Girne.
45 large patrol craft (incl 2 ex-US Asheville, 6 PC-1638, 4 PGM-71, 3 SAR 33 type), some with Gendarmerie.
4 83-ft coastal patrol craft.
1 Nusret, 9 coastal minelayers.
26 minesweepers: 12 ex-US Adjutant, 4 ex-Can MCB, 6 ex-Ger Vegesack coastal, 4 ex-US Cape inshore.
5 LST, 36 LCT, 16 LCU, 20 LCM.
1 ex-Ger depot ship (trg), 5 tankers.
1 ASW sqn: 8 S-2A, 12 S-2D/E, 2 TS-2A Tracker ac; 3 AB-204B, 6 AB-212 ASW hel.
1 marine bde (5,000): HQ, 3 bns, 1 arty regt (18 guns), spt units.
(On order: 1 Type 209 sub, 4 FAC(M), 1 LST, Harpoon SSM, 10 AB-212 ASW hel.)
Bases: Golcuk, Istanbul, Izmir, Eregli, Iskenderun.
RESERVES: 25,000.
Air Force: 53,000 (33,000 conscripts); 325 combat aircraft.
2 tactical, 1 administrative, 1 air training commands.
16 FGA sqns: 4 with 70 F-4E, 8 RF-4E; 5 with 70 F-5A/B; 3 with 48 F-100C/D/F, 4 RF-84F; 4 with 62 F/TF-104G.
2 interceptor sqns with 32 F-104S/TF-104S.
2 recce sqns with 27 RF-5A, 4 F-5B.
5 tpt sqns with 7 C-130E, 16 Transall C-160, 30 C-47, 3 C-54, 3 Viscount 794, 2 Islander, 2 CASA C-212, 6 Do-28, 3 Cessna 421 ac;
5 UH-19D, 6 HH-1H, 10 UH-1D hel.
Trainers incl 40 T-33A, 24 T-34, 25 T-37B/C, 30 T-38A, 20 T-41D, 5 T-42, 50 F-100C/F.
AAM: Sidewinder, Sparrow, Falcon, Shafrir. ASM: AS-12, Bullpup, Maverick.
8 SAM sqns with 96 Nike Hercules.
(On order: 15 F-4E, 22 F-104, 12 G-91, 30 T-38A ac; Super Sidewinder, Sparrow AAM.)
Forces Abroad: Cyprus: 1 corps of 2 inf divs (20,000), 150 M-47/-48; M-113.
Para-Military Forces: 120,000 Gendarmerie (incl 3 mobile bdes), large patrol craft.
OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Albania: Albania joined the Warsaw Pact in 1955 but left it in 1968, moving into a closer relationship with China. After Mao's death in 1966, Chinese aid was progressively reduced. Since 1978 little military aid has been received from any source. The Constitution precludes the establishment of foreign bases or the stationing of foreign troops in Albania.
Austria: The State Treaty of 1955, which re-established Austrian independence, prohibits Austria from acquiring 'nuclear weapons, long-range artillery, chemical and biological weapons, self-propelled missiles, submarines, assault craft, manned torpedoes and sea mines'. Austria's constitution contains a declaration of permanent neutrality. A small indigenous arms industry supplies the armed forces and provides a few foreign sales.
Cyprus: Independent as a bi-national state in 1960, the Turkish occupation of the northern part of Cyprus since July 1974 has effectively produced two entities, each with its own small armed forces. Both Greece and Turkey are also entitled, under an associated Treaty of Alliance with the Republic of Cyprus, to maintain a contingent in the island. Britain - a signatory with Greece and Turkey of the 1959 Treaty of Guarantee which guarantees the independence, territorial integrity and security of the Republic - maintains a garrison in two Sovereign Base Areas at Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The United States maintains a signals establishment. The United Nations has a peace-keeping force (UNFICYP) on the island.
Eire: Independent since 1922, Eire plays an active role in UN peace-keeping operations. With no significant arms industry, Eire has bought arms from many sources, e.g. Britain, France, Sweden and the US.
Finland: A 1948 Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance enables Finland to call upon the USSR for assistance to repel an aggressor. Finland has her own defence industry, but has tended to buy her major arms from the USSR and Sweden, together with some equipment from Britain, France and the United States.
Malta: After independence in 1964, Malta had a defence agreement with Britain. The island became a NATO base in 1972; NATO and Italy bore part of the cost until the Treaty expired in 1979 and NATO troops were withdrawn. In September 1980 Malta undertook to remain neutral, outside any alliances, and banned foreign troops and bases, including Soviet warship docking facilities. Italy agreed to consultation if Malta was attacked and to guarantee her independence.
Spain: Following the Civil War in 1936-9, Spain remained neutral during World War II. In 1953 an agreement granted the United States air base rights at Torrejon, Moron and Zaragoza, and an air and naval base at Rota. These rights were renegotiated in 1976. Moron remains as a stand-by base, and nuclear weapons have been withdrawn from Rota, though it is still an active air base. The agreement is being renegotiated in 1981. Spain has her own arms industry.
Sweden: Neutral in both world wars. Sweden's permanent peace-keeping organization has provided personnel for UN duties since 1964. Her self-defence organization is largely supported by a domestic defence industry but some external purchases have been made, mainly from the United States.
Switzerland: Permanently neutral since 1815, Switzerland belongs to no defence organization. Her small arms industry produces most of her equipment, but Austria, France, Britain and the US have also supplied material.
Yugoslavia: Expelled from the Cominform in 1948, she has since been a leading force in the Non-Aligned Movement and has maintained a balanced relationship with each bloc. She has no defence alliances but has purchased most of her military equipment from the USSR.
ДРУГИЕ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВА
Албания: Албания присоединилась к Варшавскому Договору в 1955 году, но покинула его в 1968 году, перейдя к более тесным отношениям с Китаем. После смерти Мао в 1966 году китайская помощь постепенно сокращалась. С 1978 года из любых источников поступает мало военной помощи. Конституция запрещает создание иностранных баз или размещение иностранных войск в Албании.
Австрия: Государственный договор 1955 года, восстановивший независимость Австрии, запрещает Австрии приобретать "ядерное оружие, артиллерию дальнего радиуса действия, химическое и биологическое оружие, самоходные ракеты, подводные лодки, штурмовые суда, пилотируемые торпеды и морские мины". Конституция Австрии содержит декларацию о постоянном нейтралитете. Небольшая местная оружейная промышленность снабжает вооруженные силы и обеспечивает немного иностранных продаж.
Кипр: Независимое как двухнациональное государство в 1960 году, турецкая оккупация северной части Кипра с июля 1974 года фактически породила два образования, каждое со своими собственными малыми вооруженными силами. Как Греция, так и Турция также имеют право в соответствии с ассоциированным Договором о союзе с Республикой Кипр содержать контингент на острове. Великобритания , подписавшая с Грецией и Турцией в 1959 году Договор о гарантиях, гарантирующий независимость, территориальную целостность и безопасность Республики , содержит гарнизон в двух суверенных районах базирования в Акротири и Декелии. США содержит систему связи. На острове имеются миротворческие силы Организации Объединенных Наций (UNFICYP).
Ирландия: Независимая с 1922 года, Ирландия играет активную роль в операциях ООН по поддержанию мира. Не имея значительной оружейной промышленности, Ирландия закупала оружие из многих источников, например, Великобритании, Франции, Швеции и США.
Финляндия: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи 1948 года позволяет Финляндии обратиться к СССР за помощью в отражении агрессии. Финляндия имеет свою собственную оборонную промышленность, но, как правило, покупает свое основное оружие у СССР и Швеции, а также некоторое оборудование у Великобритании, Франции и Соединенных Штатов.
Мальта: После обретения независимости в 1964 году Мальта заключила соглашение об обороне с Великобританией. Остров стал базой НАТО в 1972 году; НАТО и Италия несли часть расходов до тех пор, пока договор не истек в 1979 году, и войска НАТО были выведены. В сентябре 1980 года Мальта обязалась сохранять нейтралитет вне любых союзов и запретила иностранным войскам и базам, включая советские военные корабли. Италия согласилась провести консультации в случае нападения на Мальту и гарантировать ее независимость.
Испания: После Гражданской войны 1936-9 гг. Испания оставалась нейтральной во время Второй мировой войны. В 1953 году соглашение предоставило США права на авиабазу в Торрехоне, Мороне и Сарагосе, а также авиабазу и военно-морскую базу в Роте. Эти права были пересмотрены в 1976 году. Морон остается в качестве резервной базы, а ядерное оружие было выведено из Роты, хотя это все еще активная авиабаза. Соглашение пересматривается в 1981 году. Испания имеет собственную оружейную промышленность.
Швеция: Нейтралитет в обеих Мировых войнах. Швеция в организацию по поддержанию мира предоставила персонал для выполнения функций ООН с 1964 года. Ее организация самообороны в значительной степени поддерживается отечественной оборонной промышленностью, но некоторые внешние закупки были сделаны, главным образом, из Соединенных Штатов.
Швейцария: Постоянно нейтральная с 1815 года Швейцария не принадлежит ни к одной оборонной организации. Ее индустрия стрелкового оружия производит большую часть ее оборудования, но Австрия, Франция, Великобритания и США также поставляли материал.
Югославия: Исключенная из Коминформ в 1948 году, она с тех пор является ведущей силой в Движении неприсоединения и поддерживает сбалансированные отношения с каждым блоком. У нее нет оборонных союзов, но большую часть военной техники она приобрела в СССР.
ALBANIA
Population: 2,750,000.
Military service: Army 2 years; Air Force, Navy and special units 3 years.
Total armed forces: 43,000 (23,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1974: $1.1 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 915 m leks ($199 m). $1=4.46 leks (1981), 4.59 leks (1980).
Army: 30,000 (20,000 conscripts)*
1 tk bde.
8 inf bdes.
1 arty regt.
1 AD regt.
8 lt coastal arty bns.
70 T-34, 15 T-54, 15 T-59 med tks; BRDM-1 scout cars; 20 BA-64, BTR-40/-50/-152, K-63 APC;
76mm (incl SU-76 SP), 85mm, 122mm, 152mm guns; 122mm, 152mm how; 82mm, 120mm, 160mm mor, Type-63 107mmMRL;
T-21 82mm RCL; 45mm, 57mm, 85mm ATK guns; 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm AA guns; SA-2 SAM.
RESERVES: 100,000.
Navy: 3,000 (1,000 conscripts).* (* Spare parts are in short supply; some equipment may be unserviceable.)
3 ex-Sov W-class submarines.
2 ex-Sov Kronshtadt large patrol craft.
42 FAC(T)(: 32 ex-Ch Huchwan hydrofoils, 10 P-4).
6 ex-Ch Shanghai-II FAC(G).
10 PO-2K patrol craft.
5 ex-Sov minesweepers: 2 T-43 ocean, 3 T-301 inshore.
Bases: Durres, Valona, Sazan Island, Pasha Liman.
Air Force: 10,000 (2,000 conscripts); 100 combat aircraft.*
6 fighter sqns with 20 MiG-15/F-2, 30 MiG-17/F-4, 30 MiG-19/F-6, 20 MiG-21/F-7,
1 tpt sqn with 4 Il-14, 10 An-2.
2 hel sqns with 30 Mi-4.
1 trg sqn with 10 MiG-15UTI.
RESERVES: 5,000.
Para-Military Forces: 13,000. Internal security force 5,000; frontier guard 8,000.
AUSTRIA
Population: 7,505,000.
Military service: 6 months, followed by 60 days reservist, 30-90 days specialist for 12 years.
Total armed forces: 50,300 (34,000 conscripts; total mobilizable strength 167,000).
In addition some 70,000 reservists called up for trg during the year.
Estimated GNP 1980: $73 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 12.86 bn schilling ($870 m). $1=14.78 schilling (1981), 13.56 schilling (1980).
Army: 46,000 (32,000 conscripts).
1 mech div of 3 mech bdes, each with 1 tk, 1 mech inf, 1 armd arty bns; 1 bde with 1 armd ATK bn, 3 AA coys.
28 Landwehrstammregimente (trg regts) to train and form reserves.
3 ordnance (log) regts.
3 arty bns.
2 armd ATK bns.
3 SP AA arty bns.
3 engr bns.
5 sigs bns.
2 indep boat coys.
100 M-47, 120 M-60A1 med tks; 460 Saurer 4K4F APC;
300 M-68 105mm turret mounted, 36 SFKM2 155mm fortress guns; 108 lFH 105mm, 24 FHM-1 155mm, 38 M-109 155mm SP how;
18 Steyr 680M3 130mm MRL; 300 81mm, 100 M-2/M-30 107mm, 100 120mm mor;
LAW, 74mm, 84mm, 480 M-40 106mm RCL; 240 M-52/M-55 85mm towed, 153 Kuerassier SK 105mm SP ATK guns; 4 patrol boats.
(On order 50 M-60A3 med tks, 18 M-109A2 155mm SP how.)
RESERVES: 8 reserve bdes (each of 3 inf, 1 arty, 1 engr/ATK, 1 cmd and spt bns) and 26 inf regts (Landwehf) distributed among 8 regional military cmds. 910,000 have a reserve commitment.
Air Force: 4,300 (2,000 conscripts); 34 combat aircraft.
(Austrian air units, an integral part of the Army, are listed separately for purposes of comparison.)
4 FGA sqns with 34 Saab 105O.
1 tpt wing with 2 Skyvan, 12 Turbo-Porter.
7 hel sqns with 13 AB-206A, 21 AB-212, 21 AB-204, 24 Alouette III, 12 OH-58B, 2 S-65-O (HH-53).
1 trg sqn with 19 Saab 91D.
Other ac incl 17 Cessna L-19, 2 L-20,2 DHC-2.
3 indep AD bns with 370 20mm Oerlikon, 72 35mm GDF-001, 60 L/70 40mm towed (reserves), M-42 SP AA guns;
Super-Bat and Skyguard AD system.
Forces Abroad: Cyprus (UNFICYP): 1 medical bn, (314); Syria (UNDOF): 1 bn (532); Other Middle East (UNTSO): 13.
CYPRUS
Population: 630,000 (490,000 Greek, 113,000 Turkish, 27,000 Other).
1. GREEK-CYPRIOT FORCES
Military service: 26 months.
Total armed forces: 8,000.
Estimated GNP 1979: $1.97 bn (whole island).
Defence expenditure 1981: £C 10.6 m ($27.3 m). $1=£C 0.388 (1981), £C 0.357 (1979).
Army: 8,000.* (* Greek-Cypriot National Guard, mainly composed of Cypriot conscripts, but with some seconded Greek Army officers and NCOS.)
1 armd bn.
2 recce/mech inf bns.
20 inf bns (under strength).
7 arty gps.
8 spt units.
10 T-34 med tks; 17 BTR-50 APC; 20 Marmon Harrington armd cars;
120 100mm, 105mm and 25-pdr guns and 75mm how; 40mm, 3.7-in AA guns.
RESERVES: 37,000: 3,000 immediate; 34,000 second line.
Para-Military Forces: 3,000 armd police.
2. TURKISH-CYPRIOT SECURITY FORCE
About 4,500 men, organized in a number of inf bns. Some T-34 med tks.
RESERVES: 5,500 first-line, 10,000 second-line.
EIRE
Population: 3,450,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 14,012.
Estimated GNP 1979: $15 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: £E 144 m ($285 m). $1=£E 0.506 (1980), £E 0.49 (1979).
Army: 12,428.
4 mobile bdes: each with 2 inf bns (1 has 3), 1 fd arty regt (1 has 1 AA regt in lieu), 1 motor sqn, 1 engr, 1 ordnance, 1 supply/tpt coys.
2 indep inf bns.
8 Scorpion lt tks; 20 AML-90, 32 AML-60 armd cars; 60 Panhard VTT/M3, 7 Unimog, 5 Timoney APC;
48 25-pdr gun/how; 6 M-56 105mm how; 199 60mm, 201 81mm, 72 120mm mor,
447 Carl Gustav 84mm, 96 PV-1110 90mm RCL; 4 Milan ATGW; 24 L/60, 2 L/70 40mm AA guns; RBS-70 SAM.
(On order: 8 Scorpion lt tks, M-56 105mm how, 81mm and 120mm mor, 7 L/70 AA guns.)
RESERVES: 22,098. 538 first line, 21,560 second line.
4 second line Reserve Army Groups (garrisons): 2 with 6 inf bns (1 has 4, 1 has 2), 2 fd arty regts (2 have 1), all with 1 engr, 1 supply/tpt coy.
Navy: 890.
4 corvettes.
2 ex-Br Ton coastal MCM(fishery protection).
(On order 2 frigates.)
Base: Cork.
RESERVES: 5 coys: 450.
Air Force: 694; 15 combat aircraft.
1 COIN sqn with 6 Super Magister.
1 COIN/trg sqn with 9 SF-260WU, 2 Chipmunk
1 liaison sqn with 8 Cessna 172H.
1 hel sqn with 8 Alouette III, 2 Gazelle hel.
1 comms fit with 3 King Air, 1 HS-125-700.
Forces Abroad: Cyprus (UNFICYP): 7. Lebanon (UNIFIL): 1 bn+ (672), 4 AML-90, 13 VTT/M3. Other Middle East (UNTSO): 21.
FINLAND
Population: 4,790,000.
Military service: 8-11 months (11 months for officers and NCOS).
Total armed forces: 39,900 (27,900 conscripts; total mobilizable strength about 700,000).
Estimated GNP 1980: $47.8 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 2.874 bn markka ($713m). $1 =4.03 markka (1981), 3.92 markka (1980).
Army: 34,400, incl 3,000 Frontier Guards (24,000 conscripts).
7 Military Regions.
1 armd bde.
7 inf bdes.
3 fd arty regts.
2 coast arty regts (7 bns: 6 static, 1 mobile).
3 indep inf bns.
1 indep fd, 1 indep coast arty bns.
1 AA arty regt, 2 indep AA arty bns.
1 SAM bn with SAM-79 (SA-3 Goa).
T-54/-55 med, PT-76 lt tks; BTR-50P/-60 APC;
76mm, 74 105mm, 196 122mm, 130mm, 150mm, 152mm, 155mm guns/how; 81mm, 120mm mor,
55mm, Miniman 74mm, 95mm RCL; SS-11 ATGW;
20mm, 23mm, 30mm, 35mm, 40mm, 57mm towed, ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; SAM-79 (SA-3), SAM-78 (SA-7) SAM.
Navy: 2,500 (1,900 conscripts).
1 ex-Sov Riga frigate.
2 Turunmaa corvettes.
5 FAC(M) with MTO (Styx) SSM: 4 ex-Sov Osa-II, 1 Isku.
11 Nuoli FAC(G)(.
5 large patrol craft: 3 Ruissalo, 2 Rihtniemi.
3 minelayers, 6 Kuha inshore minesweepers.
1 HQ/log/trg ship (minelayer)
14 small LCU/tpts, 8 utility/spt ships.
(On order 8 Tstv (PB-80) FAC,5 log ships.)
Bases: Uppiniemi (Helsinki), Turku.
Air Force: 3,000 (2,000 conscripts); 49 combat ac.
3 AD districts: 3 fighter wings.
2 fighter sqns with 28 MiG-21bis, 12 J-35S Draken.
1 ocu with 6 MiG-21U/UM, 3 J-35C.
1 tpt sqn: 7 C-47,2 F-27-100 ac; 1 hel fit with 6 Mi-8, 2 Hughes500.
Trainers incl 60 Magister, 20 Saab Safir, 4 Hawk, 4 Leko70.
Liaison ac: 5 CherokeeArrow,2 Cessna402.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, Falcon.
(On order 3 Learjet 35A tpts; 45 Hawk, 26 Leko 70 trg ac.)
RESERVES (all services): 700,000 (32,000 a year do training).
Forces Abroad: Cyprus (UNFICYP): 11. Syria (UNDOF): 388. Other Middle East (UNTSO): 21. Pakistan (UNMOGIP): 4.
Para-Military Forces: 4,000 Frontier Guards, 5 large, 11 coastal patrol craft, some 95 smaller craft.
MALTA
Population: 350,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 800.
Estimated GNP 1980: $1,098 m.
Defence expenditure 1981: £M 3,044 m ($8.8 m). $1=£M 0.346 (1981), £M 0.343 (1980).
Army: 800.
1 inf bn (incl 1 arty coy, 40 mm AA guns).
1 task force.
1 marine section with 14 launches/patrol craft<.
1 air section with 1 AB-206, 3 Alouette II, 4 AB-47G hel.
Para-Military Forces: 3,000 pioneers.
SPAIN
Population: 37,800,000.
Military service: 15 months.
Total armed forces: 342,000 (230,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1979: $197 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 337.46 bn pesetas ($3.98 bn). $1=84.61 pesetas (1981), 69.91 pesetas (1979).
Army: 255,000 (190,000 conscripts).
Immediate Intervention Force:
1 corps HQ.
1 armd div (with 2 bdes.)
1 mech div (with 2 bdes.)
1 mot div (with 2 bdes.)
1 armd cav bde.
1 para bde.
1 airportable bde.
1 arty bde, 2 indep arty regts, 1 lt AA regt.
1 engr, 1 sigs, 1 chemical/nuclear defence regts.
Territorial Defence Force:
9 Military Regions:
2 mountain divs.
10 indep inf bdes (incl, 1 Reserve bde).
1 mountain bde.
1 arty bde (incl 1 HAWK SAM bn, 1 Nike Hercules bty).
3 hy arty regts.
8 coast arty regts.
Overseas Forces:
2 Commands: Balearic, Canary Islands:
7 inf regts.
3 Foreign Legion regts.
6 arty/AA regts.
2 engr regts; 2 indep bns.
2 lt armd car regts, 2 lt cav regts.
4 Regulares inf gps.
2 cdo, 2 special sea coys.
Army Aviation: HQ, 2 air bns: 3 hel sqns, 1 trg unit. 1 attack bn with 2 coys (28 hel).
1 tpt hel bn, 1 med tpt, 1 hy tpt coys.
AFV: 200 AMX-30, 390 M-47E, 110 M-48 (105mm) med, 180M-41 lt tks; 60 AML-60, 80 AML-90 armd cars; 50 BMR-600 MICV, 400 M-113 APC.
Arty. 860 105mm, 200 122mm, 80 155mm, 24 203mm guns/how;
48 M-108 105mm, 10 M-44, 70 M-109 155mm, 12 M-107 175mm, 4 M-110 203mm SP guns/how;
200 88mm; 200 6-in (152.4mm), 24 203mm, 12-in (305mm), 15-in (381mm) coast guns; 18 150mm, 24 203mm, 381mm MRL;
60mm, 860 81mm, 107mm, 400 120mm mor.
ATK: 90mm, 106mm RCL; Milan, Cobra, Dragon ATGW.
AD: 54 35/90, 280 40/90, 150 90mm AA guns; Nike Hercules, Improved HAWK SAM.
Air: 3 Puma, 50 UH-1B/H, 3 Alouette III, 30 Bo-105, 1 AB-206A, 10 OH-13, 13 OH-58A, 9 CH-47 hel.
(On order. 100 AMX-30 med tks; 150 BMR-600 MICV, 180 M-113 APC; 18 M-109 155mm SP how; TOW ATGW;
96 Chaparral SAM; 28 Skyguard AD systems; 39 Bo-105 (28 with HOT ATGW), 3 CH-47C, 18 OH-58A hel.)
DEPLOYMENT: Balearic Islands: 5,800; 3 inf, 2 coast/AA regts, 1 engr bn, 1 lt cav bn, 1 cdo coy.
Canary Islands; 16,000; 3 inf, 1 Foreign Legion, 2 coast/AA regts, 2 engr bns, 2 lt cav gps, 1 cdo coy.
Ceuta/Melilla: 19,000; 2 armd cav, 2 Foreign Legion, 2 coast/AA, 2 engr regts, 4 Regulares bns, 2 lt cav gps, 2 special sea coys.
Navy: 49,000, incl 10,600 marines (40,000 conscripts).
3 Commands: Escort, Amphibious, Naval Air.
8 submarines (4 Daphne, 3 ex-US Guppy IIA, 1 ex-US Balao).
1 ex-US Independence ac carrier (7 AV-8A, 18 hel).
12 destroyers: 7 with 1 hel (2 Roger de Lauria, 5 ex-US Gearing with 1 ASROC), 5 ex-US Fletcher.
16 frigates: 4 Descubierta with 8 Harpoon SSM, 8 Sea Sparrow SAM; 5 Baleares with 16 Standard SAM, 8 ASROC;
1 Audaz, 1 Alava, 1 Pizarro, 4 Atrevida.
12 FAC(P): 6 Lazaga, 6 Barcelo.
15 large patrol craft (6 ex-minesweepers).
64 coastal patrol craft (.
3 ex-US Aggressive ocean, 6 Nalon coastal MCM.
2 attack tpts, 1 LSD, 3 LST, 7 LCT, 2 LCU, 18 LCM,
17 LCA, 43 LCVP.
NAVAL AIR:
1 attack sqn with 8 AV-8A Matador, 2 TAV-8A.
1 comms sqn with 4 Commanche.
5 hel sqns with 9 SH-3D Sea King, 12 AB-212, 11 Bell 47G, 11 Hughes 500HM ASW, 4 AH-1G.
MARINES:
1 marine bde(2 inf bns and spt units).
4 marine lt inf regts.
32 M-48S med tks, 48 Ontos AFV with 6 106mm RCL; LVTP-7 amph APC;
48 105mm SP how (trials); 82mm mor, M-72 66mm RL; 72 106mm RCL; TOW, Dragon ATGW.
(On order 4 Agosta subs; 1 aircraft carrier, 3 FFG-7, 4 F-30 frigates; 6 large patrol craft; 1 AV-8A FGA ac; 8 AB-212, 6 SH-3D hel;
30 AMX-30 med tks; Harpoon SSM; Aspide SAM.)
Bases: El Ferrol (Galicia), Cadiz (San Fernando), Cartagena.
Air Force: 38,000; some 193 combat aircraft.
Air Defence Command (MACOM):
3 wings.
6 interceptor sqns: 2 with 36 F-4C; 2 with 21 Mirage IIIEE, 6 HIED; 2 with 44 Mirage F-1CE, 3 F-1CE/BE.
1 liaison fit with 4 Do-27.
(On order 96 Improved Chaparral SAM launchers, 1,760 msls.)
Tactical Command (MATAC):
2 wings.
2 FGA sqns: 1 with 12 F-5A,8 RF-5A, 2 F-5B;
1 with 19 HA-220 Super Saeta.
1 recce sqn with 9 AR-10C (HA-220).
1 MR sqn with 2 P-3A, 4P-3C.
1 liaison fit with 12 O-1E, 19 Do-27, Do-28.
AAM: Sparrow, Sidewinder, R-550 Magic.
Air Command, Canary Islands: (MACAN):
1 FGA sqn with F-5/RF-5A, 2 F-5B.
1 SAR sqn with 3 F-27-400 MR ac, 8 AB-205 hel.
1 tpt sqn with 16 CASA C-212.
Transport Command (MATRA):
3 wings.
5 sqns with 7 C-130H, 9 KC-130H, 1 DC-8-52, 10 CASA-207 Azor, 58 C-212 Aviocar, 10 DHC-4.
Training Command (MAPER):
2 ocu with 22 F-5B, 2 Do-27.
14 sqns with 5 Aztec, 35 F-33C Bonanza, 10 CASA C-101, 8 C-212E, 1 Navajo, 24 T-33A, 14 T-34, 50 T-6, 8 King Air, 10 Baron,
BU-131A/CASA 1-131 ac; 2 with 28 AB-47, AB-205, Hughes 300C and UH-1H hel.
Air Force HQ Group (ACGA):
3 tpt sqns with 1 DC-8-2, 3 Mystere 20, 1 Navajo, 2 CASA C-212, 2 Do-27.
1 spt sqn with 12 CL-215, 2 Do-27.
1 utility hel sqn with 9 Puma.
1 SAR sqn with 4 CASA C-212 ac, 9 AB-205 hel.
1 trg sqn with 6 C-101, 1 C-212, 12 HA-200D, 10T-6.
(On order 24 Mirage F-1B/EE fighters; 2 P-3C Orion MR; 4 C-212SAR, 54 CASA C-101 trg ac; 17 Hughes 300C hel; Super Sidewinder AAM.)
RESERVES (all services): 1,085,000. 1 ATK inf, 3 engr, 1 sigs regts.
Para-Military Forces. 64,000 Guardia Civil; 40,000 Policia Armada.
SWEDEN
Population: 8,335,000.
Military service: Army and Navy 7 1/2-15 months, Air Force 8-12 months.
Total armed forces: 64,300 (47,200 conscripts,* mobilizable to about 800,000 in 72 hours).
(* There are normally some 120,000 more conscripts (70,000 Army, 4,500 Navy, 6,000 Air Force)
plus 15,000 officer and NCO reservists doing 11-40 days refresher training at some time in the year.
Obligation is 5 times per reservist between ages 20 and 47.)
Estimated GNP 1980: $113 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981-82: Kr 17.312 bn ($3.79 bn). $1=4.573 kronor (1981), 4.400 kronor (1980).
Army: 44,500 (36,000 conscripts).*
Peace establishment:
50 non-operational armd, cav, inf, arty AA, engr and sigs trg regts for basic conscript trg.
War establishment (700,000 on mobilization):
4 armd bdes.
20 inf bdes.
4 Norrland bdes.
50 indep inf, arty and AA arty bns.
26 Local Defence Districts with 100 indep bns and 400-500 indep coys.
340 Strv-101, Strv-102 (Centurion), 330 Strv-103B med, 200 Ikv-91 lt tks; Pbv-302 APC;
105mm, 150mm, 155mm how; 155mm SP guns; 81mm, 120mm mor,
Miniman 74mm, Carl Gustav 84mm, PV-1110 90mm RCL; RB-53 Bantam ATGW;
20mm, 40mm AA guns; RB-69 (Redeye), RBS-70, RB-77 (Improved HAWK) SAM;
30 SK-61C (Bulldog) ac; 12 HKP-3 (AB-204B), 22 HKP-6 (Jet Ranger) hel.
(On order. FH-77 155mm how, TOW ATGW.)
Navy: 10,000, incl coast arty (6,600 conscripts),* 10 combat hel.
12 submarines (3 Nacken, 5 Sjoormen, 4 Draken).
3 destroyers: 2 Holland, with RB-08 SSM; 1 Ostergotland with 1 RB-08, quad RB-07 (Seacat) SAM (in reserve).
2 Visby frigates (in reserve).
16 Hugin FAC(M)with 6 RB-12 (Penguin) SSM.
18 FAC(T): 12 Spica T-131, 6 Spica T-121.
7 large (6 Hand); 26 coastal patrol craft.
2 minelayers, 1 minelayer/trg ship.
9 coastal, 36 inshore minelayers.
11 Arko coastal, 15 inshore minesweepers.
9 LCM, 81 LCU, 54 LCA.
15 mobile, 445 static coastal arty btys with 75mm, 105mm, 120mm, 152mm, 210mm guns; RB-08, RB-52 SSM.
2 hel sqns with 4 HKP-2 (Alouette II) utility, 10 HKP-4 (Vertol 107) ASW/MCM, 9 HKP-6 liaison.
(On order 1 A-17-class submarine, 1 minelayer (trg); RBS-15ssM.)
Bases: Stockholm, Karlskrona, Goteborg.
Air Force: 9,800 (4,600 conscripts); * 406 combat aircraft (+stored ac incl 20 J-35F Draken).
13 wings.
6 FGA sqns: 5 with 99 AJ-37 Viggen, 1 with 20 SK-60B/C (Saab 105).
12 AD sqns: 8 with 126 J-35F Draken, 3 with 54 J-35D, 1with 18 JA-37 Viggen.
3 recce sqns with 54 SH/SF-37 Viggen.
2 ocu: 1 with 17 SK-37 Viggen; 1 with 18 SK-35C Draken.
2 tpt sqns with 6 C-130E/H, 2 Caravelle, 6 C-47.
5 comms sqns with 65 SK-60A.
Trainers incl 124 SK-60A/B/C, 57 SK-61, 24 J-32D Lansen (drone).
1 SAR sqn with 10 HKP-4 hel.
1 utility sqn with 9 HKP-2, 7 HKP-3 hel.
AAM: Sidewinder, RB-27 (Falcon), RB-28 (Improved Falcon), RB-71 Skyflash.
ASM: RB-04E, RB-05A, RB-75(Maverick).
Semi-automatic control and surveillance system, Stril 60, co-ordinates all AD components.
(On order Sky/lash AAM.)
Forces Abroad: Cyprus (UNFICYP): 1 inf bn, (428).
Para-Military Forces:
Coast Guard: 550: 4 Regions (15 districts); 2 trg stations per district.
1 TV-171 fishery protection vessel (one more building); 45 cutters, 24 inshore rescue boats.
Air Arm: 2 Cessna 337G, 1402-C (one on order).
RESERVES (all services): voluntary defence organizations 500,000.
SWITZERLAND
Population: 6,320,000.
Military service: 17 weeks recruit training followed by reservist refresher training of 3 weeks for 8 out of 12 years for Auszug (20-32),
2 weeks for 3 years for Landwehr (33-42), 1 week for 2 years for Landsturm (43-50).
(Two recruit intakes a year (Jan/Jun) each of 17,000. Some 400,000 reservists a year do refres her training.)
Total armed forces: about 3,500 regular and 17,000 recruits (mobilizable to 625,000 in 48 hours).
Estimated GDP 1979: $99 bn. Defence expenditure 1981: SJV 3.49 bn ($1.84 bn). $1 = 1.90 francs (1981), 1.68 francs (1979).
Army:
War establishment: 580,000 on mobilization.
3 fd corps, each of 1 armd, 2 inf divs.
1 mountain corps of 3 mountain inf divs.
23 indep bdes (11 frontier, 6 territorial, 3 fortress, 3 redoubt).
Indep units: 3 hy arty, 2 engr, 2 sigs regts, 1 armd car bn.
325 Centurion, 150 Pz-61, 330 Pz-68 med tks; 1,250 M-113 APC;
750 105mm guns/how; 260 M-109U 155mm sp how; 81mm, 120mm mor;
90mm, 105mm ATK guns; 83mm RL; 106mm RCL; Bantam, Dragon ATGW; 700 20mm, 300 35mm AA guns.
(On order. 60 Pz-68 med tks, 225 M-113 APC, 207 M-109 155mm SP how, Dragon ATGW.)
Air Force: 45,000 on mobilization (maintenance by civilians); 367 combat aircraft. (Aviation Corps, an integral part of the Army.)
3 air regts.
12 FGA sqns: 3 with 90 Venom FB-50; 9 with 149 Hunter F-58/T-68.
4 fighter sqns: 71 F-5E/F.
2 interceptor sqns with 32 Mirage IIIS/BS.
1 recce sqn with 18 Mirage IIIRS, 7 Venom FB-54.
4 liaison/SAR sqns with 16 Porter, 24 Turbo Porter, 6 Do-27, 3 7Wn Bonanza.
4 hel sqns with 21 Alouette II, 79 Alouette III hel.
Trainers incl 47 Pilatus P-2, 68 P-3.
AAM: Sidewinder, AIM-26B Falcon, ASM: AS-30.
1 air force fd bde (3 regts, 1 para coy, 1 lt ac wing).
1 air base bde with 3 regts.
1 AD bde with 1 SAM regt of 2 bns (each with 32 Bloodhound) and 7 AA arty regts with 20mm and 35mm guns, Skyguard fire control systems.
3 comd and comms regts, 1 log regt.
(On order: 2 Mirage IIIB, 32 F-5E, 6 F-5F fighters; 40 PC-7 Turbo-Trainers; 60 Rapier SAM launchers; 500 AGM-65 Maverick ASM.)
RESERVES (all services): 621,500.
YUGOSLAVIA
Population: 22,550,000.
Military service: 15 months.
Total armed forces: 252,500 (154,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1979: $64.4 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 101.89 bn dinars ($3.47 bn). $1=29.37 dinars (1981), 18.69 dinars (1979).
Army: 190,000 (140,000 conscripts).
7 Military Regions.
8 inf divs.
8 indep tk bdes.
16 indep inf bdes (incl mech, 3 lt).
1 mountain bde.
1 AB bde.
12 fd, 12 AA arty regts.
6 ATK. regts.
1,240 T-34/-54/-55, 60 M-47 med, some PT-76 lt tks;
M-3, M-8, BRDM-2 scout cars; some M-980 MICV, 200 BTR-50/-60/-152, some M-60 APC;
1,800 M-1955, SU-100 100mm SP, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm guns; M-48 76mm, 105mm incl SP, 122mm, 155mm how;
82mm, 120mm mor, 128mm MRL; FROG-7 SSM;
57mm, PAK-40 75mm, T-12 100mm towed, ASU-57, 300 M-18 76mm, M-36 90mm SP ATK guns;
57mm, 75mm, 82mm, 105mm, RCL; Snapper, Sagger ATGW;
20mm, 30mm, 37mm, 40mm, 57mm, 85mm, 88mm, 90mm, 94mm towed, ZSU-23-4, ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; SA-6/-7/-9 SAM.
(On order. 500 M-980 MICV.)
RESERVES: 500,000; mobile bdes, bns with arty and AA guns. (M-18 Hellcat 76mm, M-36B2 90mm SP ATK guns, T-34/85, M-4 med tks in storage).
Navy: 17,500, incl 2,500 marines (6,000 conscripts).
7 submarines: 2 Sava, 3 Heroj, 2 Sutjeska.
1 Koni-class frigate with twin SA-N-4 SAM.
3 corvettes: 2 Mornar, 1 Le Fougueux.
16 FAC(M) with Styx SSM: 6 Rade Koncar, 10 ex-Sov Osa-I.
15 ex-Sov Shershen FAC(T).
20 large patrol craft: 10 Kraljevica,10 Type 131.
30 minesweepers: 4 Vukov Klanac coastal, 10 inshore (4 Ham, 6 M-117), 16 river<.
18 LCU/minelayers, 20 601-type LCA.
1 ASW hel sqn with Ka-25, Mi-8, Partizan (Gazelle).
1 marine bde (2 regts, each of 2 bns).
25 coast arty btys with Samlet SSM; M-44 85mm,ex-Ger 88mm, M-37 122mm, M-54 130mm, 152mm guns.
(On order 1 Sava submarine, 8 FAC(M).)
Bases: Lora/Split, Pula, Sibenik, Kardeljevo, Kotor, Dubrovnik.
Air Force: 45,000 (8,000 conscripts); 341 combat ac.
2 air divisions: 4 air regions.
12 FGA sqns with 12 Kraguj, 130 Galeb/Jastreb.
9 interceptor sqns with 126 MiG-21F/PF/M/N.
2 recce sqns with 35 Galeb/Jastreb.
1 ocu with 18 MiG-21U, 20 Jastreb.
2 tpt sqns: 15 C-47, 2 II-18, 6 Yak-40, 2 An-12, 15 An-26, 4 Li-2, 2 Boeing 727-200.
Trg ac incl 60 Galeb/Jastreb, 3 T-33, 15 UTVA-75, 15 Partizan hel.
4 hel tpt sqns: 5 AB-205, 18 Mi-4, 50 Mi-8, 5 Whirlwind, 5 Partizan, 1 A-109 Hirundo.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll
Air Defence Force: (Army personnel, eqpt, AF control):
24 AA regts.
8 SA-2, 6 SA-3 SAM bns.
(On order. 25 Orao FGA ac, 94 Partizan hel.)
Para-Military Forces: 20,000 Frontier Guards; 1-3 million Territorial Defence Force (Partisan);
2,000,000 Civil Defence on mobilization; Workers' Militia State Police with APC.
The Middle East and the Mediterranean
Bilateral Agreements with External Powers
The Soviet Union signed a fifteen-year Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with Iraq in April 1972, and a further agreement in December 1978. A similar treaty was signed with Syria on 8 October 1980. A Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation, signed with South Yemen in October 1979, was ratified in February 1980. Soviet naval units use Aden's facilities. All three countries have received significant arms deliveries. Despite this, Iraq has been seeking to broaden her contacts with the West, particularly with France and Italy, and to establish herself as a major non-aligned country. The Soviet Union has also sold arms to Algeria, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen). Egypt signed a Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with the Soviet Union in May 1971 and abrogated it in March 1976; the Soviet Union, formerly a major supplier, has delivered no significant arms supplies to Egypt since. Some supplies may be still coming from other Warsaw Pact nations.
The Defence Ministers of Bulgaria and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) signed a Protocol for Co-operation on 2 April 1980. A similar agreement with Hungary was reported on 9 April 1981.
The United States has varying types of security assistance programmes in the region. Military aid to Iran ceased in February-August 1979. Aid continues on a grant, credit, or cash sale basis to Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Tunisia. An agreement with Oman to provide economic and military aid in exchange for permission to use Salalah and Masirah as staging bases has been concluded. An agreement with Bahrain permits the US Navy to use port facilities.
China signed a Treaty of Friendship with North Yemen in 1964 under which some economic development took place and minor arms were provided. China has also supplied arms and spare parts to Egypt under an agreement signed in 1978/9. Arms have also been supplied to Sudan.
Britain concluded treaties of friendship with Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in August 1971. Iran ended her military purchases in January 1979. Britain is now supplying arms to Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and the UAE. British military personnel are serving with Oman's forces.
France has continuing arms supply arrangements with Morocco and Sudan, and has supplied arms, equipment and ammunition to a number of countries including Abu Dhabi, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia.
The United Nations withdrew the 4,000-man United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) from the Sinai on 24 July 1979; its duties were assumed by the United Nations Truce Supervisory Organization (UNTSO), 298 officers, which has been active in the region since 1949.
The United Nations also deploys in the Golan Heights the 1,279-man Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), made up of contingents from Austria, Canada, Finland and Poland.
The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) consists of some 6,000 men from Eire, France, Fiji, Ghana, Italy, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Senegal and Sweden.
Arrangements within the Region
Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, the PLO, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia and North and South Yemen are members of the League of Arab States (Egypt's membership was suspended in March 1979). Among its subsidiary bodies are the Arab Supreme Defence Council, comprising Foreign and Defence Ministers (set up in 1950), the Permanent Military Committee of army general staffs (1950), which is an advisory body, and the Unified Arab Command (1964).
Syrian forces, which had entered the fighting in Lebanon in April 1976, and which then totalled some 13,000, were augmented by a symbolic Lebanon Peace-keeping Force of Libyan, Saudi and Sudanese troops. Fighting continued, and a 30,000-man Arab Deterrent Force, mostly Syrian, was approved at Riyadh on 18 October 1976. Subsequently this Force also included forces from Lebanon, Kuwait, the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA), Sudan and the UAE. All but the Syrian and the PLA contingents have now been withdrawn.
Egypt concluded a defence pact with Syria in November 1966, and with Jordan in May and Iraq in June 1967. These established a Joint Defence Council and a Joint Command. The loosely-associated Eastern Front Command, set up by Iraq, Jordan and Syria in March 1969, disappeared in December 1970. Iraq and Syria concluded defence pacts in May 1968 and July 1969, and a third, calling for full military union, in October 1978. Little of substance resulted, and unification seems to have been abandoned following a dispute in July 1979. Jordan and Syria later set up a joint consultative body - now presumed to be in abeyance - to co-ordinate military policy. The Federation of Arab Republics, formed by Libya, Syria and Egypt in April 1971, provided for a common defence policy and a Federal Defence Council, and an Egyptian was appointed Commander-in-Chief of all Federation Forces in January 1973. This agreement was not actively implemented and must be presumed to be in abeyance. Libya and Syria have been discussing a merger since September 1980 but its present status is obscure.
Algeria and Libya signed a defence agreement in December 1975, and Egypt another with Sudan in January 1977. A 1977 agreement between Mauritania and Morocco was abrogated in August 1979. An understanding between Saudi Arabia and Iraq is believed to have been signed in 1979. Jordan and Iraq ratified a Defence agreement in March 1981. The Gulf Cooperative Council, created in May 1981 by Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE, may eventually develop a mutual defence structure.
Arms movements in the region are complex. Egypt has supplied arms to Morocco, Sudan and Iraq. Algeria and Libya reportedly supply arms to Polisario guerrillas and most countries have supplied arms to the Palestinian guerrillas. In some cases a third nation funds the recipient's foreign arms purchases.
In 1975 an Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI)was set up in Egypt to encourage indigenous Arab arms production. Initially under the aegis of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the UAE and Sudan, this project was ended following Egypt's rapprochement with Israel. Egypt is attempting to continue it with British and US support.
In 1979 Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE agreed to set up an $8-bn arms industry in the UAE to replace the AOI.
Ближний Восток и Северная Африка
Двусторонние соглашения с внешними державами
Советский Союз подписал пятнадцатилетний договор о дружбе и сотрудничестве с Ираком в апреле 1972 года и еще одно соглашение в декабре 1978 года. Аналогичный договор был подписан с Сирией 8 октября 1980 года. Договор о дружбе и сотрудничестве, подписанный с Южным Йеменом в октябре 1979 года, был ратифицирован в феврале 1980 года. Советские военно-морские части используют объекты Адена. Все три страны получили значительные поставки оружия. Несмотря на это, Ирак стремится расширить свои контакты с Западом, особенно с Францией и Италией, и утвердиться в качестве крупной неприсоединившейся страны. Советский Союз также продавал оружие Алжиру, Кувейту, Ливии, Марокко, Судану и Йеменской Арабской Республике (Северный Йемен). Египет подписал договор о дружбе и сотрудничестве с Советским Союзом в мае 1971 года и отменил его в марте 1976 года; с тех пор Советский Союз, ранее являвшийся крупным поставщиком, не осуществлял значительных поставок оружия Египту. Некоторые поставки все еще могут поступать из других стран Варшавского договора.
2 апреля 1980 года министры обороны Болгарии и йеменской Народно-Демократической Республики (Южный Йемен) подписали Протокол о сотрудничестве. Аналогичное соглашение с Венгрией было заключено 9 апреля 1981 года.
В Соединенных Штатах существуют различные виды программ помощи в области безопасности в регионе. Военная помощь Ирану прекратилась в феврале-августе 1979 года. Помощь продолжает предоставляться на безвозмездной, кредитной или кассовой основе Египту, Израилю, Иордании, Кувейту, Ливану, Марокко, Саудовской Аравии, Судану и Тунису. Было заключено соглашение с Оманом о предоставлении экономической и военной помощи в обмен на разрешение использовать Салалу и Масиру в качестве плацдармов. Соглашение с Бахрейном разрешает ВМС США использовать портовые сооружения.
В 1964 году Китай подписал договор о дружбе с Северным Йеменом, в соответствии с которым произошло некоторое экономическое развитие и было предоставлено незначительное оружие. Китай также поставляет оружие и запасные части Египту в соответствии с соглашением, подписанным в 1978/9 году. Оружие также поставлялось в Судан.
Великобритания заключила договоры о дружбе с Бахрейном, Катаром и Объединенными Арабскими Эмиратами (ОАЭ) в августе 1971 года. Иран прекратил военные закупки в январе 1979 года. Великобритания сейчас поставляет оружие Бахрейну, Египту, Иордании, Кувейту, Оману, Катару, Саудовской Аравии, Судану и ОАЭ. Британские военнослужащие несут службу в Вооруженных силах Омана.
Франция продолжает заключать соглашения о поставках оружия с Марокко и Суданом и поставляет оружие, оборудование и боеприпасы в ряд стран, включая Абу-Даби, Египет, Ирак, Кувейт, Ливию, Катар, Саудовскую Аравию и Тунис.
24 июля 1979 года Организация Объединенных Наций вывела из Синайского полуострова чрезвычайные силы Организации Объединенных Наций (UNEF) численностью 4000 человек; ее обязанности взяла на себя 298 офицеров Организации Объединенных Наций по наблюдению за выполнением условий перемирия (UNTSO), которая действует в регионе с 1949 года.
Организация Объединенных Наций также развертывает на Голанских высотах силы наблюдателей за разъединением численностью 1279 человек (UNDOF) в составе контингентов из Австрии, Канады, Польши и Финляндии.
Временные силы Организации Объединенных Наций в Ливане (UNIFIL) состоят примерно из 6000 военнослужащих из Ганы, Италии, Непала, Нигерии, Нидерландов, Норвегии, Сенегала, Фиджи, Франции и Швеции.
Организации в регионе
Алжир, Бахрейн, Джибути, Иордания, Ирак, Йемен, Катар, Кувейт, Ливан, Ливия, Мавритания, Марокко, Оман, ООП, Саудовская Аравия, Сомали, Сирия, Тунис и Северный и Южный Йемен являются членами Лиги арабских государств (членство Египта было приостановлено в марте 1979 года). К числу его вспомогательных органов относятся арабский Высший совет обороны в составе министров иностранных дел и обороны (создан в 1950 году), постоянный военный комитет Генерального штаба армии (1950 год), который является консультативным органом, и Объединенное арабское командование (1964 год).
Сирийские силы, вступившие в боевые действия в Ливане в апреле 1976 года и насчитывавшие в то время около 13 000 человек, были усилены символическими ливанскими миротворческими силами ливийских, саудовских и суданских войск. Продолжение боев, и 30000 человек межарабских сил, в основном из Сирии, были одобрен в Эр-Рияде 18 октября 1976 года. Впоследствии в состав этих сил также вошли силы из Ливана, Кувейта, Армии Освобождения Палестины (НОАК), Судана и ОАЭ. Все контингенты, кроме сирийского и НОАК, сейчас выведены.
Египет заключил пакт обороны с Сирией в ноябре 1966 года, и с Иорданией в мае и Ираком в июне 1967 года. Они создали совместный совет обороны и Объединенное командование. Свободно ассоциированное командование Восточного фронта, созданное Ираком, Иорданией и Сирией в марте 1969 года, исчезло в декабре 1970 года. Ирак и Сирия заключили договоры об обороне в мае 1968 года и июле 1969 года, а третий, призывающий к полному военному союзу, - в октябре 1978 года. Практически ничего существенного не произошло, и объединение, похоже, было прекращено после спора в июле 1979 года. Позднее Иордания и Сирия создали совместный консультативный орган , который, как предполагается, в настоящее время бездействует , для координации военной политики. Федерация арабских республик, образованная Ливией, Сирией и Египтом в апреле 1971 года, предусматривала общую оборонную политику и Федеральный Совет обороны, а в январе 1973 года главнокомандующим всеми силами Федерации был назначен египтянин. Это соглашение не осуществлялось активно и, как следует полагать, его действие приостановлено. Ливия и Сирия обсуждают слияние с сентября 1980 года, но его нынешний статус неясен.
Алжир и Ливия подписали соглашение об обороне в декабре 1975 года, а Египет - еще одно соглашение с Суданом в январе 1977 года. Соглашение 1977 года между Мавританией и Марокко было аннулировано в августе 1979 года. Считается, что соглашение между Саудовской Аравией и Ираком было подписано в 1979 году. Иордания и Ирак ратифицировали соглашение об обороне в марте 1981 года. В ССАГПЗ, создан в мае 1981 года Бахрейн, Кувейт, Оман, Катар, Саудовская Аравия и ОАЭ, со временем может развиться взаимная оборонительная структура.
Перемещения оружия в регионе носят сложный характер. Египет поставляет оружие Марокко, Судану и Ираку. Согласно сообщениям, Алжир и Ливия поставляют оружие повстанцам Полисарио, а большинство стран поставляют оружие палестинским партизанам. В некоторых случаях третье государство финансирует иностранные закупки оружия.
В 1975 году в Египте была создана арабская организация по индустриализации (AOI) в целях поощрения местного арабского производства оружия. Первоначально под эгидой Саудовской Аравии, Катара, ОАЭ и Судана этот проект был завершен после сближения Египта с Израилем. Египет пытается продолжить его при поддержке Великобритании и США.
В 1979 году Ирак, Кувейт, Катар, Саудовская Аравия и ОАЭ согласились создать в ОАЭ оружейную промышленность стоимостью 8 млрд. долл.
ALGERIA
Population: 19,330,000.
Military service: 6 months.
Total armed forces: 101,000.
Estimated GDP 1980: $40.68 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 3.50 bn dinars ($914m). $1=3.38 dinars (1981), 4.04 dinars(1980).
Army: 90,000.
5 Military Regions.
1 armd bde.
2 mech bdes.
4 mot inf bdes.
1 AB/special force bde.
1 SSM bde.
3 indep tk bns.
58 indep inf bns.
2 para bns.
5 indep arty bns.
11 AD bns.
4 engr bns.
12 coys desert troops.
200 T-54/-55, 400 T-62, 50 T-72 med, 50 AMX-13 lt tks;
50 AML-60, 200 BRDM-2 armd cars; 300 BMP-1 MICV, 830 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152 APC;
340 85mm, 140 SU-100 SP, 122mm incl ISU-122 and 152mm SP guns; 122mm, M-1974 152mm how and 152mm guns/how;
85 BM-21 122mm, 140mm and 240mm MRL; 50 FROG-4/-7 SSM;
230 75mm, 76mm and 85mm ATK guns; 180 120mm and 160mm mor, Sagger ATGW;
440 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm, 130mm towed, 100 ZSU-23-4 and ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; SA-7, 30 SA-6/-9 SAM.
RESERVES: up to 100,000.
Navy: 4,000.
1 Koni-class frigate with 2 SA-N-4 SAM.
2 Nanuchka-class corvettes with 4 SS-N-2bisSSM.
6 ex-Sov SO-1 large patrol craft.
17 ex-Sov FAC(M) with Styx SSM: 3 Osa-I, 8 Osa-II, 6 Komar<.
6 ex-Sov P-6 FAC(T) (2 unarmed trg).
2 ex-Sov T-43 ocean minesweepers (in reserve).
1 ex-Sov Polnocny LCT.
Bases: Algiers, Annaba, Mers el Kebir.
Coastguard: 2 P-6 FAC(T), 16 Baglietto FAC(G) (6 Gemini 36, 10 Type 20<).
Air Force: 7,000; 295 combat aircraft, 20 armed hel.
1 lt bbr sqn with 13 Il-28.
6 FGA sqns: 2 with 20 Su-7BM; 2 with 60 MiG-17; 2 with 20 MiG-23BM, some 6 Su-20 (Fitter C), 8 MiG-19.
4 interceptor sqns with 90 MiG-21MF, 15 MiG-25 Foxbat A.
1 recce sqn with 10 MiG-25R Foxbat B.
1 COIN sqn with 26 Magister.
1 MR sqn with 12 F-27 (Navy-assigned).
1 ocu with 15 MiG-15.
1 tpt sqn with 8 An-12, 2 Il-18, 1 Mystere Falcon, 1 Caravelle.
6 hel sqns with 4 Mi-6, 28 Mi-4, 12 Mi-8, 20 Mi-24, 5 Puma, 6 Hughes 269A, 2 Alouette II.
Other ac incl 12 King Air, 2 Super King Air T-200T (MR), 3 Queen Air, 2 CL-215.
Trainers incl MiG-15/-17/-21UTI, Su-7U, 2 MiG-23U, 2 MiG-25U, 6 T-34C, 12 Sierra.
1 SAM regt: 18 SA-2.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
(In store: 11 Il-28).
Para-Military Forces: 10,000 Gendarmerie.
BAHRAIN
Population: 400,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Estimated GDP 1979: $1.7 bn.
Total armed forces: 2,500.
Defence expenditure 1981: $51.0 m dinars ($135m). $1 =0.377 dinars (1981), 0.384 dinars (1979).
Army: 2,300.
1 inf bn.
1 armd car sqn.
1 arty bty.
1 air wing.
8 Saladin armd, 8 Ferret scout cars; 110 Panhard (AML-90 armd cars, M-3APC); AT-105 APC;
8 105mm lt guns; 6 81mm mor; 6 120mm RCL; 6 RBS-70SAM; 10AB-212 hel.
Navy: (Coastguard): 200.
2 Lurssen 38-metre FAC(G).
13 coastal patrol craft.
1 hovercraft.
2 landing craft: 1Loadmaster, 1 60-ft.
(On order. 2 Lurssen TNC-45 FAC (M) with Exocet SSM.)
Para-Military Forces: 2,500 Police; 2 Scout, 3 Bo-105, 2 Hughes 500D hel.
EGYPT
Population: 43,190,000.
Military service: 1 year (selective).
Total armed forces: 367,000 (255,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1979: $17.8 bn.
Defence expenditure 1979-80: £E 1.5 bn ($2.17 bn). $1=£E 0.692 (1979, 1981).
Army: 235,000 (180,000 conscripts).
2 corps HQ.
3 armd divs (each with 1 armd, 2 mech bdes).
2 mech inf divs.
5 inf divs (each with 2 inf bdes).
1 Republican Guard Brigade (div).
2 indep armd bdes.
5 indep inf bdes.
2 airmobile bdes.
1 para bde.
4 arty bdes.
2 hy mor bdes.
1 ATGW bde.
6 cdo gps.
2 SSM regts (14 FROG-7, 10 Scud).
AFV: 850 T-54/-55, 750 T-62, 60 M-60A3 med, 30 PT-76 lt tks; 300 BRDM-1/-2 scout cars; 200 BMP-1 MICV, 2,500 OT-62/-64,
BTR-40/-50/-60-152, Walid, 50 M-113A2 APC.
Arty: 1,500 85mm, 100mm, incl 200 SU-100, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm, incl SU-152 and 180mm guns; 122mm and 152mm how;
300 120mm, 160mm and 240mm mor; about 300 122mm (including Saqr 30), 132mm, 140mm and 240mm RL;
14 FROG-7, 10 Scud B SSM.
ATK: 900 57mm incl SP, 76mm and 100mm guns; 900 82mm and 107mm RCL;
1,000 Sagger, Snapper, Swatter, Milan, Beeswing, Swingfire and TOW ATGW.
AD: 350 ZSU-23-4 and ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; 250 SA-7/-9, 20 Crotale SAM*
(*Spares for Soviet equipment are scarce: active holdings being reduced to 1/3 of listed total;
replacement or reconstruction using Western material planned.)
(On order 251 M-60A3 med tks; 1,000 M-113A2 APC; 100 Kuerassier SP ATK. guns; 52 M-901 SP TOW ATGW AFV;
100M-106A2 and M-125A2 mor carriers; 73 TOW launchers, 1,282 msls, Swingfire ATGW.)
RESERVES: about 300,000.
Navy: 20,000 (15,000 conscripts).*
9 ex-Sov submarines: 5 W- (may be unserviceable), 4 R-class.
5 destroyers: 4 ex-Sov Skory (1 with twin Styx SSM), 1 ex-Br Z-class.
3 ex-Br frigates: 1 Black Swan, 1 Hunt, 1 River (submarine spt ship).
20 FAC(M): 8 ex-Sov Osa-1 with SA-7 SAM, Styx SSM; 4 Komar< (3 with Styx SSM); 6 October 6 (P-6)<, and 2 Ramadan< with Otomat SSM.
12 ex-Sov SO-1 large patrol craft.
20 ex-Sov FAC(T): 2 Shershen, 14 P-6<, 4 P-4<.
4 ex-Sov Shershen FAC(G).
14 ex-Sov minesweepers: 10 ocean (6 T-43, 4 Yurka), 4 inshore (2 T-301,2 K-8).
3 SRN-6 hovercraft.
3 ex-Sov Polnocny LCT.
14 ex-Sov LCU (10 Vydra,4 SMB1), 10 LCM.
1 ASW hel sqn with 6 Sea King Mk 47.
(On order: 4 Ramadan FAC(M), 14 SRN-6 hovercraft, 12 Sea Spectre, 6 Aztec' patrol craft,
Otomat SSM.)
Coastal defence unit (Army manpower, Navy control): 130mm guns; 30 Otomat and Samlet SSM.
Bases: Alexandria, Port Said, Mersa Matruh, Port Tewfiq, Hurghada, Safaqa.
RESERVES: about 15,000.
Air Force: 27,000 (10,000 conscripts): about 290 combat ac, 60 armed hel.
1 bbr regt with 16 Tu-16 (some with AS-5 ASM).
5 FGA regts: 2 with 35 F-4E, 35 Ch F-6; 2 with 42 MiG-17, 47 Su-7BM; 1 with 46 Mirage IIIDE, 50 Mirage 5.
4 hel sqns with 60 Gazelle{HOT ATGW).
1 recce sqn with 4 Mirage 5SDR, 13 MiG-21R.
ELINT ac: 2 EC-130H.
1 tpt bde of 5 sqns with 19 C-130H, 19 Il-14, 10 An-12, 1Falcon, 1 Boeing 707, 1 Boeing 737.
8 utility hel sqns with 20 Mi-4, 12 Mi-6, 55 Mi-8, 29 Commando.
Trainers incl 50 MiG-15UTI, 100 L-29, 60 Gomhouria, 36 Yak-11, Wilga 35/80, Ch FT-6, 5 Mirage 5SDD.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, R-530, Sparrow, Sidewinder.
ASM: AS-1 Kennel, AS-5 Kelt, Maverick, HOT.
(Further ac in reserve incl up to 50 MiG-21, 20 MiG-23S/U, 80 MiG-17, 60 Su-7, 40 Su-20, 53 F-6, 6 An-12.)
(On order: 40 F-16A/B, 16 Mirage 5, F-7 fighters; 30 Alpha Jet (8 FGA, 22 trg), 6 C-130H tpt ac;
15 CH-47, 20 Gazelle hel; Sparrow, Sidewinder AAM; Maverick ASM.)
RESERVES: about 20,000.
Air Defence Command: 85,000 (50,000 conscripts); 160 combat ac.
3 interceptor regts: 10 sqns with 160 MiG-21MF/U.
2 AD divs: regional bdes:
100 msl and AA bns, radar bns; some 80 SA-2, 65 SA-3 sites. 360 SA-2, 200 SA-3, 75 SA-6, Crotale SAM;
2,500 20mm, 23mm, 37mm, 40mm, 57mm, 85mm and 100mm AA guns;
missile, gun and EW radars.*
(On order Ch CSA-1, 12 btys Improved HAWK SAM.)
Forces Abroad: Morocco, Oman, Sudan, Somalia, Zaire.
Para-Military Forces: 139,000: National Guard, 60,000; Frontier Corps, 12,000; Defence and Security, 60,000;
Coast Guard, 7,000; 3 Nisr, 2 PO-2, 6 Bertram patrol boats, 2 fast launches.
IRAN
Population: 39,665,000.
Military service: 24 months.
Total armed forces: 195,000.
Estimated GNP 1979: $81.7 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 300 bn rials ($4.2 bn). $1 = 71.5 rials (1980), 70.5 rials (1979).
Army: 150,000 (100,000 conscripts). (Losses and low serviceability make eqpt estimates tentative only.)
4 armd 'divs' (at least 2 are bdes).
4 inf 'divs' (at least 2 are bdes).
1 AB 'div' (hel-borne bde).
4 SAM bns with HAWK.
Army Aviation Command.
620 Chieftain Mk 3/5, 390 M-47/-48, 400 M-60A1 med, 220 Scorpion lt tks; BMP MICV, about 240 M-113, 400 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152 APC;
some 1,000 75mm pack, 85mm, M-101 105mm, 130mm towed, M-107 175mm SP guns, M-114 towed, M-109 SP 155mm,
M-115 towed, M-110 SP 203mm how; 65 BM-21 122mm MRL; 81mm, 4.2-in, 120mm mor;
57mm, 75mm, 106mm RCL; ENTAC, SS-11/-12, Dragon, TOW ATGW;
1,800 ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP 23mm, ZSU-57-2 SP 57mm, 75mm and 85mm AA guns; HAWK/Improved HAWK SAM.
Ac incl 40 Cessna 185, 6 Cessna 310, 10 O-2A, 2 F-27, 5 Shrike Commander, 2 Falcon.
Hel incl 175 AH-1J, 295 Bell 214A, 35 AB-205A, 15 AB-206, 80 CH-47C.
RESERVES: 400,000.
Navy: 10,000, incl naval air and marines.
3 destroyers with quad Standard SSM; 1 ex-Br Battle with quad Seacat SAM, 2 ex-US Sumner with 1 hel.
4 Saam frigates with quad Seakiller SSM, triple Seacat SAM.
4 ex-US PF-103 corvettes.
7 Kaman (La Combattante II) FAC(M) with 4 Harpoon SSM.
7 large patrol craft: 3 Improved PGM-71,4 Cape.
3 ex-US coastal, 2 inshore minesweepers.
14 hovercraft: 8 SRN-6, 6 BH-7.
2 landing ships, 1 ex-US LCU.
1 replenishment, 2 fleet supply, 2 landing ships.
3 marine bns.
(On order 5 La Combattante FAC(M).)
Bases: Bandar Lengel (Abbas), Booshehr, Kharg Island, Bandar-e-EnzIi.
NAVAL AIR: 2 combat ac, 13 armed hel.*
1 MR sqn with 2 P-3F Orion.
1 ASW hel sqn with 7 SH-3D.
1 MCM hel sqn with 6 RH-53D.
1 tpt sqn with 4 Shrike Commander, 4 F-27, 1 Mystere 20.
Hel incl 7 AB-212.
Air Force: 35,000; some 100 combat ac*
10 FGA sqns with 90 F-4D/E (perhaps 50 serviceable).
8 FGA sqns with F-5E/F.
4 interceptor/FGA sqns with 77 F-14A (perhaps 9 serviceable).
1 recce sqn with RF-4E.
2 tanker/tpt sqns with 12 Boeing 707, 8 Boeing 747.
5 tpt sqns: 4 with 54 C-130E/H; 1 with 18 F-27, 2 Aero Commander 690,4 Falcon 20.
Hel: 10 HH-34F, 10 AB-206A, 5 AB-212, 39 Bell 214C, 2 CH-47C, 16 Super Frelon,2 S-61A4.
Trainers incl 45 F33A/C Bonanza, 9 T-33.
AAM: Phoenix, Sidewinder, Sparrow. ASM: AS-12, Maverick.
5 SAM sqns with Rapier, 25 Tigercat.
Para-Military Forces: 75,000. Gendarmerie;
Revolutionary Guards Pasdaran (40,000); Mujaheddin (30,000); Mostazabin (Guards); Border Tribal Militia.
Cessna 185/310 lt ac, AB-205/-206 hel, patrol boats.
IRAQ
Population: 13,835,000.
Military service: Basic 21-24 months; extended for war.
Total armed forces: 252,250 (193,200 conscripts).
(* Losses (and in Iran's case low serviceability) make eqpt estimates tentative only.)
Estimated GNP 1979: $35.2 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 797 m dinars ($2.7 bn). $1=0.295 dinars (1979, 1980).
Army: 210,000 (180,000 conscripts).*
3 corps HQ.
4 armd divs (each with 2 armd, 1 mech bdes).
4 mech divs (each with 1 armd, 2 or more mech bdes).
4 mountain inf divs.
1 Republican Guard armd bde.
3 special forces bdes.
(Additional inf bdes reported mobilized from reserves.)
2,350 T-54/-55/-62, 150 T-72, 100 AMX-30 med, 100 PT-76 lt tks;
about 2,000 AFV, incl BRDM, FUG-70, ERC-90, Mowag Roland, EE-9 Cascavel, EE-3 Jaracara armd cars,
BMP MICV, BTR-50/-60/-152, OT-62, VCR TT, Panhard M-3, EE-11 Urutu APC:
800 85mm, 100mm SU-100 SP, 122mm incl ISU SP, 130mm guns; 122mm incl SP-74, 152mm how;
108-R 108mm, BM-21 122mm MRL; 19 FROG-7, 9 Scud B SSM; 120mm, 160mm mor;
107mm RCL; 75mm, 85mm, 100mm, 100 Kuerassier 105mm SP, EE-17 Sucuri 105 mm SP ATK guns; Sagger, SS-11, Milan ATGW;
1,200 23mm, ZSU-23-4 SP, 37mm, 57mm, ZSU-57-2 SP, 85mm, 100mm, 130mm . AA guns; SA-2/-3/-6/-7/-9 SAM.
(On order T-62, AMX-30 med tks; EE-17 Sucuri SP ATK guns; EE-9 Cascavel, EE-3 Jararaca armd cars; SP-73 152 mm SP how; Scud B SSM;
SS-11 ATGW.)
(Some captured Iranian eqpt, incl tks, AFV, arty, ATGW, may have been taken into service.)
RESERVES: 250,000.
Navy: 4,250 (3,200 conscripts).*
1 frigate (trg).
12 ex-Sov FAC(M) with 4 Styx SSM: 4 Osa-I, 8 Osa-II
5 ex-Sov large patrol craft: 3 SO-1,2 Poluchat<
10 ex-Sov P-6 FAC(T)<.
10 ex-Sov coastal patrol craft: 4 Nyryat II, PO-2<, 4 Zhuk<.
8 minesweepers: 3 Yug Nestin, 5 ex-Sov (2 T-43 ocean, 3 Yevgenya inshore).
4 ex-Sov Polnocny LCT.
(On order: 1 Yug, 4 Lupo frigates, 6 Italian 650-ton corvettes, 1 spt ship.)
Bases: Basra, Umm Qasr.
Air Force: 38,000 incl 10,000 AD personnel
(10,000 conscripts); 335 combat aircraft, some 60 armed hel.*
1 bbr sqn with 9 Tu-22.
1 lt bbr sqn with 8 Il-28.
11 FGA sqns: 4 with 75 MiG-23BM; 6 with 80 Su-20; 1 with 12 Hunter FB-59/FR-10.
5 interceptor sqns with 115 MiG-21, 32 Mirage F-1EQ.4F-1BQ.
2 tpt sqns with 20 An-2, 8 An-12, 8 An-24, 2 An-26, 12 Il-76 (6 civilian), 3 Tu-124, 13 Il-14, 2 Heron.
11 hel sqns with 35 Mi-4, 12 Mi-6, 150 Mi-8, 41 Mi-24, 47 Alouette III, 11 Super Frelon, 50 Gazelle, 13 Puma, 7 Wessex Mk 52.
Trainers incl MiG-15/-21/-23U, Su-7U, Hunter T-69, 10 Yak-11, 40 L-29, 24 L-39, 48 AS-202/18A, 16 Flamingo, 5 PC-7 Turbo Trainer.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll. ASM: 360 HOT, AS-11/-12, AM-39, Swatter ATGW.
SAM: SA-2, SA-3,25.SA-6.
(On order: 150 MiG-23/-25/-27, 24 Mirage F-l fighters; C-160 tpts; 39 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer,
Super Frelon, 10 Gazelle, Lynx, 26 Puma, Bo-105, Mi-24, 6 AS-61TS, 8 AB-212 (ASW) hel; Super 530 AAM.)
Para-Military Forces: 4,800 security troops; 250,000 People's Army, 75,000 mobilized. 100 T-34 med tks.
ISRAEL
Population: 4,000,000.
Military service: men 36 months, women 24 months (Jews and Druse only; Christians may volunteer).
Annual training for reservists thereafter up to age 54 for men, up to 38 (or marriage) for women.
Total armed forces: 172,000 (120,300 conscripts); mobilization to 400,000 in about 24 hours.
Estimated GNP 1980: $23 bn* (* Rapid inflation makes expenditure and GNP figures in local currency and dollar terms unreliable.)
Defence expenditure 1981: 62.94 bn shekels ($7.34 bn).* $1=S 8.58 (1981), S 4.03 (1980).
Army: 135,000 (110,000 conscripts, male and female), 450,000 on mobilization, incl civil defence units.
11 armd divs.
33 armd bdes (3 tk, 1 mech inf bns).
10 mech inf bdes (5 are para-trained).
12 territorial/border inf bdes with Nahal militia.
15 arty bdes (each 5 bns of 3 btys).
3,500 med tks, incl 1,100 Centurion, 650 M-48,
810 M-60, 250 T-54/-55, 150 T-62, 100 Merkava I/II;
about 4,000 AFV incl Shoet Mk 2 armd cars, RBY Ramta, BRDM-1/-2 recce veh; M-2/-3, 4,000 M-113, BTR-40/-50P(OT-62)/-60P/-152 APC;
130mm, 60 M-107 175mm SP guns; 30 M-101 105mm, 30 122mm towed,
500 155mm Sherman, Soltam M-68/-71, 120 M-109 155mm, 48 M-110 203mm SP how;
122mm, 135mm, 240mm, 290mm MRL; Lance SSM; 900 81mm, 120mm and 160mm mor (some SP);
Ze'ev (Wolf) RL; 106mm RCL; TOW, Cobra, Dragon, Picket ATGW;
2 btys with 24 Vulcan/Chaparral 20mm gun/msl systems, 900 20mm, 30mm and 40mm AA guns; Redeye SAM.
(On order 325 M-60 med tks; 800 M-113 APC; 200 M-109A1B SP 155mm how, M-107 175mm SP guns; Lance SSM; TOW, Dragon ATGW.)
Navy: 9,000 (3,300 conscripts), 10,000 on mobilization.
3 Type 206 submarines.
2 Aliya corvettes with 4 Gabriel SSM, 1 hel.
22 FAQM): 10 Reshef-with Gabriel and Harpoon SSM, 12 Saar 2/3 with 6 - 8 Gabriel.
40 coastal patrol craft<: 32 Dabur, 2 Dvora, 6 Hawk.
3 ex-US LSM, 6 LCT.
4 Seascan 1124N MR ac.
Naval cdo: 300.
(On order 2 Saar 5, 3 Reshef FACQA), Aliya corvettes, 2 Flagstaff II hydrofoils with Harpoon SSM,3 Seascan MR ac.)
Bases: Haifa, Ashdod, Sharm-el-Sheikh, Eilat.
Air Force: 28,000 (7,000 conscripts, mostly in AD), 37,000 on mobilization; 602 combat ac (incl perhaps 150 in store), 32 armed hel.
13 FGA/interceptor sqns: 1 with 25 F/TF-15, 5 with 138 F-4E, 3 with 27 Mirage IIICJ/BJ, 3 with 85 Kfir-C2; 1 with 53 F-16A/B.
6 FGA sqns with 246 A-4E/H/M/N Skyhawk (most in store).
1 recce sqn with 14 RF-4E, 2 OV-1E; 4 E-2C AEW; 2 RU-21J, 2 C-130,4 Boeing 707 ECM ac.
Tpts incl 4 Boeing 707, 22 C-130E/H, 21 C-47, 2 KC-130H (tankers), 6 Arava, 8 Islander.
Liaison: 15 Do-27, 11 Do-28D, 18 Cessna U-206, 23 Cessna 185, 3 Westwind.
Trainers incl 28 TA-4H, 50 Kfir (incl TC-2), 85 Magister, 12 Queen Air, 36 Super Cub.
Hel incl 10 Super Frelon, 33 CH-53D, 12 AH-1G/S, 29 Bell 206, 24 Bell 212, 25 UH-1D, 20 Hughes 500MD hel.
15 SAM bns with Improved HAWK.
AAM: Sidewinder,AIM-7E/F Sparrow, Shafrir.
ASM: LUZ, Maverick, Shrike, Walleye, Bullpup.
(On order. 15 F-15, 22 F-16A fighters; , 6 AH-1G/S gunships, 10 Hughes 500MD hel; 600 Maverick ASM; 600 Sidewinder AAM.)
RESERVES (all services): 504,000.
Para-Military Forces: 4,500 Border Guards; BTR-152 APC. Coastguard: 3 ex-US PBR; 3 patrol craft<
JORDAN
Population: 3,320,000.
Military service: selective conscription.
Total armed forces: 67,500 (20,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1980: $2.69 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 134 m dinars ($420 m). $1=0.319dinars (1981), 0.307 dinars (1980).
Army: 60,000.
2 armd divs. 2 mech inf divs = 4 armd, 6 mech bdes.
1 indep tk bde.
4 SP arty regts.
2 AA bdes, incl 6 SAM btys with 48 Improved HAWK SAM.
3 AB/special forces bns.
250 M-47/-48, 75 M-60, Chieftain, 191 Centurion med tks; 140 Ferret scout cars; 820 M-113, 32 Saracen APC;
17 M-59 155mm guns; 36 M-102 105mm, 38 M-114 towed, 23 M-44, 80 M-109 155mm sp, 22 M-l 15 towed, 27 M-110 SP 203mm guns/how;
400 81mm, 107mm and 120mm mor; 315 106mm and 120mm RCL; 330 TOW, 310 Dragon ATGW;
100 M-163 Vulcan 20mm, 200 M-42 40mm SP AA guns; Redeye, Improved HAWK SAM.
(On order: 278 Khalid {Chieftain), 75 M-60A3 med tks; 78 M-113 APC.)
Navy: 300.
6 patrol craft<
Base: Aqaba.
Air Force: 7,200; 84 combat aircraft.
1 FGA sqn with 28 F-5E, 4 F-5F.
3 interceptor sqns with 28 F-5E, 4 F-5F.
1 ocu with 15 F-5A, 5 F-5B.
1 tpt wing: 4 C-130B/H, 2 Sabreliner 75A, 8 C-212A Aviocar.
1 hel sqn: 15 Alouette III,4 S-76,4 Hughes 500D.
Trainers: 14 T-37C, 19 Bulldog, 1 Dove, 1 Boeing 727.
AAM: Sidewinder.
(On order: 36 Mirage F-l, 20 F-5E/F fighters; 5 Bulldog trg ac; 4 Hughes 500D, 24 AH-1Q Cobra hel with TOW.)
RESERVES: 35,000 (all services).
Para-Military Forces: 11,000. 3,500 Mobile Police Force, 7,500 Civil Militia.
KUWAIT
Population: 1,460,000.
Military service: 18 months.
Total armed forces: 12,400.
Estimated GNP 1979: $23.5 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 303 m dinars ($1.1 bn). $1 = 0.276 dinars (1980), 0.277 dinars (1979).
Army: 10,000.
2 armd bdes.
3 mech inf bns.
1 SSM bn.
70 Vickers Mk 1, 10 Centurion, 160 Chieftain med tks; 100 Saladin armd, 80 Ferret scout cars; 100 M-113, 130 Saracen APC;
10 25-pdr guns; 80 AMX Mk F-3 155mm SP how; 4 FROG-7 SSM; 81mm mor; HOT, TOW, Vigilant, Harpon ATGW; SA-6/-7 SAM.
(On order: Scorpion lt tks, 172 M-113 APC, 6 M-113 SP TOW veh, TOW ATGW.)
Navy: 500 (coastguard).
57 coastal patrol craft< (15 armed).
3 88ft landing craft.
(On order: 8 Lurssen TNC-45 FAC.)
Air Force: 1,900,* 50 combat aircraft. (* Excluding expatriate personnel.)
2 FB sqns with 30 A-4KU.
1 interceptor sqn with 18 Mirage F-1C, 2 F-1B.
Tpts: 2 DC-9, 1 L-100-20, 1 Boeing 737-200.
3 hel sqns with 24 SA-342K Gazelle, 10 Puma.
Trainers incl 2 Hunter T-67, 6 TA-4KU.
AAM: R-550 Magic, Sidewinder. ASM: Super 530, SS-11/-12.
SAM: 6 Improved HAWK launchers (50 msls).
(On order: 60 Improved HAWK msls.)
Para-Military Forces: 18,000 Police.
LEBANON
Population: 3,090,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 23,750.
Estimated GNP 1977: $2.9 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: £L 1.0 bn ($253 m). (Plus £L 3 bn ($955 m) spread over 10 years to rebuild the armed forces.)
$1=£L 3.96 (1981), £L 2.03 (1977).
Army: 22,250.*. (1,500 serve with UNIFIL.)
1 mech inf bde (1 armd recce, 3 inf bns).
(5 inf bdes forming.)
1 armd recce bn.
9 inf bns.
1 arty bn.
100 Saladin armd cars; 80 M-113, Saracen APC; 10 122mm, 18 155mm guns; 200 81mm, 83mm, 88mm RL;
106mm RCL; ENTAC, 18 Milan, TOW ATGW; 20mm, ZU-23 23mm, 30mm towed, M-42 40mm SP AA guns.
(On order: 100 AMX-13 lt tks; 228 M-113A2 APC; 18 155mm guns; 400 RPG RL.)
Navy: 250.
12 patrol craft: 1 large, 11 coastal (6 Aztec, 3 Byblos, 2 Tracker<. 1 LCU.
Air Force: 1,250; 4 armed hel.
1 hel sqn with 11 Alouette II/III, 11 AB-212, 6 Puma, 4 Gazelle (with SS-11/-12 ASM).
Trainers: 6 Bulldog, 5 Magister.
Tpts: 1 Dove, 1 Turbo-Commander 690A.
(On order 6 Gazelle hel.)
RESERVES: 11 Hunter F-70, 2 T-66, 9 Mirage IIIEL, 1 IIIBL ac, R-530 AAM, 5 Alouette hel; none serviceable.
Para-Military Forces: Internal Security Force: 7,500, 30 Commando APC.
LIBYA
Population: 3,125,000.
Military service: conscription.
Total armed forces: 55,000.
Estimated GNP 1979: $20.0 bn.
Defence expenditure 1978: 130 m Libyan dinars ($448 m). $1=0.296 dinars (1979), 0.290 dinars (1978).
Army: 45,000.
12 tk bns.
24 mech inf bns.
1 National Guard bn.
2 arty, 2 AA arty bns.
1 special forces gp.
1 SSM bn.
2,600 T-54/-55/-62/-72, 100 OF-40 (Lion) med tks;
200 BRDM-2, 100 Saladin, 300 EE-9 Cascavel armd, 140 Ferret scout cars;
250 BMP MICV, 900 BTR-40/-50/-60, OT-62/-64, 100 Urutu, Fiat 6614, 100 M-113A1 APC;
130mm guns; some 600 M-101 105mm, 122mm, M-1974 SP, 152mm, M-109 155mm SP how;
250 B-11 107mm, BM-21/RM-70 122mm and M-51 130mm MRL; 106mm RCL; 450 81mm, 120mm, 160mm and 240mm mor,
3,000 Vigilant, Milan and Sagger ATGW; 48 FROG-7, 70 Scud-B, 12 SS-12 Scaleboard SSM;
450 23mm, ZSU-23-4 SP, 30mm, L40/70, 57mm AA guns; SA-7/-9 SAM.
(On order 100 Lion (Leopard I) med tks; Fiat 6616 armd cars; 100 Urutu APC.)
Navy: 5,000.
4 ex-Sov F-class submarines.
1 Vosper Mk 7 frigate (under refit) with 4 Otomat SSM, 2 triple Seacat SAM (being replaced by Aspide SAM.)
4 Wadi M'ragh corvettes with quad Otomat SSM.
1 Vosper 440-ton corvette.
16 FAC(M): 2 La Combattante with 4 Otomat SSM,
11 ex-Sov Osa-Il with 4 Styx SSM, 3 Susa with 8 SS-12 SSM.
4 Garian,6 Thomycroft large patrol craft.
3 ex-Sov Natya minesweepers.
1 LSD(log spt/HQ), 4 PS-700 LST, 3 Polnocny LCT.
2 Thomycroft repair ships.
(On order: 1 Wadi M'ragh corvette with Otomat SSM; 8 La Combattante II, 14 SAR 33 FAC(M); 14 C-107 LCT.)
Bases: Tarabulus, Benghazi, Darnah, Tubruq, Bandiyah.
Air Force: 5,000; some 408 combat ac, 26 armed hel.* (* Some may be in storage. Soviet, Pakistani and Palestinian pilots also fly Libyan aircraft.)
1 bbr sqn with 9 Tu-22 Blinder A.
3 interceptor sqns and 1 ocu with 16 Mirage F-1ED, 6 F-1BD, 50 MiG-23 Flogger E, 45 MiG-25 Foxbat A, 80 MiG-21.
5 FGA sqns and ocu with 31 Mirage 5D/DE, 13 5DD, 16 Mirage F-1AD, 50 MiG-23BM Flogger F, 14 MiG-23U, 5 MiG-25U,
some 30 Su-22 Fitter C/F.
1 COIN sqn with 30 J-1 Jastreb.
1 recce sqn with 7 Mirage 5DR, 6 MiG-25R (Soviet crews).
1 army observation sqn with 10 Cessna O-1.
2 tpt sqns with 7 C-130H, 1 Boeing 707, 2 G-222, 2 Mystere-Falcon, 2 C-140 Jetstar, 2 CL-44, 5 Il-76, 1 Corvette 200,2 King Air.
4 hel sqns with 10 Alouette III, 9 AB-47, 5 AB-206, 1 AS-61A, 2 AB-212, 4 Super Frelon (SAR), 20 CH-47C, 20 Mi-2, 2 Mi-8, 26 Mi-24.
2 trg sqns with 61 Galeb.
Trainers incl 2 Tu-22 Blinder D, 33 L-39, 12 Magister, 120 SF-260WL.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, R-550 Magic. ASM: Swatter ATGW.
3 SAM bdes with 30 Crotale (60 systems), 300 SA-2/-3/-6 SAM.
(On order 18 G-222, 10 Twin Otter tpts; 70 SF-260 trainers; Gazelle, 2 A-109 hel; Super 530 AAM.)
Forces Abroad: Chad (3,500).
Para-Military Forces: Pan-African Legion (5,000); Muslim Youth. Militia cav div forming.
MOROCCO
Population: 21,580,000.
Military service: 18 months.
Total armed forces: 120,000.
Estimated GNP 1979: $15.2 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 4.7 bn dirham ($1.2 bn). $1 = 4.72 dirham (1981), 3.95 dirham (1979).
Army: 107,000.
7 armd groups.
12 mech inf regts.
1 light security bde.
1 para bde.
1 AA bde.
9 arty groups.
2 Royal Guard bns.
9 camel corps bns.
2 desert cav bns.
1 mountain bn.
3 cdo bns.
8 engr bns.
4 armd car sqns.
150 M-48, 30 T-54 med, 80 AMX-13 lt tks;
650 armd cars, incl 36 EBR-75, 30 AMX-10RC, 100 AML-90 and M-8;
364 M-113, 240 VAB, 40 M-3 half-track, 70 OT-62/-64, 30 UR-416, Ratel, M-3 APC;
M-116 75mm, 76mm, 40
85mm, 40 SU-100 100mm SP, 40 105mm, 12 130mm, 152mm, 20 M-114 155mm towed,
24 AMX-105 105mm, 36 AMX-155, 36 M-109 155mm SP how; 360 81mm, 70 82mm, 320 120mm mor; 36 BM-21 122mm MRL;
20 M-56 90mm, 121 Kuerassier 105mm SP ATK guns; 75mm, 106mm RCL; Strim-S9, ENTAC, Dragon, TOW ATGW;
100 20mm, 37mm, 57mm and 100mm AA guns; SA-7, 10 Chaparral, Crotale SAM;
4 Alouette II, 3 Gazelle,6 A-109 hel.
(On order: 108 M-60 med tks, AML-90, 170 AMX 10RC, Eland armd cars; 160 VAB APC; 40 M-163 Vulcan20mm SP AA.)
Navy: 5,000 (600 naval infantry).
2 PR-72 FAC(G).
3 large patrol craft.
17 coastal patrol craft.
1 minesweeper.
4 landing ships (3 Batrat).
1 naval inf bn.
(On order: 1 Descubierta frigate; 4 Lazaga FAC(M) with Exocet.)
Bases: Casablanca, Safi, Agadir, Kenitra, Tangier.
Air Force: 8,000; 75 combat aircraft.* (* 2 MiG-15, 12 MiG-17 FGA in storage,)
4 FGA sqns, 1 with 12 F-5A, 2 F-5B, 1 RF-5A; 3 with 28 MrageF-1CH.
1 coin/recce sqn with 22 Magister, 10 OV-10.
1 tpt sqn with 10 C-130H, 1 Gulfstream, 5 King Air, 3 Do-28D, 8 Broussard.
2 hel sqns with 34 AB-205A, 5 AB-206, 13 AB-212, 33 Puma, 4 HH-43B SAR, 11 CH-47C.
Trainers: 11 T-34C, 11 AS-201/18 Bravo, 28 SF-260M, 7 Alpha Jet.
AAM: Sidewinder, R-550 Magic.
(On order 20 F-5E fighters; 17 Alpha Jet trg ac; 7 Do-28D, 7 C-130H tpts; 24 Gazelle, 19 AB-206 hel; Maverick ASM.)
Forces Abroad: Equatorial Guinea: 400.
Para-Military Forces: 30,000, incl 11,000 Surete Rationale with 2 Rallye ac; 5 Alouette II/III, 3 Lama, 6 Gazelle, 6 Puma hel.
OMAN
Population: 930,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 14,500. (Excluding expatriate personnel.)
Estimated GNP 1978: $2.6 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 304 rial omani ($879 m). $1=0.346 rial (1980), 0.345 rial (1978).
Army: 11,500.
2 bde HQ.
1 Royal Guard bde.
3 arty regts (2 lt, 1 med).
1 sigs regt.
1 armd car regt (2 armd car, 1 tk sqns).
8 inf bns.
1 special force.
1 engr sqn.
3 para sqn.
6 M-60A1, 12 Chieftain (on lease) med tks; 36 Saladin armd cars;
25 25-pdr, 36 105mm, 12 130mm guns; 12 155mm SP how; 81mm, 4.2-in, 120mm mor; TOW ATGW, 4 ZU-23-2 AA guns.
Navy: 1,000.
3 corvettes (1 Royal Yacht, 2 ex-Neth Wildervank).
2 Brooke Marine FAC(M) with 2 Exocet SSM.
4 FAC(G).
1 log spt ship (amph).
5 LCU.
(On order: 3 Province FAC(M) with Exocet, 4 25-metre FAC(p), 3 Skima-12 hovercraft, 1 LCM.)
Bases: Muscat, Raysut.
Air Force: 2,000; f 38 combat aircraft.
1 FGA/recce sqn with 12 Hunter FGA-6, 4 T-7.
1 FGA sqn with 8 Jaguar S(O) Mk 1, 2 T-2.
1 coin/trg sqn with 12 BAC-167.
3 tpt sqns: 1 with 3 BAC-111,1 Falcon 10; 2 with 7 Defender, 15 Skyvan, 1 C-130H.
Royal fit with 1 Gulfstream, 1 VC-10 tpts, 2 AS-202 Bravo trainers; 4 AB-212 hel.
1 hel sqn with 16 AB-205, 2 AB-206, 5 AB-214B.
2 AD sqns with 28 Rapier SAM.
(On order: 12 Jaguar FGA; 1 C-130H, 2 DHC-5D tpts; 28 Blindfire radar; 250 Sidewinder AAM.)
Para-Military Forces: 3,300 tribal Home Guard (Firqats). Police Marine Wing: 5 75-ft patrol boats;
Air Wing: 1 Learjet, 2 Turbo-Porter, 2 Merlin IVA, 2 Buffalo ac, 5 AB-205, 3 AB-206 hel.
QATAR
Population: 230,000.
Total armed forces: 9,700.
Estimated GNP 1979: $5 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 2.2 bn ryal (S59.5 m). $1=3.70 ryal (1980), 3.87 ryal (1979).
Army: 9,000.
1 tk bn.
1 Guards inf bn.
3 inf bns.
1 arty bn.
24 AMX-30 med tks; 10 Ferrer scout cars; 30 AMX-10P MICV, 25 Saracen APC; 8 25-pdr guns, 6 155mm how; 81mm mor.
(On order: HAWK SAM.)
Navy: 400, incl Marine Police.
6 Vosper Thornycroft large patrol craft.
29 coastal patrol craft< (2 75-ft, 2 45-ft, 25 Spear).
2 Interceptor fast assault/SAR craft.
(On order 3 La Combattante FAC(M) with Exocet SSM; 3 Exocet coast defence systems.)
Base: Doha.
Air Force: 300; 9 combat aircraft.
3 Mirage F-1, 2 Hunter FGA-6, 1 T-79, 3 Alpha-Jet.
2 Whirlwind, 4 Commando, 2 Gazelle, 3 Lynx hel.
SAM: Tigercat.
(On order: 11 Mirage F-1, 3 Alpha Jet fighter/trg ac; Puma hel.)
SAUDI ARABIA
Population: 10,395,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 51,700.
Estimated GNP 1979: $94.6 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981-2: 92.5 bn riyals ($27.7 bn). $1=3.34 riyals (1981), 3.77 riyals (1979).
Army: 35,000
2 armd bdes.
2 mech bdes.
2 inf bdes.
1 Royal Guard Regt (3 bns).
4 arty bns.
2 para bns.
18 AA arty btys.
16 SAM btys with Improved HAWK (Air Force assigned).
480 AMX-30, 150 M-60A1 med tks; 250 AML-60/-90 armd, Ferret, 100 Fox scout cars; 250 AMX-10P, 1,000 M-113, Panhard M-3 APC;
54 Model 56 105mm pack, M-101 105mm, M-114 towed and GCT 155mm SP how; 81mm, M-30 107mm mor;
75mm RCL; Vigilant, SS-11, TOW, Dragon ATGW;
M-163 Vulcan 20mm, AMX-30 30mm, 46 35mm, M-42 40mm SP AA guns; Redeye, 6 Shahine/Crotale, HAWK SAM.
(On order 170 AMX-30 med tks; 150 M-60A3 conversion kits; Engesa armd cars; 40 35mm SP AA guns; Redeye, 6 Shahine/Crotale SAM.)
Navy: 2,200.
3 PCG-1 corvettes with 8 Harpoon SSM.
1 large patrol craft (ex-US coastguard cutter).
5 PGG-1 FAC(M)with 2 twin Harpoon SSM.
3 Jaguar FAC(T).
53 coastal patrol craft<
4 MSC-322 coastal minesweepers.
4 ex-US LCU. 8 ex-US LCM-6.
(On order 4 frigates with Otomat SSM, Crotale SAM; 1 PCG-1 corvette with 8 Harpoon; 4 PGG-1 FAC(M) with 2 twin Harpoon SSM;
2 log spt ships; 2 Atlantic II MR ac; 24 AS-365N Dauphine 2 hel (4 SAR, 20 with AS-15TT ASM).)
Bases: Jiddah, Al Qatif/Jubail, Ras Tanura, Damman, Yanbo, Ras al Mishab.
Air Force: 14,500; 139 combat aircraft.
3 FGA sqn s with 65 F-5E.
1 interceptor sqn with 15 Lightning F-53,2 T-55.
3 ocu with 24 F-5F, 16 F-5B, 17 Lightning F-53/T-55.
2 tpt sqns with 34 C-130E, 25 C-130H,
8 KC-130H, 2 Jetstar, CASA C-212.
2 hel sqns with 12 AB-206, 12 AB-205, 10 AB-212.
Other ac incl 1 Boeing 707, 2 Falcon 20 tpts, 2 Alouette III, 1 AB-206, 1 Bell 212, 2 AS-61A, 6 KV-107 hel.
Trainers: 39 BAC-167, 12 Cessna 172G/H/L.
2 AD btys: 1 with HAWK; 1 with 6 Shahine/Crotale (18 msls).
AAM: Red Top, Firestreak, Sidewinder, R-530, R-550 Magic. ASM: Maverick.
(On order. 47 F-l5 fighters; 15 TF-15 trainers; 1 Boeing 747, 20 CASA C-212-200 tpts; 660 Sidewinder AAM; 916 Maverick ASM.)
Para-Military Forces:
National Guard (30,000): bde HQ; 4 all-arms, 16 regular inf, 24 irregular inf bns, 1 ceremonial car sqn, spt units:
240 V-150 Commando APC, M-102 105mm how, 81mm mor, 106mm RCL, TOW ATGW, 20mm Vulcan, 90mm AA guns.
(On order: 489 Commando APC.)
Counter-terrorist unit (Ministry of Interior): hel; 6,500 Frontier Force and Coastguard; 90 small patrol boats, 8 SRN-6 hovercraft.
(On order MM-40 Exocet SSM.)
General Civil Defence Administration units.
SUDAN
Population: 19,310,000.
Military service: conscription.
Total armed forces: 71,000.
Estimated GDP 1979: $5.6 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: £S 122.7 m ($245 m). $1=£S 0.50 (1980), £S 0.40 (1979).
Army: 68,000 (incl AD).
2 armd bdes.
9 inf bdes.
1 para bde.
3 arty regts.
1 engr regt.
Air Defence (3,000).
3 AA arty regts.
1 SAM regt with SA-2.
70 T-54, 60 T-55, 17 M-47, 50 M-60A1 med, 55 M-41, 30 Ch Type-62 lt tks;
50 Saladin armd, 20 BTR-40, 60 Ferret scout cars; 100 BTR-50/-152, 60 OT-64, 49 Saracen, 45 V-150 Commando, 50 AMX-10P APC;
55 25-pdr, 40 100mm guns; 20 M-101 105mm, 18 122mm, 11 155mm F-3 SP how; 30 120mm mor; 30 85mm ATK guns;
80 37mm, 80 40mm, 100mm AA guns; 20 SA-2, SA-7 SAM.
(On order: 80 M-113 APC; 8 M-163 Vulcan 20mm SP AA guns.)
Navy: 1,500.
6 large patrol craft: 2 ex-Yug Kraljevica, 4 PBR.
6 ex-Yug 101 FAC(G).
3 70-ton coastal patrol craft.
2 ex-Yug DTK-221 LCT, 1 DTM-231 LCU<.
Base: Port Sudan.
Air Force: 1,500; 44 combat aircraft.
2 FGA/interceptor sqns with 24 Mirage 50S, 8 MiG-21.
1 FGA sqn with 6 Ch F-5 (MiG-17PF), 6 F-6 (MiG-19).
1 tpt sqn with 6 C-130H, 1 Mystere-Falcon, 4 DHC-5D, 8 Turbo-Porter, 6 EMB-110P2.
1 hel sqn with 15 Mi-8, Puma, 10 Bo-105.
Trainers incl 5 BAC-145, 5 Jet Provost Mk 55 (some in storage), 2 MiG-15U, 2 MiG-21U, 2 Ch FT-5, 2 FT-6.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
(On order. 6 Ch F-6 fighters; 2 C-130 tpts.)
Para-Military Forces: 3,500: 500 National Guard, 500 Republican Guard, 2,500 Border Guard.
SYRIA
Population: 9,150,000.
Military service: 30 months.
Total armed forces: 222,500.
Estimated GNP 1979: $9.2 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: £Syr 9.378 bn ($2.39 bn). $1=£Syr 3.93 (1979, 1981).
Army: 170,000, incl 120,000 conscripts.
4 armd divs (each 2 armd, 1 mech bdes) (1 is Presidential Guard).
2 mech divs (each 1 armd, 2 mech bdes).
2 indep armd bdes.
4 indep mech bdes.
2 arty bdes.
5 cdo regts.
1 para regt.
2 SSM regts: 1 with Scud, 1 with FROG.
32 SAM btys with SA-2/-3/-6.
2,200 T-54/-55, 1,100 T-62, 400 T-72 med tks; BRDM recce vehs; BMP MICV; 1,600 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152, OT-64 APC;
2,300 122mm incl ISU-122 SP, 130mm, 152mm, 180mm guns; 122mm, 152mm how; 122mm, 140mm, 240mm MRL; 15 FROG-7, 9 Scud SSM,
82mm, 120mm, 160mm, 240mm mor; 57mm, 85mm, 100mm ATK guns; 1,300 Snapper, Sagger, Swatter, Milan ATGW;
23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm towed, ZSU-23-4, ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; SA-7 SAM;
40 Gazelle hel.
(On order SP arty; FROG SSM; HOT ATGW; SA-6/-8 SAM; Gazelle hel.)
Forces Abroad: Lebanon (Arab Deterrent Force): 25,000; 2 armd, 2 mech bdes, cdo bns.
RESERVES: 100,000.
Navy: 2,500.
2 ex-Sov Petya I frigates.
18 ex-Sov FAC(M) with Styx SSM: 6 Osa-I, 6 Osa-II; 6 Komar< (may be phasing out).
8 ex-Sov P-4 FAC(T)<.
1 ex-Fr CH large patrol craft.
3 ex-Sov minesweepers: 1 T-43 ocean, 2 Vanya coastal.
(On order FAC(M).)
Bases: Latakia, Tartus, Minet el-Baida.
RESERVES: 2,500.
Air Force: 50,000 (incl AD Command); 448 combat ac,* some 16 armed hel. (* Some aircraft believed to be in storage.)
11 FGA sqns: 4 with 85 MiG-17; 1 with 16 Su-7; 2 with 26 Su-20; 4 with 64 MiG-23BM Flogger F.
12 interceptor sqns: 1 with 25 MiG-25 Foxbat A;
11 with 230 MiG-21PF/MF.
1 EW sqn with 2 Tu-126 (Moss).
2 tpt wings with 2 An-12, 3 An-24, 4 An-26, 2 Mystere 20F.
Trainers incl 30 L-39, 60 L-29, 10 MiG-15UTI,
32 MBB-223 Flamingo.
Hel incl 10 Mi-2, 8 Mi-4, 72 Mi-8, 12 Mi-24, 4 Ka-25 ASW, 40 Gazelle.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, ASM: AT-2 Swatter ATGW.
(On order: MiG-23 fighters; 2 Tu-126 recce ac; 18 AB-212,21 Super Frelon hel; AAM.)
AIR DEFENCE COMMAND*: (20,000). (* Under Army Command, with Army and Air Force manpower.)
50 SAM btys with SA-2/-3; 25 with SA-6; AA arty, and radar.
Para-Military Forces: 9,800: 8,000 Gendarmerie, 1,800 Desert Guard (Frontier Force).
Palestine Liberation Army Brigade of 6,000 with Syrian officers (nominally under PLO);
50 T-34 med tks; 105mm how; BM-21 122mm MRL; FROG-3 SSM, AT-3 Sagger ATGW; SAM.
Workers Militia.
TUNISIA
Population: 6,670.000.
Military service: 12 months selective.
Total armed forces: 28,600.
Estimated GNP 1.979: $7.0 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 104.4 m dinars ($262 m). $1=0.399 dinars (1981), 0.41 dinars (1979).
Army: 24,000.
2 armd regts.
1 armd recce regt.
2 combined arms regts.
1 Sahara regt.
2 fd, 1 AA arty regts.
2 para-cdo regts.
1 engr regt.
Aviation wing.
10 M-48, 2 M-60A1 med, 40 AMX-13, 20 M-41 lt tks; 20 Saladin, 15 EBR-75, 10 AML armd cars; 30 M-113A1 APC;
6 25-pdr, 40 105mm, 10 155mm how; 60mm, 81mm, 82mm, 107mm mor; 54 Kuerassier 105mm SP ATK guns; SS-11 ATGW;
45 37mm and 40mm AA guns; 328 MIM-72 Chaparral SAM,
1 Hughes 500MD, 18 AB-205, 6 UH-1N hel.
(On order 30 M-113A1 APC; 19 M-109A2 155mm SP how; STRIM-89 RL; 1,200 TOW ATGW; 26 M-163A1 20mm Vulcan SP AA guns;
RBS-70, 300 MIM-72F Chaparral SAM; 8 Bell 205 hel.)
Navy: 2,600 (500 conscripts).
1 ex-US Savage frigate.
4 large patrol craft: 1 ex-Fr Le Fougeux, 3 P-48 with 8 SS-12 SSM.
2 Vosper Thornycroft 103-ft FAC(P).
2 ex-Ch Shanghai-II FAC(G).
2 ex-US Adjutant coastal minesweepers.
10 coastal patrol boats<.
(On order. 3 Lurssen 57-metre, 2 23-metre FAC.)
Bases: Tunis, Susa.
Air Force: 2,000 (500 conscripts); 11 combat ac.
1 COIN sqn with 7 MB-326K, 4 MB-326L.
Trainers: 26 SF-260, 3 MB-326B, 12 T-6, 12 Saab Safir.
Liaison ac: 4 S-208A.
Hel: 7 Alouette II, 5 Alouette III, 4 UH-1H, 1 Puma.
(On order 1 C-130H tpt.)
Para-Military Forces: 8,500. Gendarmerie (5,000): (3 bns), 110 Fiat 6614 APC. National Guard (3,500).
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)
Population: 950,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 42,500. (The Union Defence Force and the armed forces of the United Arab Emirates
(Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah) were formally merged in May 1976.)
Estimated GNP 1979: $21.0 bn.
Defence expenditure 1979: 2.88 bn dirhams. ($750 m). $1=3.84 dirhams (1979).
Army: 40,000.
1 Royal Guard 'bde'
5 armd/armd car bns.
9 inf bns.
1 arty bde (3 bns).
1 AD bde (3 bns).
50 AMX-30, 25 OF-40 med, 60 Scorpion lt tks; 6 Shorland, 90 AML-90 armd cars; 30 AMX VCI, 300 Panhard M-3 APC;
40 105mm guns; 20 AMX 155mm SP how; 81mm mor; 84mm, 120mm RCL; Harpon, Vigilant ATGW; Rapier, Crotale, RBS-70 SAM.
(In store: 70 Saladin armd, 60 Ferret scout cars; 12 Saracen APC.)
(On order: 5 OF-40 med, 20 Scorpion lt tks; Cascavelarmd cars.)
Navy: 1,000.
2 Jaguar II (TNC-45) FAC(M) with 2 twin MM-40 Exocet SSM.
6 Vosper Thornycroft large patrol craft.
3 Keith Nelson coastal patrol craft<.
(On order 4 Jaguar II FAC(M) with Exocet.)
Base: Abu Dhabi.
Air Force: 1,500: 51 combat aircraft.
2 interceptor sqns with 25 Mirage 5AD, 3 5RAD, 2 5DAD.
1 FGA sqn with 10 Hunter FGA-76, 2 T-77.
1 COIN sqn with 8 MB-326KD/LD, 1 SF-260WD.
Tpts incl 2 C-130H, 1 L-100-30, 1 Boeing 720-023B, 1 G-222, 4 Islander, 3 DHC-4, 4 HC-5D, 1 Cessna 182.
Hel incl 4 AB-205, 6 AB-206, 3 AB-212, 7 Alouette III, 9 Puma, 13 Gazelle.
AAM: R-550 Magic. ASM: AS-11/-12.
(On order 1 G-222, 4 C-212 Aviocar tpt ac; Lynx hel.)
Para-Military Forces: Coastguard: patrol boats. 19 coastal
YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC (NORTH)
Population: 5,365,000.
Military service: 3 years.
Total armed forces: 32,100.
Estimated GNP 1979: $3.8 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 970.2 m rivals ($212 m). $1=4.57 rivals (1981), 4.56 rivals (1979).
Army: 30,000 (20,000 conscripts).
3 armd bdes.*
1 mech, 8 inf bdes (1 reserve).*
1 para bde.*
1 cdo bde.*
7 arty bns.*
3 AA arty bns.*
2 AD bns.*
150 T-34, 500 T-54/-55, 64 M-60 med tks;
50 Saladin armd, Ferret scout cars; 12 M-106 mor-armed, 90 M-113, 350 BTR-40/-60/-152, Walid APC;
250 76mm, 105mm and 122mm guns; 50 SU-100 SP guns; 200 82mm and 120mm mor; 65 BM-21 122mm MRL;
75mm, 82mm RCL; LAW RL; 20 Vigilant, TOW ATGW;
M-167 20mm Vulcan, ZU-23 23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm towed, 24 ZSU-23-4, 72 M-163 Vulcan20mm SP AA guns; SA-6/-9 SAM.
(On order: 75 BTR APC; 155mm how; Dragon ATGW.)
Navy: 600.
3 ex-Sov P4 FAC(T)<.
8 patrol craft<: 3 ex-US Broadsword, 5 ex-Sov (2 Zhuk, 3 Poluchat). 2 LCM.
Base: Hodeida.
Air Force: 1,500; 65 combat ac, some armed hel.
5 fighter sqns: 2 with 21 MiG-21; 1 with 12 MiG-17F; 1 with 12 F-5E; 1 with 20 Su-22.
Tpts: 2 C-130H, 2 C-47, 2 Skyvan, 1 Il-14, 1 An-24, 3 An-26.
Trainers: 4 F-5B, 4 MiG-15UTI.
Hel: 1 Mi-4, 12 Mi-8, some Mi-24, 6 AB-206, 6 AB-212, 2 Alouette.
1 AD regt with 12 SA-2 SAM.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
(On order: 19 MiG-21.)
Para-Military Forces: 20,000 tribal levies.
YEMEN: PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (SOUTH)
Population: 1,955,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 24,300 (16,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1978: $500 m.
Defence expenditure 1980: 43.9 m dinars ($127 m). $1=0.345 dinars (1980), 0.34 dinars (1978).
Army: 22,000 (to be increased). (* Most units are cadre only.)
1 armd bde (trg).
11 inf bdes.*
1 arty bde (3 bns).*
1 marine bde.*
1 SSM regt with FROG.
Some T-34, 375 T-54/-55/-62 med tks; 10 Saladin armd, 10 Ferret scout cars; BMP MICV, 200 BTR-40/-60/-152 APC;
185 85mm, 100mm, 130mm guns, 105mm pack, 122mm how;
BM-21 122mm MRL; 120mm, 160mm mor; some FROG-7 SSM;
140 ZU-23-2 23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm towed and ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-7 SAM.
Navy: 1,000.
1 ex-Sov corvette (converted T-58 minesweeper).
5 ex-Sov Osa FAC (M)with 4 Styx SSM.
2 ex-Sov SO-1 large patrol craft.
4 FAC(T): 2 Mol, 2 P-6<.
2 ex-Sov Zhuk FAC(P)<.
5 coastal patrol craft( (with Public Security Force): 1 Tracker 2, 3 Spear, 1 Interceptor.
1 Ropucha LST; 4 Polnocny LCT; 3 ex-Sov T-4 LCA.
Bases: Aden; Mukalla, Riyan, Al-Aned.
Air Force: 1,300; 118 combat ac, 6 armed hel. (Some ac believed to be in storage, and some are believed flown by Soviet and Cuban crews.)
1 lt bbr sqn with 8 Il-28.
5 FGA sqns: 2 with 37 MiG-17F; 1 with 10 MiG-21; 1 with 12 Su-20/-22; 1 with 15 MiG-23BM Flogger F.
3 interceptor sqns with 36 MiG-21F.
1 tpt sqn with 4 Il-14, 3 An-24.
1 hel sqn with some Mi-4, 8 Mi-8, 6 Mi-24.
1 SAM regt with SA-2.
Trainers: 3 MiG-15UTI.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
Forces Abroad: Ethiopia 1,000; one MiG-17 sqn.
Para-Military Forces: Popular Militia. Public Security Force: 15,000 (to be increased).
Sub-Saharan Africa*
Multilateral Agreements
The Organization of African Unity (OAU), constituted in May 1963, includes all internationally recognized independent African states except South Africa. It has a Defence Commission - responsible for defence and security co-operation and the defence of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its members - which had rarely met. In July 1978 the OAU agreed that this be reactivated to consider the establishment of an African Intervention Force. In 1979 the Force was approved in principle, and planning for its formation, funding and equipping ordered. Little progress has been reported.
Bilateral Agreements
The US has had mutual defence and assistance agreements with Ethiopia (1975), Ghana (1972), Kenya (1980), Liberia (1972), Mali (1972), Niger (1962), Senegal (1962) and Zaire (1972); most may now be in abeyance. Agreements have been negotiated with Somalia and Kenya to allow limited US access to naval and air facilities.
The Soviet Union's 1974 Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with Somalia was abrogated in November 1977. She has others with Angola (October 1976), Mozambique (March 1977) and Ethiopia (November 1978, ratified April 1979). Relations with the Congo Republic are close but no such agreement is known to exist. Military aid has been given to Angola, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Somalia and Uganda. The Soviet Navy can no longer use facilities in Somalia and has transferred its operations to Dahlak Island, Ethiopia. Guinea was used as a Soviet staging and maritime reconnaissance base until 1977.
China has military assistance agreements with Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Mali and Tanzania, and has given aid to Mozambique and Zaire.
Britain maintains overflying, training and defence agreements with Kenya, is helping Zimbabwe form and train her forces, and is discussing similar arrangements with Uganda.
France signed defence and/or military co-operation agreements with Benin, the Cameroons (February 1974), the Central African Republic, Chad (status obscure), Congo, Gabon (1974), Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali (since terminated), Mauritania, Niger, Senegal (March 1974), Togo, Upper Volta and Zaire. The agreement with the Central African Republic was terminated briefly (May-September 1979) before the change of government there. France concluded an agreement with Djibouti which permits her to station forces.
Belgium has a military co-operation agreement with Zaire, and France has assisted in training Zairean forces.
Spain maintains close links with Equatorial Guinea.
Cuba has given military aid at various times to the Congo, Guinea, Somalia, Ethiopia and Algeria. She has some 20,000 men in Angola, training the Angolan armed forces and assisting with internal security, and 16-17,000 in Ethiopia. Cuban, Soviet and East German advisers are present in a number of other African countries.
Some military links exist between South Africa and Israel, and between Mozambique and East Germany and Bulgaria. Hungary signed a Friendship Treaty with Ethiopia and with Mozambique in September 1980.
Arrangements within the Region
In 1961 the Central African Republic, Chad, the Congo and Gabon formed the Defence Council of Equatorial Africa, with French help. Chad's present position in relation to the Council is unclear.
In May 1981 the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) adopted a Protocol on Mutual Assistance on Defence Matters calling for a joint Defence Commission comprising Defence Ministers and their Chiefs of Defence Staff, and a Defence Council of the Heads of State. It is intended to create a joint force, using assigned units of the national armies, which could serve as an intervention or peace-keeping force. Of the 16 ECOWAS members (Benin, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Upper Volta), 12 have signed, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau and Mali declined, and Mauritania signed only after the Protocol was amended to call for the withdrawal of foreign troops once ECOWAS could guarantee mutual defence.
Kenya and Ethiopia signed a Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation in January 1979.
Prior to the 1980 Rhodesian elections, South Africa gave aid and deployed troops to Rhodesia. These arrangements have now ceased.
Egypt and Morocco have given military assistance to Zaire. Libya has supported guerrillas and secessionists in the civil war in Chad and has intervened in Tunisia. Tanzania deployed some 10,000 troops in Uganda under a 2-year military agreement signed in December 1979; only some 1,000 police now remain.
Страны Африки к югу от Сахары*
Многосторонние договоренности
В состав Организации африканского единства (ОАЕ), учрежденной в мае 1963 года, входят все международно признанные независимые африканские государства, за исключением Южной Африки. У него есть комиссия по обороне , отвечающая за сотрудничество в области обороны и безопасности и защиту суверенитета, территориальной целостности и независимости его членов , которая заседала редко. В июле 1978 года ОАЕ согласилась возобновить эту деятельность для рассмотрения вопроса о создании африканских сил вмешательства. В 1979 году силы были утверждены в принципе, и было заказано планирование их формирования, финансирования и оснащения. Сообщается о незначительном прогрессе.
Двусторонние соглашения
США имел соглашения о взаимной обороне и помощи с Эфиопией (1975), Ганой (1972), Кенией (1980), Либерией (1972), Мали (1972), Нигером (1962), Сенегалом (1962) и Заиром (1972); большинство из них может теперь быть в состоянии неопределенности. С Сомали и Кенией были заключены соглашения об ограниченном доступе США к военно-морским и воздушным объектам.
Договор о дружбе и сотрудничестве Советского Союза с Сомали 1974 года был аннулирован в ноябре 1977 года. У него есть другие с Анголой (октябрь 1976 года), Мозамбиком (март 1977 года) и Эфиопией (ноябрь 1978 года, ратифицирована в апреле 1979 года). Отношения с Республикой Конго тесные, но известно, что такого соглашения не существует. Военная помощь была оказана Анголе, Эфиопии, Гвинее, Гвинее-Бисау, Мали, Мозамбику, Нигерии, Сомали и Уганде. Советский флот больше не может использовать объекты в Сомали и перенес свои операции на остров Далак, Эфиопия. До 1977 года Гвинея использовалась как советская база морской разведки.
Китай заключил соглашения о военной помощи с Камеруном, Экваториальной Гвинеей, Гвинеей, Мали и Танзанией, а также оказал помощь Мозамбику и Заиру.
Великобритания поддерживает соглашения с Кенией о пролете, подготовке и обороне, помогает Зимбабве формировать и обучать свои силы и обсуждает аналогичные договоренности с Угандой.
Франция подписала обороны и/или военных соглашений о сотрудничестве с Бенином, Камеруне (февраль 1974), Центральноафриканской Республикой, Чадом (статус непонятен), Конго, Габоном (1974), Кот д'Ивуаром, Мадагаскаром, Мали (прекращается), Мавританией, Нигером, Сенегалом (март 1974), Того, Верхней Вольтой и Заиром. Соглашение с Центральноафриканской Республикой было ненадолго расторгнуто (май-сентябрь 1979 года) до смены там правительства. Франция заключила соглашение с Джибути, которое позволяет ей разместить свои силы.
Бельгия заключила соглашение о военном сотрудничестве с Заиром, а Франция оказала помощь в подготовке заирских сил.
Испания поддерживает тесные связи с Экваториальной Гвинеей.
Куба в разное время оказывала военную помощь Конго, Гвинее, Сомали, Эфиопии и Алжиру. Она имеет около 20 000 человек в Анголе, обучая ангольские вооруженные силы и оказывая помощь в обеспечении внутренней безопасности, и 16-17 000 человек в Эфиопии. Кубинские, советские и восточногерманские советники присутствуют в ряде других африканских стран.
Некоторые военные связи существуют между Южной Африкой и Израилем, а также между Мозамбиком и Восточной Германией и Болгарией. Венгрия подписала договор о дружбе с Эфиопией и Мозамбиком в сентябре 1980 года.
Организации в регионе
В 1961 году Габон, Конго, Центральноафриканская Республика и Чад сформировали при содействии Франции Совет обороны Экваториальной Африки. Нынешняя позиция Чада в отношении Совета неясна.
В мае 1981 года экономическое сообщество западноафриканских государств (ЭКОВАС) приняло протокол о взаимной помощи по вопросам обороны, предусматривающий создание совместной комиссии по вопросам обороны в составе министров обороны и начальников их штабов, а также Совета обороны глав государств. Предполагается создать совместные силы с использованием закрепленных за ними подразделений национальных армий, которые могли бы служить в качестве сил вмешательства или поддержания мира. Из 16 членов ЭКОВАС (Бенина, Кабо-Верде, Гамбия, Гана, Гвинея, Гвинея-Бисау, кот-д'Ивуар, Либерия, Мали, Мавритания, Нигер, Нигерия, Сенегал, Сьерра-Леоне, Того и Верхняя Вольта), 12 подписали, Кабо-Верде, Гвинеи-Бисау и Мали снизились, и Мавритания подписали только после того, как протокол был изменен призывает к выводу иностранных войск после ЭКОВАС может гарантировать взаимной обороне.
Кения и Эфиопия подписали Договор о дружбе и сотрудничестве в январе 1979 года.
До Родезийский выборов 1980, Южная Африка давала помощь и развернутые войска Родезии. Сейчас эти договоренности прекращены.
Египет и Марокко оказывают Заиру военную помощь. Ливия поддержала повстанцев и сепаратистов в гражданской войне в Чаде и вмешалась в дела Туниса. Танзания развернула в Уганде около 10 000 военнослужащих в соответствии с двухлетним военным соглашением, подписанным в декабре 1979 года; в настоящее время осталось лишь около 1000 полицейских.
ANGOLA
Population: 6,850,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 33,000.* (* Some 19,000 Cubans and 2,500 East Germans operate ac and hy eqpt.
There are also Portuguese and some 200 Soviet advisers and technicians.)
Estimated GNP 1978: $2.66 bn.
Army: 30,000.
2 mot inf bdes (each of 1 tk, 2 inf bns.)
17 inf bdes.
4 AA arty bdes.
85 T-34, 150 T-54 med, some 50 PT-76 lt tks; 200 BRDM-2, AML armd cars; 150 BTR-50/-60/-152, OT-62, some M-3 APC;
120 guns/how, incl 76mm, 105mm, M-1974 SP,
122mm, 130mm; 500 82mm and 120mm mor; 100 BM-21 122mm MRL; ZIS-3 76mm ATK guns; 2,000 75mm, 82mm and 107mm RCL;
Sagger ATGW; ZPU-4 14.5mm, ZU-23 23mm, 37mm towed, ZSU-23-4, 40 ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; SA-6/-7 SAM.
Navy: 1,500.
4 ex-Sov Shershen FAC(T).
5 ex-Port Argos large patrol craft.
9 coastal patrol craft<: 1 ex-Sov Zhuk, 2 Poluchat, 6 ex-Port (1 Jupiter, 5 Bellatrix).
4 LCT: 3 ex-Sov Polnocny, 1ex-Port Alfange.
5 ex-Sov T-4 LCM.
Bases: Luanda, Lobito, Mocamedes.
Air Force: 1,500; 41 combat aircraft. (Eqpt totals uncertain.)
2 FGA sqns with 20 MiG-21MF, 18 MiG-17F, 2 G-91R4 fighters.
MR ac: 1 F-27MPA.
2 tpt sqns: 7 Noratlas, 2 L-100-20, 1 C-130H, 3 C-47, 6 An-2, 10 An-26, 2 Turbo-Porter, 8 Islander, 10 Do-27, 1F-27-400M, 1 FH-227.
2 hel sqns: 17 Mi-8, 20 Alouette III.
Trainers incl 3 MiG-15UTI, 6 Yak-11.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
Para-Military Forces: 'Organization of Popular Defence'; 500,000.
ETHIOPIA
Population: 29,965,000.
Military service: conscription, term unknown.
Total armed forces: 230,000.* (Some 11,000 Cubans and about 1,300 Warsaw Pact technicians and advisers operate ac and hy eqpt.
Some South Yemeni troops may also serve.)
Estimated GNP 1979: $3.0 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 1.1 bn birr ($385m). $1 =2.86 birr (1980), 2.09 birr (1979).
Army: 225,000. (Incorporating 150,000 People's Militia.)
11 inf and 3 mot inf divs with some 20 tk bns.
2 mountain divs each of 6 bdes.
1 lt div.
4 para/cdo bdes.
30 arty bns.
2 engr bns.
15 AD bns.
40 M-47, 150 T-34, 600 T-54/-55 med tks; 40 M-41 lt tks; BRDM-2 scout cars; 40 BMP-1 MICV, about 70 M-113, 500 BTR-40/-60/-152 APC;
some 700 guns/how, incl 75mm, 52 105mm, 150 122mm, 130mm, 152mm, 12 155mm towed, 12 M-109 155mm SP;
60mm, 81mm, 82mm, 120mm, 280 M-2/-30 4.2in (107mm), 120mm mor; BM-21 122mm MRL; Sagger ATGW;
ZU-23 23mm, 37mm towed, ZSU-23-4, ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; SA-2/-3/-7 SAM. (War situation makes eqpt data suspect.)
Navy: 1,500.
8 large patrol craft: 1 ex-Yug Kraljevica,3 ex-US PGM, 4 105-ft Swift.
1 ex-Sov Osa-II FAC(M) with Styx SSM.
(Non-operational: 1 ex-US Barnegat frigate, 1 exNeth Wildervank patrol ship, 3 Osa II FAC(M), 2 ex-Mol FAC(T), 4 Sewart 15-ton patrol craft,
4 LCM, 2 LCVP.)
Bases: Massawa, Assab.
Air Force: 3,500 100+ combat aircraft.
6 FGA sqns: 1 with 7 F-5A/E, 1 with 17 MiG-17, 3 with 50 MiG-21, 1 with 20 MiG-23.
1 COIN sqn with 6 T-28A.
1 tpt sqn with 14 An-12, 4 An-22, 3 C-47,2 C-54, 6 C-l 19G, 2 Dove, 1 Il-14, 1 DHC-3, 3 DHC-6, 2 Do-28.
Trainers incl MiG-21U, 20 Safir, 11 T-33A, 2 F-5B, T-28.
Hel incl 6 AB-204, 3 Alouette III, 20 Mi-8, Mi-24, 6 UH-1H.
RESERVES (all services): 20,000. .
Para-Military Forces: 169,000. 9,000 mobile emergency police force;
150,000 People's Militia, in 12 divs with mor, ATK. guns; 10,000 People's Protection bdes.
GHANA
Population: 12,530,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 15,300.
Estimated GDP 1979: $10.1 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 384 m cedi ($140 m). $1=2.75 cedi (1981), 0.364 cedi (1979).
Army: 12,700
2 bdes (6 inf bns and spt units).
1 recce bn.
1 mor bn.
1 fd engr bn.
1 sigs bn.
1 AB bn.
100 Mowag Piranha armd cars; 81mm, 20 "Iampella 120mm mor; 50 Carl Gustav 84mm RCL.
Forces Abroad: Lebanon (UNIFIL): 1 bn (865).
Navy: 1,200.
2 Kromantse ASW corvettes.
4 FAC(G): 2 FPB-57,2 TNC-45.
2 Sahene, 2 ex-Br Ford patrol craft.
4 Spear II coastal patrol craft.
Bases: Secondi, Tema.
Air Force: 1,400; 12 combat aircraft.
1 COIN sqn with 6 MB-326F, 6 MB-326KB.
2 tpt sqns with 8 Islander, 6 Skyvan 3M.
1 comms/liaison sqn with 5 F-27, 1 F-28.
Hel: 2 Alouette III, 2 Bell 212.
1 trg sqn with 11 Bulldog.
Para-Military Forces: 5,000; 3 Border Guard bns.
KENYA
Population: 17,090,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 14,750.
Estimated GDP 1979: $6.3 bn.
Defence expenditure 1979: 1.4 bn shillings ($218 m). $1=7.49 shillings (1979).
Army: 12,000.
2 bde HQ.
1 armd bn.
1 armd car bn.
6 inf bns.
2 arty bns.
1 air cav bn.
2 engr bns.
1 tpt bn.
36 Vickers Mk 3 med tks; 3 Saladin, Fox, 30 AML-60/-90 armd cars; 50 UR-416, 4 Panhard M-3 APC;
12 lt, 16 pack 105mm guns; 20 81mm, 10 120mm mor; 50 Carl Gustav 84mm, Wombat 120mm RCL; Milan, 8 Swingfire ATGW;
15 Hughes 500MD Scout, 2 Hughes 500MD/TOW hel.
(On order: 36 Vickers Mk 3 med tks; Rapier SAM; 13 Hughes 500MD Defender hel with TOW ATGW.)
Navy: 650.
4 Brooke Marine FAC(M) with Gabriel SSM(1 37.5-metre, 3 32.6-metre). 3 Vosper 31-metre large patrol craft.
(On order: 4 patrol craft.)
Base: Mombasa.
Air Force: 2,100; 29 combat aircraft.
1 FGA sqn with 10 F-5E, 2 F-5F.
1 COIN sqn with 5 BAC-167 Strikemaster, 12 Hawk T-52.
2 It tpt sqns: 1 with 6 DHC-4 Caribou; 1 with 3 DHC-5D Buffalo, 6 Do-28D.
1 trg sqn with 14 Bulldog 103.
Other ac incl 1 Turbo Commander, 1 Navajo.
Hel: 10 Puma, 2 Bell 47G.
AAM: Sidewinder.
(On order 2 F-5F ac.)
Para-Military Forces: 1,800 Police (General Service Unit); Police Air Wing, 8 Cessna lt ac.
MADAGASCAR
Estimated population: 8,775,000.
Military service: 18 months.
Total armed forces: 19,550.
Estimated GDP 1979: $2,800 m.
Defence expenditure 1979: $101.9 m. $1=214.4 francs (1979).
Army: 18,000.
2 all-arms bns.
1 engr regt.
1 sigs regt.
1 service regt.
7 construction regts.
8 M-8 armd, M-3A1, 10 Ferret scout cars; M-3A1 half-track APC; 12 76mm ZIS-3 guns; 81mm mor; 1 106mm RCL;
502 ZPU-4 14.5mm AA guns.
Navy: 650(incl 450 marines).
1 Type-48 large patrol craft.
1 Batram landing craft with 8 SS-12 SSM.
5 LCM: 2 ex-N. Korean Nampo, 3 ex-US.
1 marine coy.
Air Force: 900; 12 combat ac.
1 FGA sqn with 4 MiG-17, 8 MiG-21FL.
1 tpt sqn with 2 Yak-40, 1 C-53D, 5 C-47, 1 Defender, 1Aztec, 3 Super Skymaster; 5 lt ac.
1 hel sqn with 1Bell 47,3 Alouette II/III, 2 Mi-8.
Para-Military Forces: 8,000 Gendarmerie, incl maritime police with 5 patrol craft.
MOZAMBIQUE
Population: 10,610,000.
Military service: 2 years (incl women).
Total armed forces: 26,700.* (*Chinese, Cuban, East German, Romanian and Soviet advisers are reported with Mozambique's forces.)
Estimated GNP 1978: $1.7 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 5.6 bn metica ($198m). $1 =28.30 metica (1981), 33.51 escudos(1978).
Army: 25,000.
7 bdes (each 3 inf, 1 armd, 1 arty bns, spt units).
300 T-34 med, some 50 PT-76 lt tks; 50 BRDM-1/-2 armd cars; 200 BTR-40/-152 APC;
300 76mm, 85mm, 100mm, 122mm, 130mm guns; 30 M-101 105mm, 152mm how; BM-21 122mm MRL; 325 60mm, 82mm, 120mm mor;
75mm, 82mm RCL; Sagger ATGW; 350 20mm, ZU-23 23mm, 37mm, 57mm AA guns; 30 SA-3/-7 SAM.
Navy: 700.
8 coastal patrol craft<: 3 ex-Sov Zhuk; 5 ex-Port (1 Antares, 2 Jupiter, 2 Bellatrix).
3 landing craft < 20.
(On order: 2 patrol craft.)
Bases: Maputo, Beira, Nacala, Pemba, Metangula.
Air Force: 1,000; 35 combat aircraft.
2 sqns with 35 MiG-17/-21.
1 tpt sqn with 2 An-26, 6 Noratlas, 4 Cessna 182.
1 hel sqn with 4 Alouette II/III, 10 Mi-8.
Trg ac: 5 Cessna 152, 7 Zlin.
Para-Military Forces: 2,000: 2 Border Guard bdes.
NIGERIA
Population: 79,675,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 156,000.
Estimated GNP 1979: $46.5 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 987 m naira ($1.7 bn). $1=0.58 naira (1980), 0.64 naira (1979).
Army: 140,000.
4 inf divs.
1 Guards bde.
4 arty bdes.
4 engr bdes.
4 recce regts.
65 T-55 med, 50 Scorpion lt tks; 20 Saladin, 54 AML-60 armd, 55 Fox scout cars; 8 Saracen, 6 M-3 VPC, 4 AMX VTT APC;
76mm, 200 122mm, 130mm guns; 200 M-56 105mm pack how; 200 81mm mor; 20mm, 40mm towed, 30 ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns.
Forces Abroad: Lebanon (UNIFIL): 1 bn (700).
Navy: 6,000.
1 Nigeria-class ASW frigate (trg).
4 Hippo-class corvettes (2 Vosper Thornycroft Mk 9 with 2 triple Seacat SAM; 2 Mk 3).
4 FAC(M): 3 Lurssen Type-57 with 4 Otomat SSM, 1 La Combattante with 4 Exocet.
8 large patrol craft (4 Brooke Marine, 4 Abeking & Rasmussen).
2 RoRo 1300 (Crocodile-class) LST.
6 coastal patrol boats.
(On order 1 Meko 360 frigate; 2 La Combattante III FAC(M) with Exocet SSM; Seacat SAM; 2 LCT; 15 coastal patrol boats.)
Bases: Apapa (Lagos), Calabar.
RESERVES: 2,000.
Air Force: 10,000; 18 combat aircraft. (There are additional unserviceable AFV and aircraft.)
3 FGA/interceptor sqns: 1 with 6 MiG-17; 2 with 12 MiG-21MF.
2 tpt sqns with 6 C-130H, 1 F-27, 1 F-28, 1 Gulfstream II.
1 SAR sqn with 20 Bo-105C/D hel.
3 service sqns with 37 Bulldog, 14 Do-28, 3 Navajo.
Hel incl: 15 Puma, 3 Whirlwind, 10 Alouette II (in storage).
Trg ac incl: 4 MiG-15UTI, 2 MiG-21U, 20 L-29.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
(On order: 12 Alpha Jet FGA ac, 6 CH-47C hel.)
Para-Military Forces: Coastguard (forming).
SOMALI DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Population: 5,910,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 62,550. (* Spares are short and not all equipment is serviceable. Combat losses make equipment data suspect.)
Estimated GNP 1978: $425 m.
Defence expenditure 1979: 598 m shillings ($95 m). $1=6.295 shillings (1978, 1979).
Army: 60,000.
3 corps, 7 div HQ.
3 tk/mech bdes.
20 inf bdes.
1 cdo bde.
1 SAM bde.
13 fd, 10 AA arty bns.
150 T-34/-54/-55, 40 Centurion med tks; 50 BTR-40/-50/-60, 150 BTR-152, 200 Fiat 6614/6616 APC/AFV;
about 150 76mm, 85mm, 100mm, 60 122mm guns/how; 81mm, 120mm mor; 100mm ATK. guns; 106mm RCL; 100 Milan ATGW;
250 14.5mm, ZU-23 23mm, 37mm, 57mm and 100mm towed, 20 ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; 30 SA-2/-3 SAM.*
(On order 12 M-167 Vulcan20mm AA guns.)
Navy: 550*
2 ex-Sov Osa-II FAC(M) with Styx SSM.
8 ex-Sov FAC(T): 4 Mol, 4 P-6<.
5 ex-Sov Poluchat large patrol craft.
1 ex-Sov Polnocny LCT, 4 ex-Sov T-4 LCM<.
Bases: Berbera, Mogadishu, Kismayu.
Air Force: 2,000; 35 combat aircraft.*
1 lt bbr sqn with 3 Il-28.
2 FGA sqns with 9 MiG-17.
2 fighter sqns with 7 MiG-21MF, 10 ex-Ch F-6.
1 COIN sqn with 6 SF-260W.
1 tpt sqn with 3 An-2, 3 An-24/-26, 3 C-47, 4 G-222, 1 C-45.
1 hel sqn with 4 Mi-4, 8 Mi-8, 1 AB-204.
Trainers incl 6 P-148, 20 Yak-11, 2 MiG-15UTI.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
(On order. 4 AB-212 hel.)
Para-Military Forces: 29,500: 8,000 Police, 2 Do-28 ac; 1,500 border guards; 20,000 People's Militia.
SOUTH AFRICA
Population: 29,030,000.
Military service: 24 months.
Total armed forces: 92,700 (66,100 conscripts; total mobilizable strength 404,500).
Estimated GNP 1979: $54.3 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 2.07 bn rand ($2.56 bn). $1=0.81 rand(1980), 1.85 rand(1979).
Army: 76,000 (10,000 White, 4,000 Black and Coloured regulars, 2,000 women, 60,000 conscripts); 9 territorial commands.
1 corps, 2 div HQ (1 armd, 1 inf).
1 armd bde (2 tk, 2 APC-borne inf bns).
1 mech bde (1 tk, 3 APC-borne inf bns).
4 mot bdes (each 3 inf bns, 1 armd car bn).
1 para bde (3 para bns).
1 special recce unit (cdo).
9 fd, 4 med, 7 lt AA arty regts.
1 AD missile regt (2 Crotale btys, 3 Tigercat btys).
15 fd engr sqns.
3 sigs regts, 3 sigs sqns.
(Cadre formations completing the 2 divs when brought to full strength on mobilization of Citizen Force
(15 armd, 15 inf, 2 para bns, 15 field arty, 10 AA regts.)).
Some 250 Centurion/Olifant, 40 Sherman, 20 Comet med tks;
1,400 AML Eland Mk IV armd cars; 230 scout cars incl Ferret; 1,200 Ratel, 250 Saracen APC, 500 lt APC, incl Buffalo, Hippo, Rhino;
65 25-pdr, 75 5.5-in and G-5 155mm towed, 50 Sexton 25-pdr, 15 M-7 105mm SP guns; 40 155mm towed, 50 M-109A1 155mm SP how;
127mm MRL; 81mm, 200 120mm mor;
900 6-pdr (57mm) and 17-pdr (76mm), 90mm ATK guns; M-67 90mm, 106mm RCL; SS-11, 120 ENTAC, Milan ATGW;
20mm, 55 K-63 twin 35mm, 25 L/70 40mm, 15 3.7-in AA guns; 24 Cactus (Crotale), 54 Tigercat SAM.
RESERVES: 130,000 Active Reserve (Citizen Force). Reservists serve 30 days per year for 8 years.
Navy: 6,400, incl 900 marines, 2,100 conscripts.
3 Daphne submarines.
3 President (ex-Br Whitby-class) ASW frigates (each with 1 Wasp hel).
7 Minister (Reshef) FAC(M) with 6 Skerpioen (Gabriel) SSM.
2 Dabur FAC(M) with single Gabriel SSM.
4 ex-Br Ford, 4 Ton large patrol craft.
4 ex-Br Ton minesweepers, 2 Ton minehunters.
1 fleet replenishment ship.
(On order 7 Minister (FAC(M).)
MARINES: (900; 600 conscripts); 1 inf bn.
Bases: Simonstown, Durban.
RESERVES: 2,000 Citizen Force.
Air Force: 10,300 (4,000 conscripts); 239 combat aircraft (incl 96 with Citizen Force), at least 12 armed hel.
Strike Command:
2 lt bbr sqns: 1 with 6 Canberra B(I)12, 3 T-4;
1 with 6 Buccaneer S-50.
1 FGA sqn with 32 Mirage F-l AZ.
2 FGA/interceptor/recce sqns: 1 with 16 Mirage IIICZ, 8 RZ/R2Z, 3 BZ; 1 with 14 F-1CZ.
Maritime Command:
2 MR sqns: 1 with 7 Shackleton MR-3; 1 with 18 Piaggio P-166S.
1 ASW hel sqn with 11 Wasp HAS-1, 1Alouette III (trg).
1 tpt sqn with 6 C-47B.
Transport Command:
3 tpt sqns: 1 with 7 C-130B, 9 Transall C-160Z;
1 with 5 DC-4, 18 C-47; 1 with 4 HS-125 Mercurius, 1 Viscount 781, 5 Merlin IVA.
4 hel sqns: 2 with 30 Alouette III, 1 with 40 Puma; 1 with 15 Super Frelon.
Other hel incl some 30 Alouette III, 13 Puma.
Light Aircraft Command (army assigned):
4 liaison sqns: 20 Cessna 185A/D/E, 20 AM-3C Bosbok, 30 C-4M Kudu.
Training Command:
5 training schools with 100 T-6G Harvard; 70 MB-326M/K Impala I/II; 29 Mirage III (16 EZ, 10 D2Z, 3 DZ); 12 C-47 ac; 20 Alouette III hel.
AAM: Sidewinder, R-530, R-550 Magic, V-3. ASM: AS-20/-30.
RESERVES: 25,000 Active Citizen Force; 6 COIN/trg sqns with 96 Impala I/II, 10 T-6G. 15 L-100 (Hercules) in civil airline service.
South West Africa Territory Force (SWATF):
Formed 1 Aug 80 as a separate force under South African control. Conscription: 24 months (all race groups), selective.
Four sectors (Northern, Eastern, Central and Southern) comprising 26 Commando units organized similarly to the Commandos
in South Africa, 1 engr, 1 sigs bns.
Air element (one sqn) with lt ac manned by Citizen Force. Northern sector has six Regular SWATFlt inf bns, one mounted Specialist Unit.
Mobile Reserve: 1 mot inf bde (3 mot inf bns, 1 armd car regt, 1 arty regt, support units) 1 inf bn Regulars; rest Citizen Force.
Para-military: Industrial Defence units.
Para-Military Forces: 90,000 Commandos: inf bn-type protective units in formations of 5+; 12 months initial, 19 days annual trg.
13 Air Commando sqns with private ac. 35,500 South African Police (19,500 White, 16,000 Nonwhite), 20,000 Police Reserves.
TANZANIA
Population: 19,120,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 44,850.
Estimated GNP 1979: $3.9 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980-81: 1.48 bn shillings ($179 m). $1=8.29 shillings (1980), 8.25 shillings (1979).
Army: 43,000.
2 div HQ.
9 inf bdes.
1 tk bn.
2 fd arty bns, 2 AA arty bns (6 btys).
2 mor bns.
1 SAM bn with 9 SA-3, SA-6.
2 ATK bns.
2 sig bns.
30 Type-59 med, 35 Type-60/63, 30 Type-62, 36 Scorpion lt tks; BRDM-2 scout cars; 50 BTR-40/-152, Type-56, 20 K-63 APC;
76mm, 122mm, D-30 130mm guns; 350 82mm, 120mm mor; 540 M-20 75mm RCL; 10 BM-21 122mm MRL;
280 ZPU-2/-4 14.5mm, 40 ZU-23, 120 37mm AA guns; SA-3/-6/-7 SAM.
Forces Abroad: Seychelles: 100.
Navy: 850.
10 FAC(G): 7 ex-Ch Shanghai II, 3 ex-GDR P-6<.
8 FAC(T)<: 4 ex-Ch Huchwan hydrofoils, 4 ex-Korean P-4.
13 coastal patrol craft<: 1 ex-Sov Poluchat, 2 ex-GDR Schwalbe, 2 ex-FRG 40 ton, 4 ex-Ch Yulin; 4 Vosper Thornycroft 75-ft in Zanzibar.
2 ex-Ch LCM.
Bases: Dar es-Salaam, Zanzibar.
Air Force: 1,000; 24 combat aircraft.
3 fighter sqns with 11 MiG-21/F-7, 10 MiG-19/F-6, 3 MiG-17/F-4.
1 tpt sqn: 1 An-2, 3 HS-748,4 DHC-5D, 1 F-28.
Trainers: 2 MiG-15UTI, 6 Cherokee, 6 Cessna 310, 2 404
Hel: 2 Bell 47G, 5 AB-205,6 AB-206, 2 CH-47C.
Para-Military Forces: 1,400 Police Field Force, Police Marine Unit; 35,000 Citizen's Militia.
ZAIRE REPUBLIC
Population: 29,770,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 22,100.
Estimated GNP 1978: $2.3 bn.
Defence expenditure 1979: 92m zaires ($50.5 m). $1=1.73 zaires (1979), 1.75 zaires (1978).
Army: 18,500.
1 inf 'div' (4 bdes, 1 inf bn, 1 armd sqn; bde str).
1 indep armd bde.
1 para bde (3 para bns).
1 special force bde.
1 Presidential Guard unit.
1 spt bn.
50 ex Ch Type-62 lt tks; 95 AML-60,40 AML-90
armd cars; 9 M-113, K-63, 60 M-3, M-3 halftrack APC; 75mm pack, 122mm, 130mm guns/how; 82mm, 4.2-in, 120mm mor; 107mm RL;
57mm ATK. guns; 57mm, 75mm, 106mm RCL; 37mm, 40mm AA guns.
(On order 120mm mor.)
Navy: 1,500, incl marines.
4 ex-Ch Shanghai II patrol boats.
36 patrol craft<: 4 Huchwan, 10 Sewart, 3 N.Korean P-4, 8 ex-US, 11 others.
MARINES: (600).
Bases: Matadi, Kalemie, Kinshasa, Banana.
Air Force: 2,100; 29 combat aircraft.
1 fighter sqn with 10 Mirage 5M/5DM.
2 COIN sqns with 6 MB-326K, 6 AT-6G.
1 liaison sqn with 20 Reims Cessna FTB-337.
1 tpt wing with 6 C-130H, 2 DC-6, 2 DHC-4A, 3 Buffalo, 8 C-47, 4 C-54, 2 MU-2, 1 Falcon-20.
1 hel sqn: 5 Alouette III, 5 Puma, 1 Super Frelon.
Trg ac incl 15 Cessna 310, 12 Cessna 150, 13 MB-326GB, 12 SF-260MC.
(On order. 4 F-27-500 ac.)
Para-Military Forces: 35,000: 35 Gendarmerie bns.
ZAMBIA
Population: 6,020,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 15,500.
Estimated GNP 1979: $2.8 bn.
Defence expenditure 1979: 488.8 m kwacha ($387.9 m). $1=1.26 kwacha (1979).
Army: 14,000.
1 armd regt.
1 armd recce bn.
5 inf bns.
1 arty bn, 2 AA arty btys.
1 engr, 1 sig sqns.
60 T-54/-55 med tks; 50 BRDM-1/-2, 28 Ferret scout cars; 18 105mm how; 30+ BM-21 122mm MRL; 24 20mm AA guns; SA-7 SAM.
(On order armd cars, APC.)
Air Force: 1,500; 49 combat aircraft.
3 FGA sqns: 1 with 12 MiG-19/F-6; 1 with 6 Jastreb; 1 with 16 MiG-21 (forming).
1 coin/trg sqn with 15 MB-326GB.
2 tpt sqns: 1 with 2 Yak-40, 2 DC-6, 5 DHC-4, 7 DHC-5D, 10 C-47, 1 HS-748; 1 with 4 DHC-2, 10 Do-28.
1 liaison sqn with 20 Saab Safari.
Trainers incl 2 MiG-21UTI, 8 SF-260MZ, 12 BT-6, 2 Caleb.
1 hef sqn with 12 AB-205A, 5 AB-206, 1 AB-212, 17Bell 47G, 6 Mi-8.
1 SAM unit with 12 Rapier, 3 Tigercat, SA-3 Goa.
Para-Military Forces: 1,200; Police Mobile Unit (PMU), 1bn of 4 coys (700); Police Para-Military Unit (PPMU), 1 bn of 3 coys (500), 2 hel.
ZIMBABWE-RHODESIA
Population: 7,670,000.
Military service: selective.
Total armed forces: 34,000.* (* Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA)
personnel amalgamating with Regular Army. Peak total of 50,000 may subsequently be reduced to about 30,000.
Estimated GNP 1978: $US 3.3 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980-81: $Z 308 m ($US 444 m). $US1=$Z 0.694 (1980), $R 0.768 (1978).
Army: 33,000.
4 bde HQ.
1 armd car regt.
30 inf bns.
1 arty regt.
2 cdo, 2 para bns.
5 engr, 5 sigs sqns.
4 service field coys.
10 T-34, 10 T-54 med tks; 40 AML-90 Eland armd, 15 Ferret scout cars; BTR-152, UR-416, Buffalo, Hippo, Hyena, Leopard APC;
12 25-pdr, 6 5.5-in guns/how; 81mm mor, 106mm RCL; 20mm, 23mm AA guns.
Air Force: 1,000; some 39 combat aircraft.
1 lt bbr sqn with 5 Canberra B-2,2 T-4.
2 FGA sqns: 1 with 9 Hunter FGA-9, 1 T-7; 1 with 5 VampireFB-9.
1 coin/recce sqn with 17 Cessna 337 (O-2) Lynx.
1 trg/recce/liaison sqn with 13 SF-260W/C Genet,
6 AL-60FS Trojan, 1 Jet Provost,8 Cessna 185.
1 tpt sqn with 11 C-47, 4 Islander, 17 R-337 Lynx, 1 Cessna 402.
2 hel sqns with 30 Alouette II/III, 8 Bell/AB 205A.
(On order. 8 Hawk fighter/trg ac.)
RESERVES: 16,000 ex-guerrillas.
Para-Military Forces: Zimbabwe Republic Police Force: 10,000 active, 30,000 reservists, being reorganized. Border Guard (forming).
ARMED FORCES OF OTHER AFRICAN STATES*
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Asia and Australia
CHINA
Chinese defence policy has for many years maintained a balance, at times uneasy, between the two concepts of nuclear deterrence and People's War. The former aims to deter strategic attack, the latter, by mass mobilization of the population, to deter or repel conventional land invasion. Mao's death in September 1976 and the subsequent attacks on the 'Gang of Four' removed the strongest, but not the only, supporters of the strategic concept that mass manpower was the primary deterrent. There are indications of an effort to develop more modern general-purpose forces in order to meet more limited military contingencies than the extremes of nuclear deterrence or mass war.
The conventional arms inventory of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) generally falls behind that of nations with advanced technology. However, as one of the Four Modernizations, China's defence is due for gradual updating. This will involve, in many cases, the replacement of Soviet or Soviet-designed equipment. Indigenous designs and Western technology and equipment will be more widely used. In June 1981 the United States agreed in principle to sell arms to China, in addition to the logistic and dual-use equipment and technology agreed under the Carter Administration. This has added to China's potential sources of supply. But the current phase of economic readjustment has meant a 20% cut in the defence budget - and possibly in manpower also - and the process of modernization is likely to be quite slow (see the note on defence expenditure which follows the country entry).
Nuclear Weapons
The research programme continues, and one nuclear test was recorded in 1980. The total then was at least 26 since testing started in 1964. A nuclear force capable of reaching large parts of the Soviet Union and Asia is operational. The stockpile of weapons, both fission and fusion, is believed to amount to several hundreds and probably will continue to grow. Fighter aircraft could be used for tactical delivery, and for longer ranges there is the B-6/Tu-16 medium bomber, with a radius of action up to 3,000 km. MRBM with a range of some 1,800 km are operational but may be replaced by IRBM, also operational now, with a range of about 2,500 km. The missile forces are controlled by the Second Artillery, the missile arm of the PLA.
A multi-stage ICBM with a limited range of 6,000-7,000 km was first tested in 1976 and some have been deployed. An ICBM thought to have a range of some 13,000 km has also been under development and there are suggestions that its deployment may now be beginning. A successful full-range test took place in May 1980. The missile, has been successfully used (and thus tested) as a launcher for satellites. China has also one G-class submarine with missile launching tubes, but does not appear to have missiles for it. All the present missiles are liquid fuelled. Solid propellants are being developed and are reported to have powered the 1980 ICBM test vehicle.
Conventional Forces
The PLA embraces all arms and services, including naval and air elements. China is organized in 11 Military Regions (MR) with 29 Military Districts (MD) and divided into Main and Local Forces. Main Force (MF) divisions, which comprise the field army, are commanded by the Ministry of National Defence, although some reports suggest that command is being transferred to the MR in which they are stationed and which are already responsible for their administration. They are available for operations in any region. Local Forces (LF), which include Border Defence and Internal Defence units, are predominantly infantry, are less well equipped and are intended to defend their own Provinces together with para-military units. Command of them may be vested in the MR.
Artillery, Engineer, Railway, and Production and Construction Corps units are controlled directly by the Ministry of National Defence. Infantry units account for most of the ground force manpower and 118 of the some 185 MF divisions; there are only 11 armoured divisions.
The naval and air elements of the PLA have only about one-fifth of the total manpower, compared with about a quarter for their counterparts in the Soviet Union, but naval strength is increasing, and the equipment for both arms is also steadily being modernized. The PLA, essentially a defensive force, lacks facilities and logistic support for protracted large-scale operations outside China.
Major weapons systems produced include F-7/-8 and A-5 fighters, SA-2-type SAM, Type-59 medium, Types-60/63 amphibious and Type-62 light tanks and K-63 APC. Two Han-class nuclear attack submarines are in service, and R- and W-class medium-range diesel submarines are being built, together with SSM destroyers, frigates and fast patrol boats. Britain has sold aircraft engines, artillery and fire-control equipment and radar, and the United States has sold computers and radars and is contemplating the sale of a much wider range of defensive and non-combat military equipment.
Bilateral Agreements
In 1950 China signed a 30-year Treaty of Alliance and Friendship with the Soviet Union which contained mutual defence obligations. This expired on 10 April 1980 and has not been renewed. There is a mutual defence agreement with North Korea, dating from 1961, and an agreement to provide free military aid. There are non-aggression pacts with Afghanistan, Burma and Kampuchea. Chinese military equipment and logistic support have been offered to a number of countries. Major recipients of arms have included Albania, Egypt, Pakistan and Tanzania.
КИТАЙ
Оборонная политика Китая на протяжении многих лет поддерживала баланс, порой непростой, между двумя концепциями ядерного сдерживания и народной войны. Первая направлена на сдерживание стратегического нападения, вторая - на массовую мобилизацию населения для сдерживания или отражения обычного вторжения на суше. Смерть Мао в сентябре 1976 года и последующие нападения на "банду четырех" устранили самых сильных, но не единственных сторонников стратегической концепции, согласно которой массовая армия была основным сдерживающим фактором. Имеются признаки усилий по созданию более современных сил общего назначения для удовлетворения более ограниченных военных потребностей, чем крайности ядерного сдерживания или массовой войны.
Обычные вооружения Народно-освободительной армии (НОАК), как правило, отстают от вооружений стран с передовой технологией. Однако, как одна из четырех модернизаций, оборона Китая должна постепенно обновляться. Во многих случаях это будет связано с заменой советского оборудования. Более широкое применение получат отечественные разработки и западные технологии и оборудование. В июне 1981 года Соединенные Штаты в принципе согласились продать оружие Китаю в дополнение к материально-техническому обеспечению и технологиям двойного назначения, согласованным при администрации Картера. Это добавило Китаю потенциальных источников поставок. Однако нынешний этап экономической перестройки означает 20-процентное сокращение оборонного бюджета - и, возможно, людских ресурсов - и процесс модернизации, вероятно, будет довольно медленным (см. Примечание о расходах на оборону, которое следует за вступлением страны).
Ядерное оружие
Исследовательская программа продолжается, и в 1980 году было зарегистрировано одно ядерное испытание. С начала испытаний в 1964 году их было не менее 26. Действуют ядерные силы, способные достичь значительной части территории Советского Союза и Азии. Считается, что запасы оружия, как расщепляющегося, так и термоядерного, составляют несколько сотен единиц и, вероятно, будут продолжать расти. Истребители могли использоваться для тактической доставки, а для болших дальностей - средний бомбардировщик B-6/Ту-16, с радиусом действия до 3000 км. БРСД с дальностью полета около 1800 км имеются, но могут быть заменены БРСД, также находящимися в эксплуатации, с дальностью полета около 2500 км. Ракетные войска контролируются второй артиллерией, ракетным вооружением НОАК.
Многоступенчатая МБР с ограниченной дальностью 6000-7000 км была впервые испытана в 1976 году, и некоторые из них были развернуты. МБР с дальностью около 13 000 км была в стадии разработки, и есть предположения, что его развертывания теперь может быть начато. В мае 1980 года было проведено успешное испытание на полную мощность. Ракета, была успешно использована (и таким образом испытана) в качестве пусковой установки для спутников. Китай имеет также одну подводную лодку G-класс с ракетными пусковыми трубами, а нет ракет для нее. Все нынешние ракеты жидко-топливные. Твердых топлив разрабатываются и, как сообщается, испытана МБР в 1980.
Обычные вооруженные силы
НОАК охватывает все виды вооружений и услуг, включая военно-морские и воздушные элементы. Китай организован в 11 военных регионах (MR) с 29 военными округами (MD) и разделен на основные и местные силы. Основные подразделения Сил (MF), входящие в состав полевой армии, находятся под командованием Министерства национальной обороны, хотя по некоторым сообщениям командование передается округам, в котором они дислоцируются и которые уже отвечают за их управление. Они доступны для работы в любом регионе. Местные силы (LF), в состав которых входят подразделения пограничной обороны и внутренней обороны, в основном пехотные, менее хорошо оснащены и предназначены для защиты своих собственных провинций вместе с полувоенными подразделениями. Командование ими может быть возложено на округа.
Артиллерия, инженерные, железнодорожные и производственно - строительные подразделения корпуса находятся под непосредственным контролем Министерства национальной обороны. Пехотные подразделения составляют большую часть личного состава сухопутных войск и 118 из примерно 185 дивизий MF; имеется лишь 11 бронетанковых дивизий.
Военно-морские и военно-воздушные элементы НОАК содержат лишь около одной пятой общей численности личного состава, по сравнению с примерно четвертью их коллег в Советском Союзе, но численность ВМС увеличивается, и оборудование для обоих родов войск также неуклонно модернизируется. НОАК, по сути, оборонительные силы, не имеют средств и материально-технической поддержки для длительных крупномасштабных операций за пределами Китая.
Основные выпускаемые системы вооружения включают истребители F-7/-8 и A-5, ЗРК типа SA-2, средние танки Тип-59, амфибии типа 60/63 и легкие танки типа 62 и БТР К-63. На вооружении находятся две атомные ударные подводные лодки класса Han, строятся дизельные подводные лодки средней дальности R-и W-класса, ракетные эсминцы, фрегаты и быстроходные патрульные катера. Великобритания продала авиационные двигатели, артиллерийское и противопожарное оборудование и радары, а Соединенные Штаты продали компьютеры и радары и рассматривают возможность продажи гораздо более широкого спектра оборонительной и небоевой военной техники.
Двусторонние соглашения
В 1950 году Китай подписал 30-летний договор о союзничестве и дружбе с Советским Союзом, который содержал взаимные оборонные обязательства. Он истек 10 апреля 1980 года и не был продлен. Есть договор о взаимной обороне с Северной Кореей, начиная с 1961 года и соглашение о предоставлении бесплатной военной помощи. Существуют пакты о ненападении с Афганистаном, Бирмой и Кампучией. Ряду стран была предложена китайская военная техника и материально-техническая поддержка. Основными получателями оружия являются Албания, Египет, Пакистан и Танзания.
CHINA
Population: 1,024,890,000
Military service: * selective. Army 3 years, Air and Army technicians 4 years, Navy 5 years. (Technicians may volunteer for 15 years.)
(* The People's Liberation Army is one service; naval and air components are listed separately for purposes of comparison.)
Total regular forces: 4,750,000 (incl railway, construction corps troops).
GNP and defence expenditure: see note on p. 00.
Strategic Forces:
OFFENSIVE:
(a) Second Artillery (under Army control):
ICBM: 4 CSS-3 (range 3,200-3,800 nm/6,000-7,000 km), 1-3 MT.
(Deployment may now have started of CSS-4 ICBM, estimated range 7,000 nm/13,000 km, 5-10 MT warhead.)
IRBM: 65-85 CSS-2 (range 2,500 km), 1-3 MT.
MRBM: Some 50 CSS-1 Tong Feng (East Wind) (range 1,800 km), 15KT.
(b) Aircraft(under Air Force control):
3 regts with 90 B(Hong)-6 med bbrs.
DEFENSIVE:
(a) Ballistic missile EW phased-array radar complex.
(b) Air Force AD system, capable of limited defence of key urban and industrial areas, military installations and weapon complexes, with up to
4,000 naval and air force fighters, about 85 CSA-1 (SA-2) SAM units and over 15,000 AA guns.
(c) A civil defence shelter and evacuation system exists in Beijing and other key cities.
Army: 3,900,000.
Main Forces (Field Army):
Some 40 armies (45,000 men), each normally of 3 divs, 1 arty regt and spt tps (some have 1 indep tk regt, some have 2 arty regts), comprising:
11 armd divs.
118 inf divs.
Some 40 field arty divs.
Some arty, anti-tank, AA regts.
Some 35 recce, engr, sigs, chemical bns (some organized into regts) (Army tps).
12 railway divs
Construction engr divs (being returned to civilian control)
150 indep engr regts
Local Forces (29 provinces, 2-3 divs each):
85 inf divs.
130 indep regts (incl Border Guard).
11,000 Sov IS-2 hy; T-34, T-54, domestic Type-59 and modified Type-59/T-69 med, 600 Types-60/-63 (PT-76) amph and Type-62 lt tks;
4,000 K-63, Types-55/-56 (BTR-40/-152) APC;
18,000 85mm, 152mm guns/how, ISU-152 SP guns; Type-54 and ISU-122 SP, 122mm, 152mm, K-63 122mm SP how;
3,900 Type-63-1 107mm, 132mm, 140mm MRL; FROG-type SSM;
20,000 82mm, Type-55 120mm and Type-56 160mm mor; 40mm, 57mm, 90mm RL;
6,000 57mm, 75mm, 82mm RCL; 57mm, Type-54 76mm ATK guns; HOT, AT-3 Sagger/Sagger-type ATGW;
9,000 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm AA guns.
DEPLOYMENT:
China is divided into 11 Military Regions(MR), in turn divided into 29 Military Districts (MD), as the map on p.111 shows.
Main Force(MF) divs are administered by MR, but may still be controlled centrally.
Main Force divs may be front line (full strength) or second line (with many at reduced strength but with front line eqpt).
Local Force (LF)divs have fewer men and less modern eqpt.
Deployment of MF and LF divs, excluding arty and engrs, may be as follows:
North-east: Shenyang MR (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning MD): 3 armd, 18 inf; 17 LF.*
North: Beijing MR (Hebei, Nei Monggol, Shanxi MD); 5 armd, 28 inf; 12 LF.
North-west: Lanzhou MR (Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi MD): 1 armd, 8 inf; 4 LF.*
West: Uriimqi MR(East, North and South Xinjiang MD): 6 inf; 8 LF.*
South-west: Chengdu MR (Sichuan, Xizang MD): 9 inf; 6 LF.*
South: Kunming MR (Guizhou, Yunnan MD): 6 inf; 5 LF.
Guangzhou MR (Guangdong, Guanxi, Hainan independent sub-MD, Hunan MD): 12 inf; 11 LF.*
Centre. Wuhan MR (Henan, Hubei MD): 11 inf, 3 AB(Air Force); 7 LF.
East: Jinan MR (Shandong MD): 1 armd, 8 inf; 3 LF. Nanjing MR (Anhui, Jiangsu, ZhejiangMD): 1 armd, 6 inf; 6 LF.
Fuzhpu MR (Fujian, Jiangxi MD): 6 inf; 6 LF.
(*There are 2-3 divs worth of border tps in each of these MR.)
Navy: 360,000 incl 38,000 Naval Air Force and 38,000 Coast Defence Forces: 32 major surface combat ships, 104 attack subs.*
1 G-class submarine with SLBM tubes. (China is not known to have any missiles for this sub, which may be fitted with six tubes.)
2 Han SSN.
102 subs (80 R-, 20 W-class, 2 Ming). (Incl training vessels.)
15 destroyers: 11 Luda (Kotlin-type) with 2 triple CSS-N-2 SSM (more building); 4 Anshan (exSov Gordy) with 2 twin CSS-N-2.
17 frigates: 12 msl (5 Jianghu with 2 twin CSS-N-2, 3 Jiangdong with 2 twin SAM, 4 Chendu (ex-Sov Riga) with 1 twin CSS-N-2);
5 Jiangnan (Riga-type).
9 patrol escorts (7 ex-Japanese, 1 ex-Br, 1 ex-Aus).
195 FAC(M) with CSS-N-2: 2 Haidau (6 msls),
100 Hola/Osa (4 msls), 92 Hoku/Komar< and 1 Homa hydrofoil< (2 msls).
46 large patrol craft: 26 Hainan, 20 Kronshtadt.
345 FAC(G): 15 Shanghai I, 295 Shanghai II/III/IV/V, 3 Haikou, 30 Swatowi, 2 Shandong hydrofoils<.
230 FAC(T)<: 70 P-6, 135 Huchwan hydrofoils, 25 P-4 (40 more in reserve).
About 100 coastal and river patrol craft<
20 T-43-class ocean minesweepers.
15 ex-US 511-1152 LST, 17 LSM, 4 inf landing ships, some 320 LCU, 150 LCM.
Coastal Defence Forces (38,000): indep arty regts deployed near naval bases, off shore islands, and other vulnerable points;
85mm, 100mm, 130mm guns.
DEPLOYMENT AND BASES (see map on p.111):
North Sea Fleet: about 500 vessels (over half <); incl 2 sub sqns, deployed from the Yalu River to south of Lianyungang,
Qingdao (HQ), Liida, Lushun, Huludao, Weihai, Chengshan.
East Sea Fleet: about 750 vessels (about 400 <); deployed from south of Lianyungang to Dongshan with air, AD and coastal missile units.
Ningbo (HQ), Zhoushan, Taohua Dao, Haimen, Wenzhou, Fuzhou.
South Sea Fleet: about 600 vessels (perhaps half <) incl 25 submarines, 4 destroyers, 1 frigate, 200 FAC;
deployed from Dongshan to the Vietnamese frontier with 1 sub sqn.
Zhanjiang (HQ), Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Yulin, Beihai.
Some 800 ocean-going vessels and several thousand junks could augment the existing sealift capacity.
NAVAL AIRFORCE (38,000): about 800 shore based combat aircraft, organized in 3 bbr and 6 fighter divs.
Incl about 100 B(Hong)-5 torpedo-carrying and 50 Il-28 lt bbrs;
some 600 fighters, incl F(Jian)-5/-6/-7 interceptors; F-6 recce and 10 ex-Sov Be-6 MR ac;
40 H(Zhi)-5 hel;
some 60 lt tpt ac.
Naval fighters are integrated into the AD system.
Air Force: 490,000, incl strategic forces and 220,000 AD personnel; some 5,300 combat ac
11 Military Air Regions, HQ Beijing; combat elements in Armies of air divs, each with 3 regts of 3 sqns of 3 fits.
Med bbrs: 100 B(Hong)-6/Tu-16 Badger, a few ex-Sov Tu-4 Bull.
Lt bbrs: about 450 B-5/I1-28 Beagle, some 100 ex-Sov Tu-2.
FGA: about 500 F(Jian)-4 and A(Qiang)-5.
Fighters: some 4,000, incl 300 F-5, about 3,000 F-6, 250 F-7, 50 F-8.
Recce: Some 130 F-6, B-5.
Tpts: Some 550 fixed-wing, incl some 300 Y(Yun)-5/An-2, Y-8 (An-12), about 100 exSov (Li-2, 50 I1-14/-18, some An-12/-24/-26),
18 Trident,- C-46.
(These could be supplemented by about 500 ac from the Civil Aviation Administration, with about 150 large tpts incl the Y-10.)
Hel: 350: incl H(Zhi)-5/-6, 13 Super Frelon.
Trainers: incl BT-5, MiG-15, FT-4/-5, TF-6.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll/Atoll-type.
Airborne tps: 3 divs: 82mm, 120mm mor; 82mm RCL, 37mm AA guns.
AA arty divs: 85mm, 100mm guns.
Para-Military Forces: Some 12,000,000.
Militia. The Basic Militia: some 4.3 million; men ages 16-40, women 16-35, who have had, or will have, military service,
grouped in the Armed Militia; organized into about 75 cadre divisions and 2,000 regts.
The Ordinary Militia up to 6 million, (ages 17-48), including the Urban Militia, receive some basic training but are generally unarmed.
Some play a local AD role.
Border security forces comprise 'Armed Border Security' forces (Militia) and 'Border Police' (Public Security Bureau): small arms only.
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT AND DEFENCE EXPENDITURE
Gross National Product
There are no official Chinese figures equivalent to Western data for GNP or National Income. An official 1980 figure for the total value of industrial and agricultural output, only in 1970 prices, is 661,900 m yuan. A GNP figure would include the service sector. Western estimates have varied greatly, and it is difficult to choose from a range of figures, variously defined and calculated. The CIA has estimated GNP for 1977 to be $373 bn, while a recent British estimate for 1980 is $628 bn.
Defence expenditure
The official Chinese defence expenditure figure, released in 1981 for the first time, at 20,170 bn yuan ($12.5 bn) was 20.7% of planned government expenditure. It was subsequently variously reported to have been cut to 16.5 bn yuan ($10.2 bn) and then only to 17.4 bn yuan ($10.8 bn). This figure is not comparable to Western defence estimates, since it excludes a number of items, notably pay and allowances for the troops. Chinese pricing practices are not known in detail, but they are certainly different from those in the West. The official budget figure, in that it excludes a number of items normally included in defence budgets in Western countries, does not therefore provide an accurate indication of defence costs.
ВАЛОВОЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ И РАСХОДЫ НА ОБОРОНУ
Валовой национальный продукт
Нет официальных китайских цифр, эквивалентных западным данным по ВНП или национальному доходу. Официальный показатель 1980 года суммарный объем промышленного и сельскохозяйственного производства, только в ценах 1970 года 661,900 м юаней. Показатель ВНП будет включать сектор услуг. Западные оценки сильно различаются, и трудно сделать выбор из ряда цифр, по-разному определенных и рассчитанных. ЦРУ оценило ВНП за 1977 год в $ 373 млрд, в то время как недавняя британская оценка за 1980 год составляет $628 млрд.
Оборонные расходы
Официальный показатель расходов Китая на оборону, впервые опубликованный в 1981 году, составил 20,170 млрд. юаней ($12,5 млрд.) и составил 20,7% от запланированных государственных расходов. Впоследствии сообщалось, что он был сокращен до 16,5 млрд юаней ($10,2 млрд), а затем только до 17,4 млрд. юаней ($10,8 млрд). Эта цифра не сопоставима с западными оценками в области обороны, поскольку в нее не включен ряд статей, в частности оплата и надбавки для военнослужащих. Китайская практика ценообразования не известна в деталях, но она, безусловно, отличается от западной. Таким образом, официальная цифра бюджета, поскольку она исключает ряд статей, обычно включаемых в оборонные бюджеты западных стран, не дает точного представления о расходах на оборону.
OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES AND AUSTRALASIA
Bilateral Agreements
The United States has mutual co-operation and security treaties with Japan (1960), the Republic of Korea (1954), and the Philippines (1951); military co-operation agreements with Australia (1951, 1963, 1974 and 1980); and a military aid agreement with Thailand. That with Taiwan lapsed on 1 January 1980, although some arms supply and production arrangements continue. Under several other arrangements in the region the United States also provides military aid on either grant or credit basis to Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand, and she sells military equipment to many countries. There are major bases in Japan, South Korea and the Philippines, and air (B-52) and naval refuelling facilities in north and west Australia.
In 1965 Britain purchased the Chagos Archipelago, which includes Diego Garcia, from Mauritius for $3m and established it as the British Indian Ocean territory. A joint US/UK base was constructed on Diego Garcia, and a small British naval contingent was deployed there. Treaties in 1972 and 1976 gave the US a 50-year tenure and provided for the development of the US naval communications facility on the island into a major US naval and air support facility.
The Soviet Union has Treaties of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance with Afghanistan (1978), India (1971), Mongolia (1966), the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1961) and Vietnam (1978). Military assistance agreements exist with Sri Lanka. The Soviet Union concluded a stationing of forces agreement with Afghanistan in April 1980. Bulgaria has Friendship Treaties with Cambodia (1960), Laos (1979), Mongolia (1967) and Vietnam (1979), as have Czechoslovakia with Laos and Vietnam (1980), and East Germany with Vietnam (1977) and Kampuchea (1980).
Australia has supplied defence equipment to Singapore, and Indonesia and has a defence/aid agreement with Malaysia.
In July 1977 Vietnam and Laos signed a series of agreements which contained military provisions and a border pact, and may have provided for the stationing of Vietnamese troops in Laos. A similar series of agreements seems to have been negotiated between Vietnam and the Heng Samrin regime in Kampuchea in February 1979.
Multilateral Agreements
Australia, New Zealand and the United States are members of a tripartite treaty known as ANZUS, which was signed in 1951 and is of indefinite duration. Under this Treaty each agrees to 'act to meet the common danger' in the event of attack on either metropolitan or island territory of any one of them, or on armed forces, public vessels or aircraft in the Pacific.
The Manila Pact, signed on 8 September 1954 by Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States, remains in force, though France arid Pakistan subsequently withdrew and the South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), set up to implement it, was disbanded in 1977. The Pact calls for action by each Party to meet the common danger posed by armed aggression, and for consultation if any other threat is posed to the territory, sovereignty or political independence of any Party. Since 1962 the US commitment to Thailand has been based on this Pact.
Five-Power Defence Arrangements, relating to the defence of Malaysia and Singapore and involving Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Britain, came into effect on 1 November 1971. These stated that, in the event of any externally organized or supported armed attack or threat of attack against Malaysia or Singapore, the five governments would consult together for the purpose of deciding what measures should be taken, jointly or separately. Britain withdrew her forces in March 1976, but New Zealand troops remain in Singapore, as do Australian air forces in Malaysia.
ДРУГИЕ АЗИАТСКИЕ СТРАНЫ И АВСТРАЛИЯ
Двусторонние соглашение
Соединенные Штаты договоры о взаимном сотрудничестве и безопасности с Японией (1960), Республикой Корея (1954) и Филиппинами (1951); военные соглашения о сотрудничестве с Австралией (1951, 1963, 1974 и 1980); а также соглашение о военной помощи с Таиландом. Прервано с Тайванем 1 января 1980 года, хотя некоторые соглашения о поставках и производстве оружия продолжаются. В рамках ряда других соглашений в регионе Соединенные Штаты также предоставляют военную помощь на безвозмездной или кредитной основе Индонезии, Южной Корее, Малайзии, Филиппинам и Таиланду и продают военную технику многим странам. Основные базы находятся в Японии, Южной Корее и на Филиппинах, а воздушные (B-52) и военно-морские заправочные комплексы в Северной и Западной Австралии.
В 1965 году Британия приобрела архипелаг Чагос, в который входит Диего-Гарсия, у Маврикия за $3 млн и создала его в качестве британской территории в Индийском океане. На Диего-Гарсии была построена совместная база США и Великобритании, и там был развернут небольшой британский военно-морской контингент. Договоры 1972 и 1976 годов дали США 50-летний срок пребывания и предусматривали развитие на острове объекта военно-морской связи США в качестве крупного объекта военно-морской и воздушной поддержки США.
Советский Союз имеет договоры о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи с Афганистаном (1978 год), Индией (1971 год), Монголией (1966 год), Корейской Народно-Демократической Республикой (1961 год) и Вьетнамом (1978 год). С Шри-Ланкой существуют соглашения о военной помощи. Советский Союз заключил соглашение о дислокации войск с Афганистаном в апреле 1980 года. Болгария заключила договоры дружбы с Камбоджей (1960), Лаосом (1979), Монголией (1967) и Вьетнамом (1979), как и Чехословакия с Лаосом и Вьетнамом (1980), и Восточная Германия с Вьетнамом (1977) и Кампучией (1980).
Австралия поставила оборонное оборудование Сингапуру и Индонезии и заключила соглашение об обороне/помощи с Малайзией.
В июле 1977 года Вьетнам и Лаос подписали ряд соглашений, которые содержали военные положения и пограничный пакт, и, возможно, предусматривали размещение вьетнамских войск в Лаосе. Аналогичная серия соглашений, по-видимому, была заключена между Вьетнамом и режимом Хэн Самрина в Кампучии в феврале 1979 года.
Многосторонние договоренности
Австралия, Новая Зеландия и Соединенные Штаты являются членами трехстороннего договора, известного как ANZUS, который был подписан в 1951 году и действует бессрочно. Согласно этому договору каждый соглашается действовать для устранения общей опасности в случае нападения на митрополию или островной территории любой из них, или в отношении вооруженных сил, морских или воздушных судов в Тихом океане.
Манильский пакт, подписанный 8 сентября 1954 года Австралией, Новой Зеландией, Пакистаном, Соединенным Королевством, Соединенными Штатами, Таиландом, Филиппинами, Францией и Францией, остается в силе, хотя впоследствии из него вышла Франция и была распущена Организация Договора о Юго-Восточной Азии (СЕАТО), созданная для его осуществления в 1977 году. Пакт призывает каждую из сторон принять меры для устранения общей угрозы, создаваемой вооруженной агрессией, и провести консультации, если какая-либо другая угроза угрожает территории, суверенитету или политической независимости любой из сторон. С 1962 года обязательства США перед Таиландом основываются на этом пакте.
Соглашения об обороне пяти держав, касающиеся обороны Малайзии и Сингапура и касающиеся Австралии, Малайзии, Новой Зеландии, Сингапура и Великобритании, вступили в силу 1 ноября 1971 года. Они заявили, что в случае любого организованного извне или поддерживаемого вооруженного нападения или угрозы нападения на Малайзию или Сингапур пять правительств проведут совместные консультации с целью принятия решения о том, какие меры следует принять совместно или по отдельности. Великобритания вывела свои войска в марте 1976 года, но новозеландские войска остаются в Сингапуре, как и австралийские ВВС в Малайзии.
AFGHANISTAN
Population: 15,360,000.
Military service: conscription; 2 years, may be extended to 30 months.
Total armed forces: 43,000.*
Estimated GNP 1979: $3.4 bn.
Defence expenditure 1978-79: 2.87 bn afghanis ($63.8 m). $1=45 afghanis (1978,1979).
Army: 35,000 (perhaps 26,000 conscripts).*
3 corps HQ.
11 inf divs.
3 armd bdes.
2 mountain inf bdes.
1 arty bde, 3 arty regts.
3 cdo regts.
1 para regt.
200 T-34, 900 T-54/-55, 100 T-62 med, 60 PT-76 lt tks; BMP-1 MICV, 800 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152 APC;
900 76mm, 100mm guns; 122mm and 152mm how; 82mm, 100 120mm, 160mm mor; 50 BM-13-16 132mm MRL;
82mm RCL; 76mm, 100mm ATK. guns; Snapper ATGW;
350 23mm, 37mm, 57mm and 100mm towed, 20 ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-7 SAM.
RESERVES: 150,000 (obligation to age 40).
Air Force: 8,000; perhaps 120 combat aircraft, some 15 armed hel.*
3 lt bbr sqns with 20 Il-28.
7 FGA sqns: 2 with MiG-19, 4 with 45 MiG-17, 1 with 15 Su-7BM.
3 interceptor sqns with 20 MiG-21.
2 tpt sqns with some 10 An-2, 10 An-26, 2 An-24, 1 I1-18D.
4 hel sqns with up to 5 Mi-4,22 Mi-8, 15 Mi-24.
Trainers incl MiG-15/-17UTI/-21U, I1-28U, Yak-18, L-39C.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
1 AD div: 1 SAM bde (3 bns with 120 SA-2), 115 SA-3; 1 AA bde (2 bns with 37mm, 85mm, 100mm guns); 1 radar bde (3 bns).
RESERVES: 12,000
Para-Military Forces: 30,000 Gendarmerie. Border forces; Ministry of Interior: Khad (secret police), 'Defence of the Revolution' Forces;
Pioneers; Afghan Communist Party Guards, Khalqi Youth Militia (at least one bn), Pashtun tribal militia (border guard).
(*Actual strength suspect due to defections. The Soviet High Command in Afghanistan may now control the Afghan forces,
and it is not possible to differentiate between Soviet and Afghan holdings of identical equipment.
Resistance to the Soviet presence involves many among the male population, and perhaps 20,000 intermittently active guerillas
supported by some eight exile political groups. Equipment: mainly small arms, some RPG-7, mor and ATK mines.
AUSTRALIA
Population: 14,760,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 72,591.
Estimated GDP 1979: $US 133.7 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980-81: $A 3.54 bn ($US 3.90 bn). $US 1= $A 0.913 (1980), $A 0.907 (1979).
Army: 32,850.
1 inf div HQ, 3 task force HQ.
1 armd regt.
1 recce regt.
1 APC regt (+1 cav sqn).
6 inf bns.
4 arty regts (1 med, 2 fd, 1 AD).
3 fd engr, 1 construction, 1 fd survey regts.
2 sigs regts.
1 Special Air Service regt.
1 aviation regt.
2 tpt, 1 air tpt spt regts.
73 Leopard 1 A3 med tks; 791 M-113 APC, incl 63 recce AFV with 76mm gun (48 with Scorpion, 15 with Saladin turret);
34 5.5-in guns; 247 105mm how; 51 M-40 106mm RCL; Redeye, 20 Rapier SAM launchers;
16 Porter, 11 Nomad ac; 48 Bell 206B-1 hel; 37 watercraft, 77 LARC-5 amph veh.
(On order: 36 M-198 155mm how.)
RESERVES: 27,235 (with trg obligations) in combat, spt, log and trg units (to rise to 30,000), 30 Leopard med tks in storage.
Navy: 17,300 (incl Fleet Air Arm).
6 Oxley (Oberon) submarines.
1 aircraft carrier (capacity 8 A-4G, 6 S-2G ac, 6 Sea King hel).
3 Perth (ex-US Adams) ASW destroyers with Tartar SAM, Ikara ASW msls.
1 modified Daring destroyer (trg).
2 Adelaide (FFG-7) frigates with Standard SAM, Harpoon SSM.
6 River frigates with Seacat SAM/SSM, Ikara ASW.
2 PCF-420, 12 Attack large patrol boats.
3 modified Br Ton coastal MCM.
5 LCT.
1 amph hy tpt ship, 1 trg ship (ex-ocean ferry), 1 fleet oiler, 1 destroyer tender.
(On order: 2 FFG-7 frigates, 1 Durance-type replenishment ship, 18 PCF-420 large patrol craft, Harpoon SSM.)
FLEET AIR ARM: 20 combat ac, 6 armed hel.
1 attack sqn with 4 A-4G Skyhawk.
1 ASW sqn with 7 S-2G Tracker.
1 ASW hel sqn with 6 Sea King Mk 50.
1 utility/SAR hel sqn with 10 Wessex 31B, 4 Bell UH-1B, 3 Bell 206B.
1 trg sqn with 8 MB-326H, 2 TA-4G, 4 A-4G.
In storage: 5 S-2G ac, 9 Wessex 31B hel.
Bases: Sydney, Melbourne, Jervis Bay, Brisbane, Caims, Darwin, Cockburn Sound.
RESERVES: 3,600 (with trg obligations).
Air Force: 22,441; 125 combat aircraft.
2 FGA/recce sqns with 20 F-111C, 4 RF-111C.
3 interceptor/FGA sqns with 48 Mirage IIIO.
1 recce/trg sqn with 13 Canberra B-20/T-21.
2 MR sqns: 1 with 10 P-3B Orion, 1 with 10 P-3C.
1 ocu with 14 Mirage IIIO/D.
1 Forward Air Controller fit with 6 CA-25.
5 tpt sqns: 2 with 24 C-130E/H, 2 Boeing 707-320C; 2 with 18 DHC-4 (C-7A); 1 with 2 BAC-111, 2 HS-748, 3 Mystere 20.
1 hel tpt sqn with 6 CH-47 Chinook.
3 utility hel sqns with 45 UH-1B/H Iroquois.
Trainers incl 70 MB-326H, 8 HS-748T2,49 CT-4 Airtrainer.
AAM: Sidewinder, R-530.
(26 Mirage IIIO/D FGA, 6 Chinook hel in reserve.)
(On order. 4 F-111A FGA ac, Harpoon ASM.)
RESERVES: 600 (with trg obligations) in 5 Auxiliary sqns.
Forces Abroad: Egypt: (UNTSO): 10, India/Kashmir, (UNMOGIP): 6, Malaysia/Singapore: 2 sqns with Mirage IIIO, 1 fit with DHC-4, UH-1H hel.
Para-Military Forces: Bureau of Customs. (On order 10 Searchmaster MR ac.)
BANGLADESH
Population: 92,900,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 77,000.
Estimated GDP 1979: $9.5 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 2.52 bn taka ($158 m). $1=15.94 taka (1980), 15.3 taka (1979).
Army: 70,000.
5 inf div HQ.
12 inf bdes (27 inf bns).
2 armd regts.
12 arty regts.
6 engr bns.
30 T-54/-55 med, 6 M-24 Chaffee lt tks; 30 model 56 pack, M-101 105mm, 5 25-pdr guns/how; 81mm, 50 120mm mor;
57mm (6-pdr) ATK guns; 106mm RCL.*
(On order. 36 Ch tks.)
Navy: 4,000.*
2 ex-Br frigates (1 Type 61,1 Type 41).
4 ex-Ch Shanghai II FAC(G).
5 large patrol craft (2 ex-Yug Kraljevica, 2 ex-Ind Akshay, 1 ex-Br Town-class).
5 Pabna river patrol boats<.
1 trg ship.
Bases: Chittagong (HQ), Dacca, Khulna, Chalna.
Air Force: 3,000; 19 combat aircraft.*
2 FGA sqns with 16 Ch F-6.
1 interceptor sqn with 3 MiG-21MF.
1 tpt sqn with 1 An-24, 3 An-26.
1 hel sqn with 4 Alouette III, 6 Bell 212, Mi-8.
Trainers incl 2 MiG-21U, 8 Magister, 12 Ch BT-6.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
(On order: 12 F-6 FGA.)
Para-Military Forces: 66,000. 30,000 Bangladesh Rifles, 36,000 Armed Police Reserve.
BURMA
Population: 35,260,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 179,000. (*Spares are short; some equipment is unserviceable.)
Estimated GNP 1980: $5.06 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 1.35 bn kyat ($200 m). $1=6.73 kyat (official) (1980).
Army: 163,000.
6 lt inf divs.
2 armd bns.
85 indep inf bns.
3 arty bns.
1 AA bty.
25 Comet med tks; 40 Humber armd, 45 Ferret scout cars; 50 25-pdr, 5.5-in guns/how; 120 76mm, 80 M-101 105mm how; 120mm mor;
50 6- and 17-pdr ATK guns; 10 40mm, 3.7-in AA guns.*
Navy: 7,000 (800 marines).*
2 ex-Br frigates (1 River, 1 Algerine).
4 corvettes: 2 ex-US (1 PCE-827, 1 Admirable), 2 Nawarat.
1 Osprey-class large patrol craft.
36 gunboats (15<).
35 river patrol craft<.
1 ex-US LCU.
8 ex-US LCM.
(On order 2 Osprey large, 6 Carpentaria coastal patrol boats.)
Bases: Bassein, Mergui, Moulmein, Seikyi, Sinmalaik, Sittwo.
Air Force: 9,000; 17 combat aircraft.*
2 COIN sqns with 6 AT-33,11 SF-260MB.
Tpts incl 1 F-27,4 FH-227, 7 Pilatus PC-6/-6A, 6 Cessna 180.
Hel incl 10 KB-47G, 2 KV-107/II, 7 HH-43B, 10 Alouette III, 14 UH-1.
Trainers incl 20 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer, 10 T-37C.
(On order: 9 SF-260MB, 6 Cessna 180, 12 PC-7.)
Para-Military Forces: 73,000. 38,000 People's Police Force, 35,000 People's Militia.
REPUBLIC OF CHINA (TAIWAN)
Population: 18,165,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 451,000.
Estimated GNP 1980: $US 27.8 bn.
Defence expenditure 1977-78: SNT 63.47 bn ($US1.75 bn). $US1=$NT 36 (1980), $NT 37.97 (1978).
Army: 310,000.
2 army, 6 corps HQ.
2 armd divs.
12 hy inf divs.
6 lt inf divs.
2 AB bdes.
2 armd cav regts.
4 special forces gps.
1 SSM bn with Honest John.
4 SAM bns: 2 with Nike Hercules, 2 with HAWK.
6 army aviation sqns.
200 M-47/-48 med, 625 M-41 lt tks; M-3 halftrack, 1,100 M-113 APC;
300 M-59 155mm guns/how; 350 M-116 75mm pack, 550 M-101 105mm, 90 M-114 155mm, 10 M-115 203mm towed,
225 M-108 105mm, M-109 155mm, M-110 203mm SP how; 81mm mor; Kung Feng 126mm MRL; Honest John, Hsiung Feng SSM;
150 M-18 76mm SP ATK guns; 500 106mm RCL; Kun Wu ATGW;
300 40mm AA guns (some M-42 SP); 80 Nike Hercules, HAWK, 20 Chaparral SAM;
118 UH-1H, 2 KH-4, 7 CH-34 hel.
(On order: 75 M-48 med tks; 125 M-109 155mm, 75 M-110A 203mm SP how; 1,000 TOW, Kun Wu ATGW; 370 Improved HAWK SAM.)
DEPLOYMENT: Quemoy: 60,000; Matsu: 20,000.
RESERVES: 1,000,000.
Navy: 35,000.
2 ex-US Guppy-II submarines.
22 ex-US destroyers: 10 Gearing with 1 hel (1 with Gabriel SSM, 7 with ASROC, 8 Sumner (3 with Gabriel), 4 Fletcherwith ChaparralSAM.
I1 ex-US APD-37/-38 frigates.
3 ex-US Auk corvettes.
6 FAC(M) with Hsiung Feng (Gabriel-type) SSM: 4 Lung Chiang (4 msls), 2 Tzu Chiang (2 msls).
6 FAC(T): 4 ex-US 71ft/79ft, 2 Japanese built.
14 ex-US Adjutant and 268-class coastal minesweepers, 7 MCM boats.
2 LSD, 22 LST, 4 LSM, 22 LCU.
(On order: 2 Zwaardvis subs, 2 Gearing destroyers, Tzu Chiang FAC(M), Harpoon, Gabriel SSM, ASROC ASW,
284 Improved Sea Chaparral SAM.)
RESERVES: 45,000.
Bases: Tsoying, Makung (Pescadores), Keelung.
Marines: 39,000.
2 divs.
M-47 med tks; LVT-4 APC; 105mm, 155mm how; 106mm RCL.
RESERVES: 35,000.
Air Force: 67,000; 386 combat ac, 12 armed hel.
5 combat wings.
13 FGA sqns: 9 with 252 F-5A/E/F; 2 with 42 F-100/A/D, 2 with 40 F-104G/D.
1 interceptor sqn with 21 F-104A.
1 recce sqn with 4 RF-104G.
1 MR sqn with 9 S-2A, 18 S-2E.
1 ASW hel sqn with 12 Hughes Defender 500MD.
1 SAR sqn with 8 HU-16B ac, 10 UH-1H hel.
6 tpt sqns with 30 C-46, 50 C-47, 1 C-118B, 40 C-119, 10 C-123, 1 Boeing 720B.
Trainers incl 55 PL-1B Chien Shou, 50 T-CH-1, 32 T-33, 30 T-38, F-5B/F, 3 TF-104G, 6 F-104D, F-100F.
6 hel sqns with 95 UH-1H, 7 UH-19, 10 Bell 47G.
AAM: Sidewinder, Shafrir. ASM: Bullpup.
(On order: F-5E/F fighters, YAT-3 trg ac, Shafrir AAM, Maverick ASM.)
RESERVES: 90,000.
Para-Military Forces: 100,000 militia. Police use Hughes 300C/D hel.
INDIA
Population: 683,900,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 1,104,000.
Estimated GNP 1980: $116 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981-2: 42 bn rupees ($5.12 bn). $1=8.21 rupees (1981), 8.17 rupees (1980).
Army: 944,000.
2 armd divs.
18 inf divs.
10 mountain divs.
6 indep armd bdes.
1 indep inf bde.
2 para bdes.
1 cdo bde.
17 indep arty bdes, incl about 20 AA regts.
950 T-54/-55, 170 T-72, 1,000 Vijayanta med, AMX-13 lt tks; 700 BTR-50/-60/-152, OT-62A/-64A APC;
76mm, 25-pdr, 300 100mm, 550 130mm, 5.5-in, S-23 180mm guns; 75mm pack, 75/24 mountain, 105mm (incl pack, Abbot SP), M-115 203mm how;
500 120mm, 160mm mor; M-18 57mm, Carl Gustav 84mm, 106mm RCL; SS-11, Harpon, ENTAC ATGW; 57mm ATK guns;
40mm, 3.7-in towed, ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-6, 40 Tigercat SAM.
(On order: 600 T-72 med tks, 230 M-198 155mm how, 60 TOW ATGW launchers, 3,700 msls.)
RESERVES: 200,000. Territorial Army 40,000.
Navy: 47,000, incl naval air force.
8 ex-Sov F-class submarines.
1 ex-Br Majestic-class aircraft carrier (capacity 18 Sea Hawk, 4 Alize; converting to Sea Harrier).
1 ex-Br Fyji-class cruiser (trg).
2 ex-Sov Kashin-class destroyers with 4 Styx SSM; . SA-N-1 SAM, 1 hel.
24 frigates: 6 Leander with Seacat SAM, 1 hel; 2 ex-Br Whitby with Styx SSM; 12 ex-Sov Petya II; 4 trg (3 ex-Br Leopard, 1 Black Swan).
3 ex-Sov Nanuchka corvettes with Styx SSM, SA-N-4 SAM.
16 ex-Sov Osa-I/II FAC(M) with Styx SSM.
1 Abhay, 3 SDB-2 large patrol craft.
6 ex-Sov Natya ocean, 4 ex-Br Ton coastal, 4 ex-Br Ham inshore minesweepers.
1 ex-Br, 6 ex-Sov Polnocny LCT, 6 LCU.
(On order 4 SSK-1500 submarines, 2 Kashin-type destroyers, 5 Godevari (modified Leander) frigates, 4 Nanuchka corvettes, 6 Polnocny LCT.)
Bases: Western Fleet: Bombay, Goa, Cochin. Eastern Fleet: Vishakapatnam, Calcutta, Port Blair.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (2,000); 33 combat aircraft, 27 armed hel.
2 attack sqns with 20 Sea Hawk (10 in carrier).
1 ASW sqn with 5 Alize 1050 (4 in carrier).
2 MR sqns with 5 Super Constellation, 3 Il-38 May.
5 ASW hel sqns with 11 Sea King, 5 Ka-25, 11 Alouette III.
1 SAR/liaison hel sqn with 10 Alouette III.
3 trg/comms sqns with 7 HJT-16 Kiran, 4 Vampire T-55, 10 Islander, 1 Devon, 2 Seahawk ac; 4 Hughes 300 hel.
(On order 8 Sea Harrier FGA, 3 Il-38 MR, 6 Islander trg ac.)
Air Force: 113,000; some 614 combat aircraft.
4 lt bbr sqns with 50 Canberra B(I)58, B(I)12.
10 FGA sqns: 3 with 50 Su-7BM/KU; 3 with 48 Hunter F-56/-56A; 1 with 16 Jaguar GR-1, 2 T-2; 2 with 50 HF-24 Marut;
1 with 10 MiG-23BM (Flogger F) and MiG-23UM (Flogger C) forming, 2nd to form early 1982.
15 AD/FGA sqns with 300 MiG-21/FL/PFMA/MF/bis/U.
4 interceptor sqns with 80 Ajeet (Gnat Mk II).
1 recce sqn with 8 Canberra PR-57 (to be replaced by MiG-25).
4 hel sqns with some 100 Cheetah (Lama) (replacing 20 Krishak and 10 Auster ac).
3 trg and conversion sqns with Canberra T-4/T-13/T-67, Hunter F-56/T-66, MiG-21U.
10 tpt sqns: 2 with 31 C-119G, An-32; 2 with 30 An-12; 2 with 24 DHC-3, 3 with 36 C-47, An-32; 1 with 20 DHC-4.
1 comms sqn with 2 Tu-124, 16 HS-748M.
2 liaison fits with 16 HS-748, 4 C-47.
9 tpt hel sqns: 5 with 60 Mi-4, 4 with 52 Mi-8.
3 liaison hel sqns with 60 Chetak (Alouette III).
Trainers incl 65 HT-2, 170 Kiran 1/1A, 15 Marut Mk IT, 10 HPT-3 (replacing HT-2) 45 TS-4 Iskra, 27 HS-748 ac, Chetak hel.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll. ASM: AS-30.
20 SAM sqns with 120 SA-2/-3.
(On order: 85 Jaguar (45 to be locally built*), 62 MiG-23BM, 13 MiG-23UM, MiG-21bis, 80 Ajeet (Gnat Mk 2) fighters; 8 MiG-25 recce;
40 An-32, 10 HS-748 tpts; 40 Iskra, 90 Kiran Mk 2 trg ac; Mi-8,45 Chetak hel.)
(*Status of contract for further 60 unclear.)
Para-Military Forces: About 200,000 Border Security Force, 100,000 in other organizations.
Coastguard: 2 ex-Br Type 14 frigates, 2 FAC(P), 5 Poluchat FAC(P), 4 Alouette III hel. (On order. 3 coastal patrol vessels.)
INDONESIA
Population: 154,360,000.
Military service: selective.
Total armed forces: 273,000.
Estimated GDP 1979: $43.1 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 1,500 bn rupiahs ($2.39 bn). $1 = 628.3 rupiahs (1981), 625 rupiahs (1979).
Army: 195,000. (Some armed forces elements are engaged in rural aid administrative duties.) (KOSTRAD=Strategic Reserve Command.)
1 armd cav bde (1 tk bn, spt units).: ):
13 inf bdes (76 inf, 14 arty, 13 AA, 10 engr bns), l bde in KOSTRAD.
2 AB inf bdes (6 bns)
4 fd arty regts, 4 AA arty regts.
1 engr regt.
Army Aviation:
1 composite sqn; 1 hel sqn.
25 M-3A3, 200 AMX-13, 15 PT-76 lt tks;
75 Saladin armd, 55 Ferret scout cars; 1,000 AMX-VCI MICV, Saracen, 60 V-150 Commando, 130 BTR-40/-152 APC;
50 76mm, 40 105mm (incl 105mm lt), 122mm guns/how; 81mm, 200 120mm mor; 106mm RCL; ENTAC ATGW;
20mm, 40mm, 200 57mm AA guns;
2 C-47, 2 Aero Commander 680, 1 DHC-2, 1 Beech 18, Cessna 185, 18 Gelatik ac; 16 Bell 205, 5 Alouette III, 16 Bo-105 hel,
20 small landing craft.
(On order: 40 AMX-10 PAC 90 AFV, AMX-10P APC.)
Navy: 52,000, incl Naval Air and Marines.
4 subs: 2 Type 209,2 ex-Sov W-class (1 trg).
10 frigates: 3 Fatahilla with 4 Exocet SSM, 4 ex-US Jones, 3 ex-Sov Riga.
16 large patrol craft: 5 ex-Sov Kronshtadt, 1 ex-US PC-461, 5 ex-Yug Kraljevica, 2 Kelabang, 2 Attack, 1 ex-US PGM-39.
4 PSSM Mk 5 FAC(M) with 4 Exocet SSM.
4 Lurssen TNC-45 FAC(T).
8 coastal patrol craft<: 2 Spear, 6 Aus Carpentaria.
4 ex-Sov T-43 ocean minesweepers.
1 comd/spt ship.
11 LST, 5 LCU, 38 LCM.
(In reserve: 1 Pattimura frigate; 1 Kronshtadt, 2 PC-461, 1 Kelabang, 2 PGM-39 patrol craft; 1 R-class coastal minesweeper; 1 comd/spt ship.)
(On order. 1 trg frigate, 2 LST.)
Bases: Gorontalo, Jakarta, Surabaya.
NAVAL AIR: (1,000); 24 combat aircraft.
3 MR sqns: 2 with 18 Nomad, 1 with 6 CASA C-212.
Other ac incl 5 HU-16, 6 C-47, 3 Aero Commander ac; 4 Bell 47G, 6 Alouette II/III, 4 Bo-105 hel.
(On order 3 Boeing 737 MR ac, 8 Bo-105 hel.)
MARINES: (12,000).
2 inf regts (6 bns); 1 close spt regt; 3 amph assault, 1 arty, 1 AA bns.
lt tks, APC, 40mm AA.
Air Force: 26,000; 48 combat aircraft.* (* Some reserve Soviet equipment non-operational for lack of spares.)
1 FGA sqn with 14 A-4, 2 TA-4 Skyhawk.
1 interceptor sqn with 12 F-5E, 4 F-5F.
1 COIN sqn with 16 OV-10F.
2 tpt sqns: 1 with 18 C-130H-30/-130B (3 in civilian use), 1 L-100-30; 1 with 1 C-140 Jetstar, 12 C-47, 1 Skyvan, 8 F-27, 6 CASA C-212.
1 liaison sqn with 7 DHC-3, 12 Cessna 207/401/402 ac; 4 Alouette III hel.
1 hel sqn with 2 Bell 204B, 4 UH-34D, 1 S-61A, 16 Puma.
1 trg sqn: 4 T-6, 16 T-34C1, 8 Hawk T-53, 4 AS-202 Bravo.
(On order: 16 A-4E FGA; 10 CASA C-212, 3 Transall C-160 tpts; 4 Hawk T-53, 20 AS-202 trg ac; 2 King Air lt ac; 16 Bo-105, 6 Puma hel.)
Para-Military Forces: 12,000 Police mobile bde; about 70,000 Militia. Coastguard (getting patrol boats).
Customs (getting 7 28-metre, 8 57-metre Lurssen patrol boats.)
JAPAN
Population: 117,400,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 243,000 (to increase to 270,184).
Estimated GNP 1980: $975.7 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 2,400 bn yen ($11.5 bn). $1=208.75 yen (1981), 248.85 yen (1980).
Army: 155,000.
1 armd div.
12 inf divs (7-9,000 men each).
1 AB bde.
2 composite bdes.
1 arty bde, 2 AD arty bdes.
1 sigs bde.
5 engr bdes.
8 SAM gps (each of 4 btys) with 192 HAWK.
Army Aviation:
1 hel wing and 34 sqns.
560 Type 61, 270 Type 74 med, 70 M-41 lt tks; 500 Type 60 and Type 73 APC;
900 75mm, 105mm, 155mm and 203mm guns/how; 500 Type 74 105mm and Type 75 155mm SP how; Type 30 SSM;
1,800 81mm and 107mm mor (some SV and SX-60 sp); 8 Type 75 130mm MRL;
1,000 57mm, 75mm, Carl Gustav 84mm, 106mm RCL; Type 64, 8 KAM-9 ATGW;
200 35mm twin, 37mm, 40mm, 75mm, 90mm AA guns; HAWK SAM;
some 300 ac and hel: 12 LM-1/-2, 12 LR-1 ac; 2 AH-1S, 54 KV-107, 58 UH-1H, 80 UH-1B, 33 TH-55J, 46 OH-6J/D, 3 H-13 hel.
(On order 60 Type 74 med tks, 9 Type 73 APC, 34 Type 75 155mm, 7 203mm SP how; 17 Type 75 MRL; 8 Type 79, MAT ATGW;
219 84mm RCL; 10 Tan, 14 Stinger, 24 Improved HAWK SAM; 2 LR-1 ac; 8 OH-6D, 6 UH-1H hel.)
RESERVES: 41,000.
Navy: 44,000 (including naval air).
14 subs: 2 Yushio, 7 Uzushio, 5 Oshio (1 trg).
34 destroyers: 2 Shirane with Sea Sparrow SAM, ASROC, 3 S-61B ASW hel; 2 Haruna with ASROC, 3 ASW hel;
2 Tachikaze with Tartar, Standard SAM, ASROC; 1 Amatsukaze with Standard SAM, ASROC; 4 Takatsuki with ASROC, 2 hel;
6 Yamagumo with ASROC; 3 Minegumo (2 with 2 hel; 1 with ASROC, no hel); 2 Akizuki; 3 Murasame; 7 Ayanami (2 trg); 2 Harukaze (1 trials).
16 frigates: 1 Ishikari with 2 quad Harpoon SSM; 11 Chikugo with ASROC; 4 Isuzu.
7 large patrol craft: 5 Mizutori, 2 Umitaka.
5FAC(T).
9 coastal patrol craft(.
3 MCM spt ships, 37 coastal minesweepers (9 /7atsushima, 19 Takami, 9 Kasado), 6 Nanago MCM boats.
2 trg ships (1 Azuma, 1 Katori).
6 LST(3 Miura, 3 Atsumi), 37 landing craft.
(On order 3 submarines, 8 destroyers; 32 Harpoon SSM, Tartar SAM)
Bases: Yokosuka, Kure, Sasebo, Maizuru, Ominato.
NAVAL AIR ARM: 12,000; some 120 combat aircraft, 76 armed hel.
5 air groups.
11 MR sqns with 68 P-2J, 5 P2V-7, 28 S-2F-1, 19 PS-1.
9 ASW hel sqns with 70 HSS-2/-2A/-2B.
1 MCM hel sqn with 6 KV-107
1 tpt sqn with 4 YS-11M, 1 S2F-C, 1 S2F-U.
1 test sqn with P-2H/J, SH-3A/B, T-34, PS-1.
5 SAR fits with 6 US-1 ac; 2 S-62A hel.
5 trg sqns with 6 YS-11T, 5 TC-90, 8 T-34, 55 KM-2, P-2J, 23 Queen Air, 5 King Air ac; 4 OH-6J, 90 SH-3 hel.
2 SAR trg sqns with S-62A.
(On order: 8 P-3J, 6 C-130 minelayer, 13 Sierra 200 MR, 9 KM-2, 2 US-1, 7 TC-90 ac; 18 HSS-2, 1 S-61A hel.)
RESERVES: 600.
Air Force: 44,000: some 350 combat aircraft. 6 combat air wings; 1 composite air div, 1 recce sqn.
3 FGA sqns with 64 F-l, 6 T-33A.
10 interceptor sqns: 6 with 120 F-4EJ; 3 with 105 F-104J, 20 T-33A: 1 ocu with 17 F-104DJ.
Recce Air Group: HQ sqn; aerobatic team; 1 recce sqn with 14 RF-4EJ; ECM fit with 2 YS-11E.
3 tpt sqns with 30 C-l A, 10 YS-11.
1 SAR wing (9 dets) with 50 T-34A, MU-2 ac; KV-107, S-62 hel.
1 air test wing with F-4EJ, 2 F-15J, F-104J, T-1/-2/-3, T-33A, 1 C-1A.
1 weather group with 2 YS-11, MU-2J, T-33A.
5 trg wings: 9 with 50 T-1A/B, 54 T-2A, 30 T-3, 56 T-33A, 30 T-34A.
AAM: AAM-1, Sparrow, Falcon, Sidewinder.
4 SAM gps; 13 sqns with 208 Nike-J.
A Base Defence Ground Environment with 28 control and warning units.
(On order. 90 F-15J, 8 TF-15J, 11 F-1 fighters, 2 C-130 tpt, 20 T-2, 10 T-3 trg, 3 MU-2 SAR, 8 E-2C AEW ac; 6 KV-107 SAR hel;
2 Tan SAM launchers.)
KAMPUCHEA/CAMBODIA
Population: 5,560,000.
Military service: conscription, term unknown.
Total armed forces: some 20,000.
Armed Forces:
1 inf div.
Some indep units.
(On order: tks, arty, ships, ac, 2 Mi-8 hel - details unknown.)
The country is occupied by some 21 Vietnamese divs (200,000 men).
Resistance Groups: Democratic Kampuchean Government (Khmer Rouge): perhaps 30,000; Sereika: some 3,000, small arms, incl mor.
KOREA: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC (NORTH)
Population: 19,940,000.
Military service: Army, Navy 5 years; Air Force 3-4 years.
Total armed forces: 782,000.
Estimated GNP 1979: $14.1 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 3.01 bn won ($1.47 bn).* $1=2.05 won.
(*It is uncertain whether this covers all defence expenditure, and there is no consensus on a suitable exchange rate for the dollar conversion.)
Army: 700,000.
8 corps HQ.
2 tk divs.
3 mot inf divs.
35 inf divs.
3 AA arty divs.
5 armd bdes.
4 recce bdes.
4 inf bdes.
8 lt inf bdes.
26 special forces (incl 3 amph cdo) bdes.
2 indep tk regts.
5 indep inf regts.
100 arty bns.
82 rocket bns.
4 SSM bns with 36 FROG.
1 river crossing regt (3 bns).
3 amph bns(engrs).
5 AB bns.
300 T-34, 2,200 T-54/-55/-62 and Type-59 med, 100 PT-76, 50 Type-62 lt tks; BA-64 recce, 1,000 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152, BMP-1, K-63 APC;
4,100 76mm, 85mm, 100mm, 122mm, 130mm towed, SU-76, SU-100 SP guns; 122mm, 152mm how;
11,000 82mm, 120mm and 160mm mor;
1,900 122mm, 140mm, 200mm, 240mm MRL;
1,500 82mm B-10 RCL; 45mm, 57mm, Type 52 75mm ATK guns; AT-3 Sagger ATGW; 9 FROGS, 30 FROG-7 SSM;
8,000 23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm towed, ZSU-23-4, ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; SA-7 SAM.
RESERVES: 260,000, 23 divs.
Navy: 31,000.
19 submarines (4 ex-Sov W-, 15 ex-Ch R-class).
4 Najin frigates.
18 ex-Sov FAC(M): 8 Osa-I, 10 Komar< with Styx SSM.
33 large patrol craft: 3 ex-Sov (2 Tral, 1 Artillerist), 15 SO-1, 3 Sariwan, 6 ex-Ch Hainan, 6 Taechong.
141 FAC(G): 20 ex-Sov MO-IV<; 23 ex-Ch (15 Shanghai II, 8 Swatow,4 Chodo, 4 K-48, 60 Chaho<, 30 Chong-Jin<
177 FAC(T): 78 ex-Sov (4 Shershen, 62 P-6<, 12 P-4<); 99< (6 Sinpo, 15 Iwon, 6 An Ju, 72 Ku Song/Sin Hung).
30 coastal patrol craft< (10 ex-Sov KM-4, 20 misc gunboats).
9 LCU, 15 LCM, 70 Nampo landing craft<.
Samlet coast defence msls; 2 sites.
RESERVES: 40,000.
Bases: Wonsan, Nampo.
Air Force: 51,000; 700 combat aircraft.
3 1t bbr sqns with 90 Il-28.
13 FGA sqns: 1 with 20 Su-7; 9 with 290 MiG-15/-17; 3 with 60 MiG-19.
12 interceptor sqns with 120 MiG-21, 120 MiG-19.
Tpts incl 180 An-2, 40 An-24, 10 I1-14/-18, 1 Tu-154.
Hel incl 20 Mi-4, 20 Mi-8.
Trainers incl 70 Yak-18, 100 MiG-15UTI/-19UTI/-21U, Il-28, 30 BT-6.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
4 SAM bdes (12 bns,40 btys) with 250 SA-2 in 45 sites.
Para-Military Forces: 38,000 security forces and border guards; civilian militia with small arms, some AA arty.
KOREA: REPUBLIC OF KOREA (SOUTH)
Population: 38,800,000.
Military service: Army and Marines 30 months, Navy and Air Force 3 years.
Total armed forces: 601,600.
Estimated GNP 1980: $60.3 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 2,953 bn won ($4.4 bn). $1=671.2 won (1981), 580.5 won (1980).
Army: 520,000.
5 corps HQ.
1 mech inf div.
20 inf divs.
2 armd bdes.
2 indep inf bdes.
7 special forces bdes.
2 AA arty bdes.
7 tk bns.
36 arty bns.
2 SSM bns with 12 Honest John.
2 SAM bdes: 3 HAWK, 2 Nike Hercules bns.
1 army aviation bde.
60 M-60, 800 M-47/-48 med tks; M-8 armd cars; 500 M-113/-577, 196 Fiat 6614 APC;
2,000 M-59 155mm, 12 M-107 175mm SP guns; M-101 towed, M-52 SP 105mm, M-114 towed,
76 M-109 155mm SP, M-115 and 16 M-110 SP 203mm how; M-10 126mm MRL;
5,300 81mm and 107mm mor; 12 Honest John SSM;
80 M-18 76mm, 100 M-36 90mm SP ATK guns; LAW RL; 57mm, 75mm, 106mm RCL; TOW ATGW;
66 Vulcan 20mm, 40 40mm AA guns; 80 HAWK, 45 Nike Hercules SAM;
14 O-2A ac; 20 UH-1B, 44 OH-6A, 5 KH-4, 66 Hughes 500MD Defender hel with TOW.
(On order 1,000 M-551 Sheridan lt tks; 37 M-109 155mm SP how; TOW ATGW; Stinger SAM; 56 OH-6A hel.)
RESERVES: 1,100,000; 8 inf divs (cadre).
Navy: 49,000 incl marines (5,000 conscripts).
10 ex-US destroyers: 5 Gearing with 1 hel, 2 Sumner, 3 Fletcher.
7 ex-US frigates: 1 Rudderow, 6 Lawrence/Crossley.
3 ex-US Auk corvettes.
8 FAC (M): 7 PSMM Mk 5, 1 ex-US Asheville, all with Standard SSM.
10 large patrol craft: 2 100-ft, 8 ex-US Cape.
28 coastal patrol crafl<: 6 CPIC FAC(P); 13 Sewart (9 65-ft, 4 40-ft), 9 Schoolboy I/II.
8 MSC-268/-294 coastal minesweepers, 1 minesweeping boat<.
24 ex-US landing ships (8 LST, 12 LSM, 4 LCU).
(On order 1sub, 4 frigates, 120 Harpoon SSM.)
Bases: Chinhae, Cheju, Inchon, Mokpo, Mukho, Pohang, Pusan.
RESERVES: 25,000.
MARINES: (24,000).
1 div.
2 bdes.
LVTP-7 APC.
RESERVES: 60,000.
Air Force: 32,600; some 378 combat aircraft, 10 armed hel.
4 combat, 1 tpt wings.
12 FGA sqns: 10 with 228 F-5A/B/E, 2 with 40 F-86F.
3 AD sqns with 54 F-4D/E.
1 COIN sqn with 24 OV-10G, some A-37.
1 recce sqn with 12 RF-5A.
2 ASW sqns: 1 with 20 S-2A/F, 1 with 10 Hughes 500MD hel.
1 SAR hel sqn with 6 UH-19, 5 UH-1D, 2 Bell 212.
3 tpt sqns with 12 C-46, 10 C-54, 10 C-123, 2 HS-748, 6 C-130H, Aero Commander.
Trainers incl: 20 T-28D, 30 T-33A, 20 T-41D, 35 F-5B, 20 F-5F.
AAM: Sidewinder, Sparrow.
(On order: 36 F-16, 36 F-5E, 32 F-5F fighters; 6 CH-47C, 27 UH-1H hel; AIM-9L Super Sidewinder AAM; Maverick ASM.)
RESERVES: 55,000.
Para-Military Forces: A local defence militia, 2,800,000 Homeland Defence Reserve Force.
Coastguard: 25 small craft, 9 Hughes 500D hel.
LAOS
Population: 3,520,000.
Military service: conscription, 18 months.
Total armed forces: 55,700. (*Equipment serviceability unknown.)
Estimated GNP 1978: $260 m.
Defence expenditure 1979: 15.15 bn kip ($37.9 m). $1 =400 kip Pot Poi (1979).
Army: 46,000.
1 armd bn.
64 inf bns.
4 arty, 4 AA arty bns.
11 inf coys (provincial).
1 lt ac liaison fit.
10 M-24, 25 PT-76 lt tks; 25 M-8 armd cars; 8 BTR-40, M-113 APC;
80 M-116 75mm, 105mm, 155mm how; 81mm, 82mm, 107mm, 4.2-in mor; 107mm RCL; M-1939 37mm AA guns; 4 U-17 Altac*
Navy: 1,700.*
6 ex-Sov Shmel and 28 other river patrol craft (15 in reserve).
7 LCM (3 in reserve). 7 tpts( (6 in reserve).
Air Force: 8,000; 34 combat aircraft.*
1 interceptor sqn with 10 MiG-21.
1 COIN sqn with 20 T-28A/D, 4 AC-47 gunships.
2 tpt sqns with 1 Yak-40, 10 C-47, 9 C-123, 6 An-24, 3 An-26, 1 Aero Commander, 1 DHC-2.
1 hel sqn with 8 UH-34, 10 Mi-8.
Trainers: 6 T-41D.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
MALAYSIA
Population: 14,350,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 102,000.
Estimated GNP 1979: $19.6 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 5.13 bn ringgits ($2.25 bn.) $1=2.28 ringgits (1981), 2.22 ringgits (1979).
Army: 90,000 (110,000 planned).
1 corps, 4 div HQ.
12 inf bdes, (one more to form) consisting of
34 inf bns, 3 recce, 4 arty, 1 APC regts, 2 AA arty btys, 1 special service unit, 5 engr, 5 sigs regts and administrative units.
140 Panhard M-3 armd, 60 Ferret scout cars; AT-105, 200 V-100/-150 Commando, Panhard M-3 APC;
12 5.5-in guns, 92 Model 56 105mm pack how; 81mm mor; M-20 89mm RL; 5 120mm RCL; SS-11 ATGW; 35 40mm AA guns.
RESERVES: Territorial Army 50,000.
Navy: 6,000 (being expanded).
2 frigates: 1 Yarrow with Seacat SAM, 1 Type-41.
8 FAC(M) with Exocet SSM: 4 Spica, 4 Perdana.
6 Jerong FAC(G).
22 large patrol craft: 4 Kedah, 4 Sabah, 14 Kris.
5 ex-Br Ton coastal minesweepers.
3 ex-US 511-1152 LST.
1 support ship.
(On order: 2 msl frigates, 6 FAC(P), 4 minehunters.)
Bases: Johore Straits, Labuan, Lumut Perak.
RESERVES: 1,000.
Air Force: 6,000 (being expanded); some 37 combat aircraft.
2 FGA sqns with 13 F-5E, 4 F-5F, 2 F-5B.
2 coin/trg sqns with 15 CL-41G Tebuan (to be replaced by A-4).
1 MR sqn with 3 PC-130H.
4 tpt/liaison sqns: 1 with 6 C-130H; 1 with 2 HS-125, 2 F-28, 12 Cessna 402B; 2 with 15 DHC-4A.
2 tpt hel sqns with 37 S-61A, 2 liaison sqns with 20 Alouette III.
2 trg sqns: 1 with 15 Bulldog 102 ac; 1 with 9 Bell 47, 4 UH-1H hel.
AAM: Sidewinder.
(On order: 88 A-4 FGA (some 60 to be operational, 20+ for spares), 2 RF-5E recce, 4 CASA NC-212 Aviocar ac; 10 Bo-105 hel,
Super Sidewinder AAM.)
Para-Military Forces: 90,000. 19,000 Police Field Force; 21 bns (incl 2 Aboriginal), Shorland SB-301 APC, 40 patrol boats.
Customs and Excise: (On order. 6 32-metre patrol craft).
People's Volunteer Corps (RELA), over 350,000.
MONGOLIA
Population: 1,700,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 33,100.
Estimated GNP 1974: $2.8 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 426.1 m tugrik ($127 m). $1=3.37 tugrik (1980), 4.00 tugrik (1974).
Army: 30,000.
2 inf bdes (may be expanding to a div).
130 T-54/-55/-62 med tks; 70 BTR-60, 50 BTR-152 APC; 76mm, 100mm, 130mm guns; 152mm how; 10 SU-100 sp guns; Snapper ATGW;
37mm, 57mm AA guns.
RESERVES: 30,000.
Air Force: 3,100 (1,000 conscripts)*; 12 combat aircraft. (*Excluding expatriate personnel.)
1 fighter sqn with 12 MiG-21.
2 tpt sqns with 20 An-2,6 Il-14,4 An-24.
1 hel sqn with 10 Mi-4.
Trainers: Yak-11/-18, 3 PZL-104 utility.
1 SAM bn with 18 SA-2.
Para-Military Forces: Ministry of Public Security (36,000): Militia (Police), internal security troops, frontier guards.
NEPAL
Population: 14,309,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 25,000.
Estimated GNP 1979: $1.76 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 264.6 m rupees ($ 22 m). $1=12.00 rupees (1979, 1980).
Army: 25,000.
5 inf bdes (1 Palace Guard).
1 arty bn.
1 engr bn.
1 sigs bn.
1 para bn.
1 air sqn (1 comms fit, 1 Army fit).
AMX-13 lt tks; 4 3.7-in pack how; 4 4.2-in, 18 120mm mor; 2 40mm AA guns;
2 Skyvan, 1 HS-748, 1 Turbo-Porter tpt ac; 5 Alouette III, 2 Puma hel.
Forces Abroad: Lebanon (UNIFIL): 1 bn (599).
Para-Military Forces: 15,000 police force.
NEW ZEALAND
Population: 3,152,000.
Military service: voluntary, supplemented by Territorial Army service: 12 weeks basic, 20 days per year.
Total armed forces: 12,913.
Estimated GDP 1980: $US 17.38 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: $NZ 442.8 m ($US 426 m). $1=$NZ 1.039 (1980).
Army: 5,675.
2 inf bns.
1 arty bty.
5 M-41 lt tks; 72 M-113 APC; 10 5.5-in guns; 44 105mm how; 23 106mm RCL.
(On order 26 Scorpion lt tks.)
RESERVES: 1,412 Regular, 5,934 Territorial. 6 Territorial inf bns, 1 fd arty regt (3 btys), 2 APC sqns.
Navy: 2,843.
4 frigates: 2 Leander (with 1 Wasp hel, 5 quad Seacat SAM), 2 Type 12 (1 with quad Seacat; 1 trg).
4 Lake-class large patrol craft.
Base. Auckland.
RESERVES: 958 Regular, 280 Territorial.
Air Force: 4,395; 33 combat ac.
1 FGA sqn with 9 A-4K, 3 TA-4K Skyhawk.
1 ocu with 16 BAC-167 Strikemaster.
1 MR sqn with 5 P-3B Orion.
2 med tpt sqns with 5 C-130H, 6 Andover.
1 tpt hel sqn with 6 Sioux, 3 Wasp. 11 UH-1D/H.
1 comms sqn with 4 Andover, 3 Cessna 421C, 1 Devon.
Trainers: 3 F-27,4 Airtourer ac; 3 Sioux hel.
RESERVES: 1,039 Regular, 158 Territorial.
Forces Abroad: Singapore: 1 inf bn with log support; 1 spt hel unit (3 UH-1).
PAKISTAN
Population: 88,950,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 450,600.
Estimated GNP 1980: $ 30 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 15.29 bn rupees ($ 1.54 bn). $1=9.91 rupees (1980).
Army: 420,000 (incl 29,000 Azad Kashmir tps).
7 corps HQ.
2 armd divs.
16 inf divs.
4 indep armd bdes.
4 indep inf bdes
6 arty bdes.
2 AA arty bdes.
6 armd recce regts.
12 SAM btys with 24 Crotale.
1 Special Services Group.
M-4, 250 M-47/-48, 35 T-54/-55, 1,000 Type-59 med, 15 PT-76, Type-60/-63, 50 M-24 lt tks; 550 M-113, K-63 APC;
some 1,000 25-pdr, 100mm, 130mm, 5.5-in, 155mm guns; 75mm pack, 105mm incl pack and 12 M-7 SP, 155mm towed and M-109 SP how,
270 107mm, 120mm mor; 57mm, 100mm towed, 8 M-36 90mm SP ATK. guns; 75mm, 83mm, 3.5-in RL; 106mm RCL; Cobra ATGW;
ZU-23 23mm, 37mm, 60 40mm, 57mm, 15 90mm, 3.7-in AA guns; 24 Crotale SAM.
5 army aviation sqns: 1 liaison sqn with 30 Saab Supporter lt ac; 4 hel sqns.
Indep army observation fits with 40 O-1E ac, 12 Mi-8, 35 Puma, 20 Alouette III, 15 Bell 47G hel.
(On order. TAM med tks; M-113 APC; 24 TOW ATGW launchers.)
RESERVES: 500,000.
Navy: 13,000; 5 combat ac, 6 armed hel.
6 submarines: 2 Agosta, 4 Daphne.
5 SX-404 midget submarines.
1 ex-Br Dido cruiser (cadet trg ship).
8 destroyers: 4 ex-US Gearing with ASROC ASW;
4 ex-Br (1 Battle, 1 CH, 2 CR).
6 large patrol craft: 1 Town, 5 ex-Ch Hainan.
12 ex-Ch Shanghai-ll FAC(G).
4 ex-Ch Huchwan hydrofoil FAC(TX-
19 coastal patrol craft: 1 Spear, 18 M-55 Type.
6 ex-US Adjutant and 268-class coastal MCM.
1 ex-US Mission underway replenishment tanker.
NAVAL AIR:
2 ASW/MR sqns with 3 Atlantic, 2 HU-16B with AM-39 ASM.
2 ASW/SAR hel sqns with 6 Sea King ASW with AM-39, 4 Alouette III.
ASM: AM-39 Exocet.
Base. Karachi.
RESERVES: 5,000.
Air Force: 17,600; 220 combat aircraft.
1 lt bbr sqn with 11 B-57B (Canberra).
3 FGA sqns: 1 with 17 Mirage IIIED; 2 with 38 Mirage 5PA/DP.
8 interceptor/FGA sqns with 144 MiG-19/F-6.
1 recce sqn with 10 Mirage IIIRP.
2 tpt sqns: 1 with 14 C-130B/E, 1 L-100; 1 with 1 Falcon 20, 1 F-27, 1 Super King Air, 1 Bonanza, 1 L-23 ac; 1 Puma hel.
1 SAR hel sqn with 10 HH-34B, 14 Alouette III.
1 utility hel sqn with 4 Super Frelon, 12 Bell 47G.
1 trg sqn with 20 T-33A, 4 MiG-15UTI.
Other trainers incl 3 Mirage IIIDP, 87 Supporter, 35 T-37C, 24 Shenyang FT-5 (MiG-17U).
AAM: Sidewinder, R-530, R-550 Magic.
(On order: 15 F-16, 32 Mirage 5, 18 Mirage III FGA; 30 Supporter, Reims FTB-337 trg ac.)
RESERVES: 8,000.
Para-Military Forces: 109,100:
22,000 National Guard, 65,000 Frontier Corps, 15,000 Pakistan Rangers, 2,000 Coastguard, 5,100 Frontier Constabulary.
PHILIPPINES
Population: 50,010,000.
Military service: selective.
Total armed forces: 112,800.
Estimated GNP 1980: $36 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 6.6 bn pesos ($ 863 m). $1=7.65 pesos (1981), 7.38 pesos (1980).
Army: 70,000.
4 lt inf divs.
1 indep inf bde (being mechanized).
1 Special Services bde.
2 engr bdes.
1 lt armd regt.
4 arty regts.
1 AD bn with 27 HAWK SAM.
1 army air bde (3 bns) forming.
28 Scorpion, 7 M-41 lt tks; 80 M-113, 20 V-150 Commando, M-3 half-track, Chaimite APC;
120 105mm, 6 M-114 155mm how; 81mm, 40 107mm mor; M-20 75mm, M-67 90mm, M-40 106mm RCL; HAWK SAM;
60 UH-1H, 8 Hughes 500D, 6 Bo-105 hel.
(On order 45 AFV, 95 105mm how; 10 Hughes 500D hel).
RESERVES: 96,000, 6 divs.
Navy: 26,000 (6,800 marines, 250 naval engrs).
8 ex-US frigates: 1 Savage, 3 Cannon, 4 Barnegat (ex-seaplane tenders).
10 ex-US corvettes; 2 Auk, 7 PCE-827, 1 Admirable.
12 large patrol craft: 4 Katapangan, 5 PGM-39/-71, 3 ex-US PC-461.
59 coastal patrol craft<.
28 ex-US landing ships (21 LST, 4 LSM, 3 spt), 61 LCM, 7 LCVP, 3 LCU.
1 SAR sqn with 9 Islander ac, 3 Bo-105 hel.
2 marine bdes (each with 7 bns) with LVTP-4/-5/-7 APC; 105mm how.
(On order: 6 PSMM FAC(M), 12 LST.)
Base: Sangley Point.
RESERVES: 12,000.
Air Force: 16,800; 120 combat ac, 18 armed hel.
1 FGA sqn with 20 F-8H.
1 AD sqn with 19 F-5A, 3 F-5B.
1 fighter/trg sqn with 17 T-34A.
5 COIN sqns: 1 with 16 SF-260WP; 2 with 32 T-28D; 1 with 12 AC-47 ac; 1 with 18 UH-1D hel.
1 SAR/recce sqn with 8 HU-16B, 1 F-27 MR ac.
1 SAR hel sqn with 12 UH-1H.
1 Presidential tpt sqn with 1 Boeing 707, 1 BAC-111, 1 F-27, 4 YS-11 ac; 2 S-62A, 2 UH-1 hel.
5 tpt sqns with 4 C-130H, 4 L-100-20; 18 C-47; 9 F-27; 12 Nomad; 22 Islander ac; 18 UH-1H, 4 Bo-105 hel.
1 liaison sqn with O-1E, 7 Cessna U-17A/B, 8 Beaver (being withdrawn).
3 trg sqns with 10 T/RT-33A; 12 T-41D; 30 SF-260MP.
AAM: Sidewinder.
(On order 18 OV-10 Bronco COIN, 11 F-5E fighters, 2 F-27 MR, T-160 Call (Super Pinto) trg ac; 5 Bo-105 hel.)
RESERVES: 16,000. 14 F-8H fighters.
Para-Military Forces: 110,500; 43,500 Philippine Constabulary (1 bde, 12 bns), 65,000 Civil Home Defence Force. Coastguard: 2,000.
SINGAPORE
Population: 2,400,000.
Military service: 24-36 months.
Total armed forces: 42,000.
Estimated GNP 1980: $US 9.4 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: $S 1.26 bn ($US 574 m). $US1=$S2.196(198O).
Army: 35,000.
1 div HQ.
1 armd bde (1 recce, 1 tk, 2 APC bns).
3 inf bdes (each 3 inf bns).
1 arty bde.
6 arty bns.
1 cdo bn.
6 engr bns.
3 sigs bns.
200 AMX-13 lt tks; 500 M-113, 250 V-150/-200 Commando APC; 30 155mm how; 81mm, 50 120mm mor; 89mm RL;
84mm Carl Gustav, 30 106mm RCL; 20mm AA guns.
(On order: 120 AMX-13 lt tks.)
RESERVES: 50,000; 16 inf, 4 arty, 1 engr, 1 sigs bns.
Navy: 3,000.
6 TNC-45 FAC(M) with Gabriel SSM.
6 Vosper FAC(G): 3 Type A, 3 Type B.
2 large patrol craft (trg ships).
2 ex-US Redwing coastal minesweepers.
6 ex-US 511-1152 LST(3 in reserve), 6 landing craft<.
(On order 12 Swift Warrior coastal patrol boats).
Base: Singapore.
Air Force: 4,000; 93 combat aircraft.
2 FGA sqns with 32 A-4S, 5 TA-4S Skyhawk.
2 FGA/recce sqns with 35 Hunter (16 FGA-74, 8 FR-74, 11 T-75).
1 AD sqn with 18 F-5E, 3 F-5F.
1 tpt/SAR sqn with 6 C-130B/H, 6 Skyvan.
1 hel sqn with 25 UH-1B/H, 3 AB-212.
3 trg sqns: 1 with 20 BAC-167, 5 Jet Provost; 1 with 6 SF-260W, 8 SF-260MS; 1 with 12 T-33A.
2 SAM sqns: 1 with 28 Bloodhound!; 1 with 10 Rapier.
AAM: Sidewinder.
(On order: 6 F-5E fighters, 5 SF-260MS coin/trg ac; Improved Hawk SAM; 200 MGM-65 Maverick ASM.)
Para-Military Forces: 7,500 police/marine police with 10 patrol craft; Gurkha guard units; some 30,000 Home Guard.
SRI LANKA (CEYLON)
Population: 14,900,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 14,840.
Estimated GNP 1979: $ 3.2 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 984.4 m rupees ($ 63m). $1=15.67 rupees (1980), 15.5 rupees (1979).
Army: 10,000
4 inf bdes (each with 1 regular, 2 reserve bns).
2 recce regts (bn)
1fd arty, 1 AA regt
2 engr regt
1 sigs bn.
Support services.
6 Saladin, 12 Daimler armd, 30 Ferret scout cars; 10 BTR-152 APC; 16 76mm, 12 85mm guns; 12 82mm, 8 4.2-in (107mm) mor;
24 40mm, 24 3.7-in (94mm) AA guns.
RESERVES: 10,500; 13 bns, plus supporting services and a Pioneer Corps.
Navy: 2,740.
8 FAC(G): 7 Sooraya (ex-Ch Shanghai-II), 1ex-Sov Mol.
26 coastal patrol craft<.
Bases: Trincomalee, Karainagar, Colombo, Tangalla, Kalpitiya.
RESERVES: 550Naval Volunteer Force.
Air Force: 2,100; 6 combat aircraft.
1 FGA sqn with 3 MiG-17F, 1 MiG-15UTI, 2 Jet Provost Mk 51.
1 tpt sqn with 1 CV-440, 1 HS-748, 2 DC-3, 2 Riley, 1 Heron, 3 Cessna 337, 1 421C.
1 hel sqn with 6 Bell 206, 2 Bell 47G, 2 SA-365.
Trainers incl 6 Cessna 150, 6 Chipmunk, 3 Dove.
RESERVES: 900; 3 sqns Air Force Regt, 1 sqn Airfield Construction Regt.
Para-Military Forces: 17,000 Police Force; 6,000 Volunteer Force.
THAILAND
Population: 48,890,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 238,100.
Estimated GNP 1979: $27.3 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 26.2 bn baht ($1.28 bn). $1=20.5 baht (1981), 20.42 baht (1979).
Army: 160,000.
1 cav div (2 cav, 3 inf, 1 arty regts).
6 inf divs (4 with 1 tk bn).
2 arty, 2 AA arty regts.
I indep inf regt combat team.
11 engr regts.
8 indep inf bns.
1 AB, 3 special forces bns.
4 recce coys.
5 aviation liaison coys and some hel fits.
50 M-48A5 med, 200 M-41, 74 Scorpion lt tks; 32 Shorland Mk 3 recce, 300 M-113, M3A1 halftrack, 20 V-150 Commando, 20 Saracen APC;
419 M-116 75mm pack, M-101 105mm, 80 M-114 155mm how; 81mm mor;
M-72 LAW RL; 57mm, M-20 75mm, 215 106mm RCL; TOW, Dragon ATGW; 80 40mm AA guns, incl M-42 SP;
89 O-1, 1 Beech 99 lt ac; 90 UH-1B/H, 4 CH-47A, 24 OH-13H, 16 FH-1100; Bell: 3 206, 2 212, 2 214B; 6 OH-23F, 28 KH-4 hel.
(On order. 100 M-48A5, 16 M-60A3 med, 70 Scorpion lt tks; 56 Cascavel armd cars; 40 M-113, 164 V-150 APC;
34 M-114 155mm how; 24 M-163A1 20mm Vulcan SP AA.)
RESERVES: 500,000
Navy: 35,000, incl naval air and marines.
6 frigates: 1 Farrow-type with Seacat SAM, 2 PF-103, 2 ex-US Tacoma, 1 Cannon.
6 FAC(M): 3 50-metre with Exocet SSM, 3 45-metre with Gabriel SSM.
21 ex-US large patrol craft: (10 PGM-71, 7 Liulom, 4 Cape).
23 coastal patrol craft<.
2 Bangrachan coastal minelayers.
1 MCM ship.
4 ex-US Bluebird coastal minesweepers, 10 minesweeping boats<
5 LST, 3 LSM, 1 LSIL-351, 1 LCG, 6 LCU, 25 LCM (all ex-US), LCA, 8 LCVP.
3 trg ships: 2 ex-Br (1 Algerine, 1 Flower), 1 Maeklong.
(On order: 3 frigates, 3 450-ton FAC(G).)
NAVAL AIR: some 12 combat ac.
1 MR/ASW sqn with 10S-2F MR.
1 MR/SAR sqn with 2 HU-16B, 2 CL-215, 10 C-47.
1 trg/SAR hel sqn with 8 Bell 212, 4 UH-1H.
1 observation sqn with 7 T-37B Skymaster, 1 U-17, 5 O-1G.
MARINES: (16,000).
1 div: 2 inf, 1 arty regt; 1 amph assault bn,
24 M-68 155mm guns/how, 40 LVTP-7 amph APC, support arms.
Bases: Bangkok, Sattahip, Songkla, Phangnga.
Air Force: 43,100; 179 combat aircraft.
1 FGA sqn with 14 F-5A/B.
2 AD sqns with 30 F-5E, 6 F-5F.
7 COIN sqns; 3 with 40 T-28D: 2 with 31 OV-10C;
1 with 16 A-37B; 1 with 31 AU-23A Peacemaker.
1 recce sqn with 4 FR-5A, 3 RT-33A, 4 T-33A.
3 tpt sqns, incl Royal fit: 1 with 5 C-47, 3 C-130H: 2 with 30 C-123B; 2 HS-748, 1Merlin IVA.
1 liaison sqn with 5 U-10A, 6 CASA NC-212, 3 Merlin IVA.
2 hel sqns with 20 CH-34C, 18 S-58T, 49 UH-1H, 13 UH-19.
Trainers incl 10 Chipmunk, 16 T-33, 14 T-37B, 4 T-41A, 12 SF-260MT, 15 CT-4.
AAM: Sidewinder.
Airfield defence troops: 4 bns.
(On order. 8 F-5E fighters, 14 OV-10C COIN, 20 CASA NC-212 Aviocar, 14 UH-1H hel.)
Para-Military Forces: 37,000 Volunteer Defence Corps, 1,700 Marine Police, 500 Police Aviation, 1,500 Border Police,
3,800 Special Action Force; Village Scouts; National Defence Volunteers.
20 V-150 Commando APC, 1 coastguard cutter,
3 Skyvan, 4 Turbo-Porter, 3 DHC-4, 3 Do-28, 5 AU-23, 1 CT-4 ac; 15 Bell 205, 4 206, 10 204B hel.
VIETNAM
Population: 60,000,000
Military service: 2 years minimum.
Total armed forces: 1,029,000.
Estimated GNP 1980: $9.5 bn.
Army: 1,000,000.
1 armd div.
50 inf divs.* (*Inf divs, normally totalling 8-10,000 men, include bn, 3 inf, 1arty regts and spt elements.)
2 fd, 1 AA arty divs.
3 marine divs.
5 engr, 3 construction divs.
1 transport div.
5 indep fd, 4 indep AA arty bdes.
4 indep engr bdes.
5 indep armd regts.
25 SAM regts (10 with 180 SA-2, 10 with 180 SA-3, 5 with 45 SA-6).
1,500 T-34/-54/-55, Type-59, 400 M-48 med; T-10 hy; 450 PT-76 and Type-60/-63, 150 M-41 lt tks;
M-8, M-20 armd cars; 1,500 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152, Type-56, K-63, 800 M-113, V-100 Commando APC;
300 76mm, 85mm, 100mm, 122mm, 200 130mm, M-107 175mm guns; 75mm pack,
M-101/-102 105mm, 122mm, 100 152mm, M-114 155mm how; 90 SU-76, SU-100, ISU-122, 200 M-109 155mm and M-110 203mm SP how;
Type-63 107mm, BM-21 122mm, BM-14-16 140mm MRL; 82mm, 107mm, 120mm, 160mm mor;
75mm, 82mm, 107mm RCL; Sagger ATGW;
4,000 23mm, 30mm, 37mm, 40mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm and 130mm towed, Type-63 37mm, M-42 40mm, ZSU-23-4, ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns;
SA-2/-3/-6/-7/-9 SAM.
Navy: 4,000
3 frigates: 2 ex-Sov Petya, 1 ex-US Barnegat.
1 ex-US Admirable corvette.
8 ex-Sov Osa-II/Komar< FAC(M) with Styx SSM.
22 large patrol craft: 3 ex-Sov SO-1, 19 ex-US PGM-59/-71.
14 FAC(T)(: 6 ex-Sov P-4, 6 ex-Ch P-6, 2 Shershen.
22 ex-Ch FAC(G): 8 Shanghai, 14 Swatow<.
3 Zhuk, 3 Point coastal patrol craft<.
3 501-1152 LST, 5 LSM, 18 LCU (all ex-US).
Some 15 river patrol craft.
1 SAR hel sqn with 10 Mi-4.
Air Force: 25,000; 485 combat aircraft (many in store).
1 lt bbr sqn with 10 Il-28.
20 FGA sqns with 90 MiG-17/F-4, 60 MiG-19/F-6, 60 Su-7/-20, 25 F-5A, 60 A-37B.
12 interceptor sqns: 4 with 60 MiG-21bis; 8 with 120 MiG-21F/PF.
Tpts incl 35 An-2 and Li-2, An-12, 9 An-24, 12 Il-14, 4 Il-18, C-130.
Hel incl 20 Mi-4, 10 Mi-6, 60 Mi-8, 10 CH-47, 65 UH-1.
About 60 trainers incl Yak-11/-18, MiG-15UTI/-21U.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
Forces Abroad:
Laos: 40,000 (3 inf divs and spt tps) (numbers fluctuate);
Kampuchea/Cambodia: 200,000 (19 army, 2 marine divs plus spt tps, fighter ac incl MiG-21).
Para-Military Forces: 70,000 Frontier, Coast Security and People's Armed Security Forces; Armed Militia of about 1,500,000.
For the armed forces of other Asian states, see table overleaf
ARMED FORCES OF OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-14.png)
Latin America
Continental Treaties and Agreements
The Act of Chapultepec. Signed by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the US, Uruguay and Venezuela in March and April 1945, this Act declared that if any aggression across boundaries established by treaty occurred, or was threatened, the signatories would consult and agree upon measures up to and including the use of armed force to prevent or repel such aggression.
The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Treaty of Rio). Signed in September 1947 by all parties to the Act of Chapultepec except Ecuador and Nicaragua, this Treaty expands the Act, constrains signatories to the peaceful settlement of disputes among themselves and provides for collective self-defence should any member party be subject to external attack. Since coming into force on 3 December 1948, it has been invoked some 12 times. Cuba withdrew in March 1960.
The Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS). Dated April 1948, this embraces declarations based upon the Treaty of Rio. The members of the OAS - the signatories to the Act of Chapultepec plus Barbados, El Salvador, Grenada, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago - are bound to peaceful settlement of internal disputes and to collective action in the event of external attack upon one or more signatory states. Amendments (Rio, 1965; Bogota, 1966) reiterated the goal of peaceful settlement of disputes. In 1965-6 an Inter-American Peace Force was formed for service in the Dominican Republic. Subsequent attempts to create a permanent force have failed, but an Inter-American Defence Board has been formed to coordinate planning. Declarations condemning Communism in the Western Hemisphere, signed in Bogota in 1948 by 17 nations (Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic and the US abstaining), were reiterated at Caracas (1954, 1973), San Jose (1960), Punta del Este (1962) and Washington (1972). In 1962 the Foreign Ministers and, later, the Council excluded Cuba. In 1975 the OAS agreed to normalize relations with Cuba.
Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (The Tlatelolco Treaty). This was signed in February 1967 by 25 Latin American countries, 24 of which have ratified it (Argentina has not). Brazil has stated that she will not implement it until all other Latin American states have done so. Cuba and Guyana have not signed it. The Treaty is not, therefore, in force for those four countries. Britain and the Netherlands have ratified it for the territories within the Treaty area for which they are internationally responsible. Britain, France, the Netherlands and the US have signed Protocol I (which commits states outside the region to accept, for their territories within it, the Treaty restrictions regarding the emplacement or storage of nuclear weapons); Britain, China, France, the USSR and the US have signed Protocol II (an undertaking not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against the parties to the Treaty). The parties have set up an Agency to monitor compliance with the Treaty.
Other Agreements
The 1903 treaty with the Republic of Panama, granting the United States virtual sovereign rights over the Canal Zone in perpetuity, was renegotiated, and the resulting 1977 Treaties came into force in October 1979. About 40% of the former Canal Zone will remain under US control until 31 December 1999. Panama received 11 of 14 US bases. Defence of the Canal will be the joint responsibility of both nations, with Panama assuming an increasing role until the total accession of the Canal to her sovereignty.
In July 1965 El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua agreed to form a military bloc, with a Defence Council, reportedly to co-ordinate measures against possible Communist aggression.
The United States has had a bilateral agreement with Cuba for jurisdiction and control over Guantanamo Bay since this was confirmed in 1934. In 1960 the US stated that it could be modified or abrogated only by agreement between the parties and that she had no intention of giving such an agreement.
The United States has bilateral military sales arrangements at varying levels with most countries of the region and concluded a status of forces agreement with Antigua in 1977/8. The Soviet Union has no formal defence agreements with any of the states in the area, although she has supplied military equipment to Cuba and Peru. Austria, Belgium, Britain, Canada, France, West Germany, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland and Taiwan have also sold arms in the region. Argentina and Brazil are designing and manufacturing for export their own military equipment; Chile is assembling Mirage 50 aircraft and light AFV under licence.
Латинская Америка
Континентальные договоры и соглашения
Акт Чапультепека. Подписали Аргентина, Боливия, Бразилия, Чили, Колумбия, Коста-Рика, Куба, Доминиканская Республика, Эквадор, Гватемала, Гаити, Гондурас, Мексика, Никарагуа, Панама, Парагвай, Перу, США, Уругвае и Венесуэле в марте и апреле 1945 года, этот акт заявил, что при любой агрессии в границах, установленных договором которая произошла, или угрожает, подписавшие бы проконсультировались и согласовали меры, вплоть до применения вооруженной силы для предотвращения или отражения такой агрессии.
Межамериканский договор о взаимной помощи (договор Рио). Подписанным в сентябре 1947 г. всеми сторонами акта Чапультепек, кроме Эквадора и Никарагуа, этот договор расширяет закон, ограничения, подписавшие мирного урегулирования споров между собой и предусматривает коллективную самооборону, если любой член партии подвергнется внешней атаке. С момента вступления в силу 3 декабря 1948 года на него ссылались около 12 раз. Куба вышла в марте 1960 года.
Устав Организации Американских Государств (ОАГ). От апреля 1948 года, на основании договора от Рио. Члены ОАГ - стороны, подписавшие акт Чапультепек плюс Барбадос, Гренада, Сальвадор, Тринидад и Тобаго и Ямайка - обязаны обеспечить мирное урегулирование внутренних споров и коллективные действия в случае внешнего нападения на одно или несколько подписавших его государств. Поправки (Рио, 1965 год; Богота, 1966 год) подтверждают цель мирного урегулирования споров. В 1965-1966 годах в Доминиканской Республике были сформированы Межамериканские силы мира. Последующие попытки создать постоянные силы не увенчались успехом, однако для координации планирования был сформирован Межамериканский Совет обороны. В Каракасе (1954, 1973), Сан-Хосе (1960), Пунта-дель-Эсте (1962) и Вашингтоне (1972) были вновь подтверждены декларации, осуждающие коммунизм в Западном полушарии, подписанные в Боготе в 1948 году 17 странами (Бразилия, Чили, Доминиканская Республика и США воздержались). В 1962 году министры иностранных дел, а затем и Совет исключили Кубу. В 1975 году ОАГ согласилась нормализовать отношения с Кубой.
Договор о запрещении ядерного оружия в Латинской Америке (договор Тлателолко). Он был подписан в феврале 1967 года 25 латиноамериканскими странами, 24 из которых ратифицировали его (Аргентина не ратифицировала). Бразилия заявила, что она не будет ее выполнять, пока все остальные латиноамериканские государства. Куба и Гайана его не подписали. Таким образом, договор не действует в отношении этих четырех стран. Великобритания и Нидерланды ратифицировали его для территорий в пределах договорного района, за которые они несут международную ответственность. Великобритания, Франция, Нидерланды и США подписали протокол I (который обязывает государства за пределами региона принять для своих территорий в его рамках договорные ограничения в отношении размещения или хранения ядерного оружия); Великобритания, Китай, Франция, СССР и США подписали протокол II (обязательство не применять или не угрожать применением ядерного оружия против участников Договора). Стороны создали Агентство по контролю за соблюдением Договора.
Другие договоры
Договор 1903 года с Республикой Панама, предоставляющий Соединенным Штатам фактические суверенные права в отношении зоны канала на бессрочной основе, был пересмотрен, и в результате в октябре 1979 года вступили в силу договоры 1977 года. Около 40% бывшей зоны канала будет оставаться под контролем США до 31 декабря 1999 года. Панама получила 11 из 14 американских баз. Защита канала будет совместной обязанностью обеих стран, при этом Панама будет играть все более активную роль вплоть до полного присоединения канала к своему суверенитету.
В июле 1965 года Гватемала, Гондурас, Никарагуа и Сальвадор договорились о создании военного блока с Советом обороны для координации мер против возможной коммунистической агрессии.
Соединенные Штаты заключили двустороннее соглашение с Кубой о юрисдикции и контроле над заливом Гуантанамо с тех пор, как это было подтверждено в 1934 году. В 1960 году США заявили, что она может быть изменена или отменена только по соглашению сторон и что она не намерена давать такое соглашение.
Соединенные Штаты имеют двусторонние соглашения о продаже военных товаров на различных уровнях с большинством стран региона и заключили соглашение о статусе сил с Антигуа в 1977/8 годах. Советский Союз не имеет официальных соглашений об обороне ни с одним из государств региона, хотя она поставляла военную технику Кубе и Перу. Австрия, Бельгия, Великобритания, Канада, Франция, Западная Германия, Израиль, Италия, Нидерланды, Португалия, Швейцария и Тайвань также продали оружие в регионе. Аргентина и Бразилия проектируют и производят на экспорт собственную военную технику; Чили собирает по лицензии самолеты Mirage 50 и легкие БМП.
ARGENTINA
Population: 28,000,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force 1 year, Navy 14 months.
Total armed forces: 185,500 (118,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1979: $62 bn.* (*Rapid inflation makes defence expenditure and GNP figures in local currency and dollar terms unreliable.)
Defence expenditure 1980: 5,866 bn pesos ($3.38 bn).* $1=1,735.5 pesos (1980), 1,317 pesos (1979). (Year average exchange rates.)
Army: 130,000 (90,000 conscripts).
5 army corps (one is the Military Institute).
2 armd cav bdes (6 armd cav regts).
3 inf bdes (1 mech, 2 mot; each 3 regts, plus armd, arty and engr bns).
3 mountain bdes.
1 jungle bde.
1 AB bde.
1 arty group.
1 indep armd cav bn.
6 AD bns.
1 engr bn.
1 aviation bn (4 detachments).
60 M-4 Sherman, 125 TAM med tks; some M-41, 120 AMX-13 lt tks;
300 AMX-VTP, some TAM VCPT MICV; 75 M-3, 5 BDX, 250 M-113, 50 Mowag Roland APC;
M-59 155mm towed guns, 200 105mm incl pack, 90 M-114 155mm towed how, 20 M-7 105mm, 24 Mk F3, 6 M-109 155mm SP how;
81mm, 120mm mor; 100 Kuerassier 105mm SP ATK guns; 75mm, 89mm, 90mm, 105mm RCL; SS-11/-12, Bantam, Cobra, Mamba ATGW;
30mm, 40mm, 90mm AA guns; Tigercat, 10 Roland SAM.
Aircraft and hel; 3 G-222, 2 DHC-6, 5 Turbo Commander 690A, 1 Sabreliner, 4 Navajo; 3 Turbo-Porter, 4 Merlin III A, 4 Queen Air;
Cessna: 15 182, 20 U-17A/B, 5 207, 2 Citation, 5 T-41 ac;
9 A-109; Bell: 7 206, 20 UH-1H, 2 47G, 2 212; 7 FH-1100, 2 CH-47C, 18 SA-315B Lama, 3 SA-330 Puma hel.
(On order: 120 TAM med tks; 4 BDX APC; 57 Kuerassier 105mm SP ATK guns; 9 Puma hel.)
RESERVES: 250,000: 200,000 50,000 Territorial Guard. National Guard,
Navy: 36,000 (18,000 conscripts), incl naval air force and marines.
4 submarines: 2 Type 209,2 ex-US Guppy.
1 ex-Br Colossus aircraft carrier (capacity 14 A-4, 6 S-2 ac; 4 S-61 hel).
1 ex-US Brooklyn cruiser with Seacat SAM, 2 hel.
9 destroyers: 2 Type 42 with Exocet SSM, Sea Dart SAM, 1 Lynx hel; 7 ex-US (3 Fletcher with Exocet SSM; 3 Sumner, 1 Gearing).
2 ex-Fr A-69 corvettes with Exocet SSM.
7 patrol ships: 2 ex-US Cherokee, 2 King (1 trg), 3 ex-US Sotoyomo.
3 large patrol craft.
2 TNC-45 FAC(G).
4 Dabur FAC(P).
2 ex-US Higgins FAC(T)<.
6 ex-Br Toncoastal minesweepers/hunters.
1 LSD, 1 LST, 1 LCVP , 4 LCM<.
1 14,000-ton fleet tanker, 1 fleet spt, 2 tpt ships.
(On order. 4 TR-1700, 2 TR-1400 submarines, 4 Meko 360 destroyers, 2 A-69,6 Meko 140 corvettes.)
Bases: Buenos Aires, Puerto Belgrano, Mar del Plata, Ushuaia.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: 3,000; 17 combat aircraft.
1 attack sqn with 11 A-4Q (to be replaced by Super Etendard).
1 MR sqn with 3 S-2E, 3 SP-2H.
1 tpt sqn with 3 Electra, 1 HS-125, 31-28.
1 liaison sqn with 8 King Air, 4 Queen Air, 3 Turbo-Porter.
Hel incl 5 S-61D/NR, 9 Alouette A-103(III), 2 WG-13 (Lynx), 3 Puma.
3 trg sqns with 7 EMB-326GB, 15 T-34C, 12 T-6/-28, 2 MB-339A.
(On order: 14 Super Etendard fighters, 8 MB-339A trg/coin; 8 WG-13 hel.)
MARINES: 10,000.
1 bde, 1 force, 1 amph spt force:
5 inf bns.
1 cdo bn.
1 amph bn.
1 fd arty bn.
1 AD bn.
2 security bns.
1 sigs bn.
1 service bn.
6 indep inf coys.
22 LVTP-7, 15 LARC-5, 6 Mowag Roland APC; 105mm, 155mm how; 81mm, 106mm mor; 75mm, 105mm RCL; Bantam ATGW;
30mm AA guns; 10 Tigercat SAM.
Air Force: 19,500 (10,000 conscripts); 223 combat ac, 20 armed hel.
5 air bdes (7 planned).
1 bbr sqn with 9 CanberraB-62,2 T-64.
7 FGA sqns: 3 with 68 A-4P Skyhawk, 2 with 26 Dagger(Nesher); 2 with 32 MS-76OA Paris II.
1 interceptor sqn with 19 Mirage IIIEA, 2 IIIDA.
2 coin/trg sqns with 45 IA-58A Pucara.
1 recce sqn with 20 IA-35 Huanquero.
1 COIN hel sqn with 14 Hughes 500M, 6 UH-1H.
1 SAR hel sqn with 6 Lama, 2 S-58T.
5 tpt sqns with 1 Boeing 707-320B, 7 C-130E/H, 2 KC-130, 1 Sabreliner, 5 Learjet 35A, 6 C-47, 11 F-27, 8 F-28, 6 DHC-6,
22 IA-50 Guarani II, 2 Merlin IVA ac; 9 Puma hel.
1 Antarctic sqn with 2 DHC-2, 3 DHC-3, 1 LC-47 ac; 3 S-61R/NR, 6 UH-19, 3 CH-47C (SAR); Bell: 4 UH-1D, 4 47G, 8 212 hel.
1 comms sqn with 14 Shrike Commander.
Trainers incl 12 Paris, 35 T-34C, 37 Cessna 182, 16 Huanquero.
AAM: R-530. ASM: AS-11/-12.
(On order 11 IA-58 Pucara COIN; 16 Turbo Commander tpts; 10 MB-339 trg ac.)
Para-Military Forces: 43,000.
Gendarmerie: 12,000; Shorland armd cars, 40 M-113 APC, 20 lt ac, 10 hel under Army command, mainly for frontier duties.
Argentine Naval Prefecture (coastguard): 9,000; 4 large, 20 coastal patrol craft (5 corvettes on order), 13 aircraft.
Federal Police: 22,000; APC, 4 hel.
BOLIVIA
Population: 5,500,000.
Military service: 12 months, selective.
Total armed forces: 26,600.
Estimated GNP 1979: $4.1 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 4.4 bn pesos ($176 m). $1=25.09 pesos (1981), 20.2 pesos (1979).
Army: 20,000.
2 corps, 6 div HQ.
4 cav regts (horsed).
1 mech regt (3 bns).
1 mot regt (3 bns) (one more forming).
13 inf regts (incl 1 Presidential Guard), each with
1 mounted, 1 mot inf bns.
3 arty regts.
2 ranger bns.
1 para bn.
6 engr bns.
EE-9 Cascavel armd cars; 18 M-113, 10 V-100 Commando, 20 Mowag, 24 EE-11 Urutu APC;
26 75mm guns; 25 M-116 75mm pack, 25 M-101 105mm how; 18 Kuerassier 105mm SP ATK guns.
Navy: 2,600.
1 transport.
40 lake and river patrol craft (mostly <).
Bases: Tiquina, Loma Suarez, Puerto Horquilla.
Air Force: 4,000; 23 combat ac, 12 armed hel.
1 fighter/trg sqn with 13 T-33A/N.
1 COIN sqn with 10 AT-6G.
1 COIN hel sqn with 12 Hughes 500M.
1 SAR hel sqn with 10 SA-315B Gaviao (Lama).
Tpts incl 1 DC-6B, 1 Electra, 2 C-54, 1 L-100-30, 1 C-130H, 1 Sabreliner, 1 Learjet, 6 Arava, 3 CV-440, 3 CV-580, 6 C-47,
1 Super King Air, 6 F-27.
1 hel sqn with 5 UH-1H.
Liaison ac incl 2 Turbo-Centurion, 1 Turbo Porter; Cessna: 11 185, 2 206C, 1 402, 1 421.
2 trg sqns with 12 T-6G, 6 T-41D, 18 T-23 Uirapuru, 6 SF-260M, 16 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer.
1 airbase defence inf regt.
(On order: 3 Lama hel.)
Para-Military Forces: 5,000. Carabineros, National Police.
BRAZIL
Population: 124,780,000.
Military service: 12 months.
Total armed forces: 272,550 (113,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1980: $215 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 71.92 bn cruzeiros ($1.54 bn). $1=46.7 cruzeiros (1980).
Army: 182,750 (110,000 conscripts).
4 army, 2 indep comd HQ.
8 divs: each up to 6 armd, 4 mech or mot inf bdes.
2 indep inf bdes.
1 indep para bde.
5 It 'jungle' inf bns.
25 M-4, some M-47 med tks; 250 M-3A1, 250 M-41 lt tks; 120 EE-9 Cascavel, M-8 armd cars; EE-11 Urutu, M-59, 600 M-113 APC;
500 M-116 75mm pack, 413 105mm, 95 M-114 155mm towed, 50 M-7, 100 M-108 105mm SP how;
81mm, 4.2-in, 120mm mor; 108mm MRL; 3.5-in RL; 106mm RCL; Cobra ATGW;
30 35mm, 30 40mm, 40 90mm AA guns; 4 Roland SAM;
(On order 60 X-1A2 med tks; 240 M-18A1 57mm RCL.)
RESERVES: 60,000 first line; 500,000 second line.
Navy: 47,000, incl 13,500 naval air force, marines and auxiliary corps, 3,000 conscripts.
7 submarines: 3 Oberon, 4 ex-US Guppy II/III.
1 ex-Br Colossus aircraft carrier (capacity 20 ac, incl 7 S-2A ASW ac, 4 Sea King hel).
12 ex-US destroyers: 5 Fletcher (1 with Seacat SAM), 5 Sumner (1 with Seacat), 2 Gearing with ASROC.
6 Niteroi frigates with 1 Lynx hel: 4 with Exocet SSM, 2 with Seacat SAM, Ikara ASW.
10 Imperial Marinheiro patrol vessels.
6 river patrol ships; 2 Pedro Teixeira, 3 Roraima, 1 monitor.
6 Piratini large patrol craft.
6 Schutze coastal minesweepers.
2 ex-US LST.
4 LCU.
(On order 3 submarines, 12 corvettes.)
Bases: Rio de Janeiro, Aratu, Belem, Natal, Ladario.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: 14 combat hel.
1 ASW sqn with 5 SH-3D Sea King, 9 Lynx hel.
1 liaison sqn with 3 Whirlwind, 9 Wasp, 8 AB-206B, 6 AS-35OM Esquilo hel.
1 trg sqn with 10 AB-206B hel.
MARINES: 14,500.
1 amph div: 1 Regimental Landing Team (3 inf, 1 arty, 1 engr, 1 service bns); 1 amph bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 reinforcement group.
5 Regional Groups.
LVTP-7, EE-11 Urutu APC.
Air Force: 42,800; 172 combat aircraft, 14 armed hel.
Air Defence Command;
1 interceptor sqn with 13 Mirage IIIEBR, 4 DBR.
Tactical Command:
2 FGA sqns with 33 F-5E, 5 F-5B.
8 coin/recce sqns: 6 with 70 AT-26 Xavante; 2 with 19 T-25 Universal.
Maritime Command:
1 ASW sqn with 8 S-2E, 8 S-2A (7 in carrier).
1 MR sqn with 12 P-95 (EMB-111).
4 SAR sqns with 7 HU-16B Albatross, 3 RC-130E, 2 HS-125, 4 EC-95 ac; 5 SH-1D, 2 Bell 47G, 6 SA-330 Puma hel.
Transport Command:
1 COIN hel sqn with 4 UH-1D, 6 Bell 206, 4 OH-6A.
13 tpt sqns with 2 Boeing 737, 12 EMB-810C Seneca II, 7 C-130E, 3 C-130H, 2 KC-130H, 11 HS-125, 1 Viscount, 12 HS-748, 20 DHC-5,
102 EMB-110 Bandeirante (56 C-95, 6 R-95,40 C-95A), 11 EMB-121 Xingu ac.
3 liaison sqns with LU-42, T-25 ac; 36 UH-1H hel.
Training Command:
100 T-23 Uirapuru, 112 T-25 Universal, 97 AT-26 ac; Bell 47 (H-13J) hel.
AAM: R-530, Piranha.
(On order: 10 EMB-110 (C-95A), 25 EMB-120 Brasilia tpts, 20 AT-26, 28 T-25, 118 T-27 trg ac.)
Para-Military Forces: Some 185,000 Public Security Forces; state, private militias in addition.
CHILE
Population: 11,180,000.
Military service: 1 year (Army and Navy only).
Total armed forces: 92,000 (31,600 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1979: $18.9 bn.* (* Rapid inflation makes defence expenditure and GNP figures in local currency and dollar terms unreliable.)
Defence expenditure 1979: 25.6 bn pesos ($726 m).* $1=35.25 pesos (1979).
Army: 53,000 (30,000 conscripts).
6 div HQ.
7 cav regts (3 armd, 3 horsed, 1 hel-borne).
24 inf regts (incl 9 mot, 6 mountain; 1-2 bns each).
6 arty groups (incl AA dets).
6 mountain arty gps.
7 engr bns.
2 btys of Cactus (Crotale) SAM.
70 M-4, 50 AMX-30 med tks; 10 M-3, 50 M-41, 47 AMX-13 lt tks; 30 EE-9 Cascavel armd cars; 300 M-113, EE-11 Urutu APC;
105mm, 36 M-56 105mm pack how; 8 Mk F3 155mm SP how; 81mm, 120mm mor; 106mm RCL; Milan ATGW;
20mm, 40mm AA guns; 12 Cactus SAM;
6 CASA C-212 tpts, 2 Cherokee, 4 Navajo, 4 O-l, 18 R-172 Hawk XP, 1 Skymaster liaison/trg ac;
7 Puma, 6 Lama, 3 Bell UH-1H, 2 AB-206 hel.
RESERVES: 160,000.
Navy: 24,000 (1,600 conscripts), incl naval air and marines.
3 submarines: 2 Oberon, 1 ex-US Balao.
3 cruisers: 1 ex-Swed Gota Lejon; 2 ex-US Brooklyn with 1 hel.
6 destroyers: 2 Almirante with Exocet SSM, Seacat SAM; 2 ex-US Sumner with 1 hel; 2 ex-US Fletcher.
5 frigates: 2 Leander with Exocet SSM, Seacat SAM, 1 hel; 3 ex-US Lawrence with 2 LCU.
3 ex-US corvettes: 2 Sotoyomo, 1 Cherokee.
2 Reshef-class FAC(M) with 6 Gabriel SSM.
4 Lurssen-type FAC(T).
3 large patrol craft (1 ex-US PC-1638).
17 coastal patrol craft<, incl 4 Dvora, 1 Anchova.
3 511-1152 LST, 2 LCM, 11 LCVP.
2 tankers, 5 transports.
(On order: 2 Type 209 submarines; 1 Reshef FAC(M); 9 Anchova spt; 4 Barcelo patrol craft.)
Bases: Talcahuano, Valparaiso, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Puerto Williams, Iquique.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (500); 8 combat aircraft.
1 ASW sqn: 6 EMB-111, 2 PBY-5A.
1 SAR/liaison sqn: 3 EMB-110C(N) Bandeirante, 4 CASAC-212, 1 Navajo.
1 SAR/liaison hel sqn: 10 Alouette III, 2 S-58, 4 Bell 206 Jetranger, 12 Bell 47G, 2 UH-1D hel.
Trainers: 8 PC-7 Turbo- Trainer.
MARINES: (5,000).
1 bde.
1 embarked bn.
Coast-defence units.
5 dets.
Air Force: 15,000; 86 combat aircraft.
3 FGA sqns with 16 Hunter F-71, 4 Hunter T-77, 15 F-5E, 3 F-5F.
3 COIN sqns with 34 A-37B, 6 AT-26 Xavante.
1 fighter sqn with 8 Mirage 50C.
1 SAR hel sqn with 6S-55.
1 tpt sqn with 2 C-130H, 7 DC-6B, 8 C-47.
2 utility sqns with 16 DHC-6, 3 Twin Bonanza, 3 DHC-3.
1 hel sqn with 1Puma, 10 UH-1H.
4 trg sqns with 30 T-34A, 25 T-37B, 8 T-41, some Vampire T-22/-25, 9 Beech 99, 1 CASA C-101, 10 T-25 Universal ac; 10 UH-12E hel.
AAM: Sidewinder, Shafrir. ASM: AS-11/-12.
1 AA arty regt.
(On order: 12 Mirage 50 fighters, 20 T-25, C-101 Aviojet trg ac.)
Para-Military Forces: 27,000 Carabineros, with 15 Mowag MR-8 APC, 14 Cessna 310,4 Metroliner ac, 6 Bo-105, 1 FH-1100 hel.
COLOMBIA
Population: 27,310,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 70,000, (28,500 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1979: $26.2 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 1.392 bn pesos ($30.64 m). $1=45.42 pesos (1980), 41.87 pesos (1979).
Army: 57,000 (28,500 conscripts).
10 inf bdes ('Regional Bdes') (6 mech cav, 6 arty gps, 26 inf, 6 engr bns).
1 trg bde, incl Presidential Guard.
1 ranger bn.
1 AB bn.
1 AA arty bn.
M-4A3 med, 12 M-3A1 lt tks; M-8, M-20 armd cars; 45 White M-3A2 APC; 48 M-101 105mm how; mor; 40mm AA guns.
RESERVES: 70,000.
Navy: 9,200, incl 3,000 marines.
2 Type 209 submarines
2 SX-506 midget submarines (in reserve).
3 destroyers: 2 Holland (1 in reserve), 1 ex-US Sumner.
2 ex-US frigates: 1 Crosley, 1 Courtney.
3 large patrol craft (ex-US Cherokee).
4 gunboats: 3 Arauca, 1 Barranquilla.
2 coastal, 8 river patrol craf<.
2 marine bns.
(On order: 4 FV-1500 corvettes.)
Bases: Cartagena, Buenaventura.
Air Force: 3,800; 26 combat ac, 10 armed hel.
1 fighter/recce sqn with 12 Mirage 5COA, 4 5COR/D.
1 COIN sqn with 10 AT-33A.
1 recce hel sqn with 10 Hughes OH-6A (500C).
Tpts incl 2 C-130B, 4 C-54, 1 DC-7, 19 C-47, 2 HS-748, 3 Aram, 1 F-28, 10 DHC-2, 6 Pilatus PC-6ac; 1 Bell 212 hel.
1 SAR/hel sqn with 27 Lama, 6 HH-43B.
Other hel incl 13 AH-1H, 10 UH-1B/H/N, 12 Hughes 500M, 6 TH-55.
Trainers incl 8 T-37C, 27 T-41D, 3 RT-33, 16 T-33A, 30 T-34B, 10 A-37B, 6 T-35 ac; 8 Bell 47 (OH-13) hel.
AAM: R-530.
(On order: 2 C-130 tpt ac.)
Para-Military Forces: 50,000 National Police Force, 30 hel; Coastguard, 9 vessels.
CUBA
Population: 9,800,000.
Military service: 3 years.
Total armed forces: 227,000.
Estimated GNP 1980: $18.4 bn.
Estimated defence expenditure 1980: 811m pesos ($1.1 bn). $1=0.72 pesos (1980).
Army: 200,000 (incl 60,000 reservists).
3 armd bdes.
15 inf divs (bdes) (some mech).
Some indep bns.
60 IS-2 hy, 400 T-34, 200 T-54/-55, 50 T-62 med tks; PT-76 lt tks; BRDM-1 armd cars; BMP MICV,400 BTR-40/-60/-152 APC;
M-116 75mm pack, 76mm, 85mm, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm guns/how; 100 SU-100 SP guns; 50 FROG-4 SSM;
57mm ATK guns; 57mm RCL; Sagger, Snapper ATGW;
ZU-23, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm towed, ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-7 SAM.
RESERVES: 130,000.
Navy: 11,000.
3 ex-Sov submarines: 2 F-, 1 W-class.
11 ex-Sov large patrol craft: 9 SO-1, 2 Kronshtadt.
24 ex-Sov FAC(M) with Styx SSM: 5 Osa-I, 7 Osa-II, 12 Komar<.
24 ex-Sov FAC(T): 6 Turya, 6 P-6<, 12 P-4<.
22 ex-Sov Zhuk FAC(P)<, 12 coastal patrol craft<.
9 minesweepers: 2 Sonya, 7 ex-Sov Yevgenya<.
7 T-4 LCM.
Some 50 Samlet coast-defence SSM.
(On order: 1 F-class submarine.)
Bases: Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Punta Ballenatos, Canasi.
Air Force: 16,000, incl air defence forces; 175 combat aircraft.
3 FGA sqns: 2 with 30 MiG-17; 1 with 12 MiG-23BM Flogger F.
8 interceptor sqns: 3 with 48 MiG-21F; 2 with 30 MiG-21MF; 2 with 40 MiG-19; 1 with 15 MjG-23 Flogger E.
1 trg sqn with 22 MiG-15UTI.
4 tpt sqns: 10 Il-14; 12 An-2; 15 An-24; 20 An-26.
4 hel sqns with 15 MM, 24 Mi-4, 20 Mi-8.
Trainers incl 2 MiG-23U, 15 MiG-21U, 1 Il-14, some An-2, 20 Zlin 326.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
24 SAM bns with 144 SA-2/3, SA-6.
Forces Abroad: Angola 19,000; Ethiopia 14,000; Mozambique 500; Other Africa 1,000; South Yemen 750; Nicaragua 200; Grenada 50.
Para-Military Forces: 15,000 State Security troops; 3,000 Frontier guards with 20 vessels;
100,000 Youth Labour Army. Territorial Militia (being formed): 1 bn to each municipal district, 1 regiment in each of 14 provinces.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Population: 5,835,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 22,500.
Estimated GNP 1979: $5.5 bn.
Defence expenditure 1979: 91m pesos ($91 m). $1=1 peso (1979).
Army: 13,000.
3 inf bdes (one has 1 armd recce sqn).
1 arty regt (3 bns).
1 mixed armd bn.
1 inf bn (horsed).
1 Presidential Guard bn.
1 engr bn.
35 AMX-13 lt tks; 20 AML armd cars; 25 M-3A1 half-track APC; 20 M-101 105mm how; 20 40mm AA guns.
Navy: 4,500.
1 ex-Can River frigate, 2 ex-US Tacoma (in reserve).
5 ex-US corvettes: 2 Admirable (ex-mine sweepers), 3 Cohoes.
2 large patrol craft (3 ex-US Argo in reserve).
8 coastal patrol craft<
1 LSM, 2 LCU.
1 cdo bn.
(On order: PTF-23 patrol boats.)
Bases: Santo Domingo, Bani, Haina.
Air Force: 5,000; 29 combat aircraft.
1 FGA sqn with 6 Vampire F-l/FB-50.
1 fighter/trg sqn with 15 F-5ID Mustang.
1 COIN/trg with 6 T-28D.
Maritime: 2 PBY-5A MR/SAR ac; 3 Alouette II/III, 2 H-19, 2 UH-12E, 7 OH-6A hel.
1 tpt sqn with 6 C-46, 6 C-47, 3 DHC-2, 1 Aero Commander.
Hel incl 1 SA-365 Dauphin 2, Bell 205.
Trainers incl 4 Cessna 172, T-6, 4 T-41.
1 para, 1 AA arty bn.
(On order. 3 Cessna A-37B ac; 2 UH-1 SAR hel.)
Para-Military Forces: 10,000 Gendarmerie.
ECUADOR
Population: 8,250,000.
Military service: 2 years, selective.
Total armed forces: 38,800.
Estimated GNP 1979: $8.6 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 5.282 bn sucres ($194.2 m). $1=27.2 sucres (1980), 26.9 sucres (1979).
Army: 30,000.
6 nominal divs (each of 1 armd, 2 inf bdes; 3 with 1 recce sqn).
1 regt of 3 horsed cav gps (bns of 2-3 coys).
1 para bn.
3 arty bns.
1 AA arty bn.
2 engr bns.
1 Presidential Guard sqn.
10 indep inf coys (cadre bns).
40 M-3, 80 AMX-13 lt tks; 27 AML-60/-90 armd cars; VAB, 15 M-113, UR-416, AMX VCI APC;
18 M-101 105mm towed, 6 Mk F3 155mm SP how;
28 M-167, 10 40mm towed, 44 M-163 Vulcan 20mm SP AA guns;
18 Chaparral SAM systems; 3 Turbo-Porter, 1 Learjet; 3 DHC-5D tpts; 2 Lama hel.
Navy: 4,000, incl 1,000 marines.
2 Type 209 submarines.
2 ex-US Gearing destroyers.
1 ex-US Lawrence frigate.
3 Lurssen-type FAC(M) with Exocet SSM.
3 Mania FAC(M) with Gabriel SSM.
2 ex-US PGM-71 large, 7 coastal patrol craft<.
1 511-1152 LST, 2 LSM (all ex-US).
1 Super King Air, 1 Arava; Cessna: 2 T-37, 2 T-41, 1 320, 1 177,3 T-34C ac; 2 Alouette III hel.
2 marine bns, one on garrison duties.
(On order 1 destroyer, 6 corvettes, Exocet SSM.)
Bases: Guayaquil, San Lorenzo, Galapagos Islands.
Air Force: 4,800; some 55 combat aircraft.
1 lt bbr sqn with 3 Canberra B-6.
1 FGA sqn with 10 Jaguar S, 2 Jaguar B.
1 interceptor sqn with 15Mirage F-1JE, 2 F-1JB.
1 COIN sqn with 10 A-37B.
1 coin/trg sqn with 12 BAC-167 Strikemaster.
MR ac: 1 PBY-5A Catalina.
Tpts incl Boeing 727-2T3, 4 -Electro, 2 C-130H, 4 DC-6B, 6 Arava, 5 HS-748, 1 DHC-6 ac; 2 Puma, 4 Lama hel.
Other hel: 5 Alouette III.
Trainers incl 2 T-33A 23 T-34C, 12 SF-260ME, 20 T-41,24 Cessna 150A.
AAM: R-550 Magic.
(On order A-37B COIN ac).
Para-Military Forces: Police. 5,800 National Civil
GUATEMALA
Population: 7,200,000.
Military service: conscription; 2 years.
Total armed forces: 15,050.
Estimated GNP 1979: $6.9 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 76.8m quetzal ($69.8m). $1=1.1 quetzal (1980), 1.0 quetzal (1979).
Army: 14,000.
4 bde HQ.
1 Presidential Guard bde.
9 inf bns.
1 para bn.
1 engr bn.
1 armd car coy.
15 arty btys.
7 M-3 Stuart lt tks; 6 M-3A1, 15 M-8 armd cars; M-3, 10 M-113, 10 RBY-1, 7 Commando APC;
12 75mm pack, 36 105mm how; 81mm, 12 4.2-in mor.
Navy: 600, incl 200 marines (3 coys).
15 coastal patrol craft<.
1 LCM.
Bases: Santo Tomas de Castillas, Sipacate.
Air Force: 450; 10 combat aircraft.
1 COIN sqn with 10A-37B.
1 tpt sqn with 1 DC-6,11C-47, 9 Arava.
1 liaison sqn with Cessna: 6 170, 12 172, 1 180, 2 U-206C.
1 hel sqn with 8 Bell UH-1D, 2 Bell 212,3 Lama, 3 Alouette III.
1 trg sqn with 12 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer.
Para-Military Forces: 3,000, Policia Militar Ambulante.
HONDURAS
Population: 3,900,000.
Military service: conscription; 8 months.
Total armed forces: 11,200.
Estimated GNP 1979: $2.17 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 90.4m lempiras ($45.2m). $1=2 lempiras (1979, 1980).
Army: 10,000.
1 Presidential Guard bde(2 bns).
6 inf bns.
2 arty bns.
1 engr, 1 sigs bn.
17 Scorpion lt tks; 12 M-116 75mm pack, 12 M-101 105mm how; 81mm, 120mm mor; 57mm RCL.
(On order: 105mm how.)
Navy: 200.
7 Swift patrol craft: 3 105-ft fast, 4 65-ft coastal<
(On order: 105-ft patrol craft.)
Base: Puerto Cortes.
Air Force: 1,000; 27 combat aircraft.
1 FGA sqn with 12Super Mystere B2.
1 COIN sqn with 6 F-86F Sabre, 6 A-37B.
1 recce sqn with 3 RT-33A.
Tpts incl 2 C-54, C-45, 1 C-47, 3 Aram, 1 Westwind.
1 liaison sqn with 2 Cessna 180, 2 185.
Hel: 2 UH-19D, 10 UH-1H.
1 trg sqn: 6 T-6, 24 T-28F, 5 T-41A.
(On order. A-37B COIN, T-37B trg ac.)
Para-Military Forces: 3,000 Civil Guard.
MEXICO
Population: 69,000,000.
Military service: voluntary, with part-time conscript militia.
Total armed forces: 119,500 regular, 250,000 part time conscripts.
Estimated GNP 1979: $120 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 27.6 bn pesos ($1,166 bn). $1=23.68 pesos (1981), 22.8 pesos (1979).
Army: 95,000 regular, 250,000 conscripts.
1 mech bde gp (Presidential Guard) (3 bns).
2 inf bde gps (each of 2 inf, 1 armd recce, 1 arty bns).
1 para bde (2 bns).
Zonal Garrisons incl:
28 indep cav, 3 arty regts, 64 indep inf bns.
AA, engr and spt units.
M-3, M-5 lt tks; 100 M-3A1, M-8, 15 MAC-1 armd cars; HWK-11, M-3 APC;
M-116 75mm pack, M-101 105mm towed; M-8 75mm, M-7 105mm SP how.
Navy: 20,000, incl naval air force and marines.
2 ex-US Fletcher destroyers.
6 frigates: 1 ex-US Edsall (trg ship), 4 ex-US Lawrence/Crosley, 1 Durango.
34 ex-US patrol ships: 18 Auk, 16 Admirable ex-minesweepers.
31 Azteca large patrol craft.
15 patrol craft<: 4 Polimar, 2 Azueta, 1 Guanajuato coastal, 8 river.
3 tpts incl 2 ex-US 511-1152 LST; 1 repair ship, 6 fleet tugs.
(On order: 6 F-30 (Descubierta) corvettes, 3 Azteca large patrol craft.)
Bases: Gulf: Vera Cruz, Tampico, Chetumal, Ciudad del Carmen, Yukalpeten.
Pacific: Acapulco, Ensonada, La Paz, Puerto Cortes, Guaymas, Mazatlan, Manzanillo, Salina Cruz, Puerto Madero, Lazaro Cardenas.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (350); 14 combat aircraft.
1 MR sqn with 14 HU-16 Albatross.
1 liaison sqn with 1 Learjet 24D, 1 DHC-5D, 1 DC-3, 2 F-27, 6 Bonanza, 4 Baron; Cessna: 4 150, 8 152, 1337, 1402; 1 Stearman N-2-55.
1 hel sqn with 1 Alouette II, 4 Alouette III, 5 Bell 47G, 2 UH-1H.
Trainers: 2 T-34B.
(On order: 6 corvettes; 10 SA-315B Lama hel.)
MARINES: (3,810).
3 bn HQ.
19 security coys.
Air Force: 4,500; 14 combat aircraft.
1 COIN sqn with 14 AT-33A.
1 SAR sqn with 18 LASA-60 ac; 9 Alouette III, 1 Hiller 12E hel.
1 Presidential (tpt) sqn with 2 Boeing 727, 1 Jetstar, 1 BAC-111, 2 C-47.
4 tpt sqns with Boeing 737, 1 DC-7, 2 C-118, 5 C-54, 1 Electra, 25 C-47, 3 Sabreliner, 1 HS-125-400, 3 Skyvan, 12 Islander, 10 Arava,
10 Aero Commander, 1 DHC-5D.
1 hel sqn with: Bell; 14 47G, 5 206B, 3 212, 10 205; 5 Puma.
6 trg sqns: 2 with 20 T-6G; 4 with 45 T-28D.
Trainers incl 1 Baron, 20 Beech F-33-9, 20 Musketeer, 12 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer.
1 para bn.
(On order: 10 F-5E fighters, 2 F-5F, 26 PC-7 Turbo- Trainer trg ac.)
PARAGUAY
Population: 3,270,000.
Military service: 18 months; Navy 2 years.
Total armed forces: 16,000.
Estimated GNP 1979: $2.0 bn.
Defence expenditure 1980: 8.79 bn guaranies ($64m). $1=137.3 guaranies (1980), 126 guaranies (1979).
Army: 12,500.
1 cav div (bde) (2 mech cav regts, 1 inf bn, 1 arty bty).
6 inf divs(bn gps).
2 indep horsed cav regts.
1 arty regt.
2 indep inf bns.
1 Presidential Guard bn.
5 engr bns.
1 sigs bn.
1 hel coy.
3 M-4 med, 15 M-3A1 lt tks; M-8 (mod) armd cars; 3 M-3 (mod) APC;
M-116 75mm pack, 48 M-101 105mm how; 40mm AA guns;
2 Bell 47, 3 UH-12E hel.
Navy: 2,500, incl 500 marines and naval air.
2 Humaita river defence vessels.
3 corvettes (ex-Arg Bouchard minesweepers).
9 patrol craft: 1 large, 8 coastal<.
1 ex-US LSM.
1 marine 'regt'(bn).
1 C-47, 2 Cessna U-206, 1 Cessna 150M, 2 AT-6 trg ac; 2 Bell 47G hel.
Bases: Asuncion/Puerto Sajonia, Bahfa Negra.
Air Force: 1,000; 27 combat aircraft.
1 FGA sqn with 6 A-37B.
2 COIN sqns; 1 with 9 EMB-326 Xavante; 1 with 12 AT-6G Texan.
1 tpt sqn with 5 DC-6B, 2 C-54, 3 CV-240, 10 C-47, 1 DHC-6, 1 Dove, 1DHC-3.
1 liaison flight with 5 Cessna 185, 1 Cessna 421.
1 hel sqn with 14 UH-13A, 1 FH-1100, 2 UH-12E.
1 trg sqn with 8 Fokker S-l 1, 8 T-23 Uirapuru, 1 MS-760, 10 T-6, 5 Cessna 185.
1 para regt (bn).
(On order 10 EMB-110 tpts.)
Para-Military Forces: 4,000 civil police, internal security forces.
PERU
Population: 18,075,000.
Military service: 2 years, selective.
Total armed forces: 130,000 (51,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1979: $11.1 bn.* (*Rapid inflation makes defence expenditure and GNP figures in local currency and dollar terms unreliable.)
Defence expenditure 1979: 96.7 bn soles ($431 m).* $1=224.55 soles (1979).
Army: 75,000 (51,000 conscripts).
2 armd divs (bdes).
1 Presidential Guard cav div: 2 horsed regts.
8 inf and mech divs (bdes), each of 3 bns.
1 AB div (para-cdo bde).
1 jungle div (bde).
10 arty bns.
4 engr bns.
3 armd recce sqns.
2 air sqns: 1 liaison, 1 hel.
450 T-54/-55, 60 M-4 med, 110 AMX-13 lt tks; M-8 armd, 50 M-3A1 scout cars; 200 M-113, 40 V-150 Chaimite, 10 UR-416 APC;
90 M-101 105mm, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm SP, 4 M-114 155mm guns/how; 120mm mor;
28 40mm, 76mm towed, ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns; SA-2; SA-3, SA-7 SAM;
U-10B, 5 Cessna 185 lt ac; 41 Mi-8 (35 in store), 4 Alouette III, 5 Lama hel.
(On order: 50 M-48A2 med tks; 15 Fiat 6616 armd cars; 100 SPz-12-3 MICV, 10 Fiat 6614, 150 M-113 APC; 2 Nomad lt tpt ac.)
Navy: 15,000, incl naval air, 3,000 marines; 11 combat aircraft, 10 armed hel.
9 submarines: 3 Type 209, 6 ex-US (2 Guppy I, 4 Abtao).
3 cruisers: 2 ex-Neth De Ruyter (1 with Exocet, 3 hel), 1 ex-Br Ceylon.
9 destroyers: 2 ex-Br Daring with Exocet SSM; 2 ex-US Fletcher, 5 ex-Neth (1 Holland, 4 Friesland).
2 Lupo frigates with Otomat SSM, Aspide SAM, 1 hel.
3 PR-72P FAC(M) with Exocet SSM.
4 river gunboats, 3 river, 4 lake patrol craft<.
3 ex-US LST, 2 ex-US LSM.
2 tpts; 3 replenishment, 3 spt tankers.
1 ASW sqn with 9 S-2E Tracker.
1 ASW hel sqn with 4 SH-3D, 6 AB-212.
1 MR sqn with 2 F-27MPA.
1 hel utility sqn with 10 Bell 206B, 6 UH-1D/H, 2 Alouette III.
Tpts: 3 C-47, 1Aztec.
Trg: 6 T-34C ac; 2 Bell 47G hel.
1 Marine bde (3 bns).
(On order: 3 Type 209 submarines, 2 Lupo frigates, 3 PR-72P FAC(M) with Exocet SSM, 6 lake patrol craft.)
Bases: Callao, San Lorenzo, Talara, Iquitos (river), Puno (lake), Madre de Dios (river).
Air Force: 40,000; 115 combat aircraft.
2 lt bbr sqn with 32 Canberra B-2/B(I)-8/B(I)-56.
4 FGA sqns: 2 with 24 Mirage 5P; 2 with 36 Su-22.
2 COIN sqns with 20 A-37B.
1 OCU with 2 CanberraT-4, 1 Mirage 5DP.
6 tpt sqns: 4 L-100-20, 9 C-130E/H; 5 DC-6, 4 C-54; 16 An-26, 2 F-27, 1 F-28; 6 DHC-6; 15 DHC-5; 12 Turbo-Porter.
2 liaison sqns: 18 Queen Air, 1 F-28, 3 King Air.
4 hel sqns: 12 Alouette III; 20 Bell 47G; 17 Bell 212; 6 Mi-6, 5 Mi-8.
Trainers incl 4 Su-22UTI, 6 T-34A, 8 T-33A, 19 T-41, 26 T-37B/C, 18 TA-37, 4 Cessna 150.
ASM: AS-30.
(On order: 14 MB-339 COIN ac.)
Para-Military Forces: 25,000. Guardia Civil with Mowag Roland APC, Coastguard with 11 large, 15 other patrol craft.
URUGUAY
Population: 2,945,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 29,700.
Estimated GNP 1979: S7.0 bn.
Defence expenditure 1978: 727.6 bn pesos ($134.5 m). $1=7.92 pesos (1979), 5.41 pesos (1978).
Army: 22,000.
4 div HQ (regional).
1 mech bde (2 cav regts).
4 inf bdes, each with 3 bns.
1 ceremonial inf bn.
4 arty bns.
1 AA bn.
5 engr bns.
17 M-24, 29 M-3A1, 22 M-41 lt tks; FN-4-RM-62, 10 M-3A1 scout cars; 15 M-113 APC; 75mm gun; 25 M-101 105mm how.
(On order: 15 Scorpion lt tks.)
Navy: 4,700, incl naval air, naval infantry.
3 ex-US frigates: 1 Dealey, 2 Cannon.
2 corvettes: 1 Auk, 1 Aggressive (ex-US minesweepers).
4 patrol craft: 1 Adjutant, 3 Vigilante.
2 ex-US LCM.
6 S-2A/G MR ac, 1 Super King Air, 6 SNB-5 (C-45) tpts, 4 T-34B/C-1,6 SNJ-4/6, 9 T-28 ac; 2 SH-34J hel.
1 naval inf bn.
Base: Montevideo.
Air Force: 3,000; some 23 combat aircraft.
1 COIN sqn with 5 AT-33A, 8 A-37B.
1 recce/trg sqn with 10 T-6G.
1 SAR sqn: 7 U-17A ac; 6 UH-1B, 3 UH-1, 2 H-23F hel.
3 tpt sqns: 5 C-45, 12 C-47, 2 F-27; 3 Cessna 182A/D, 7 Queen Air, 6 EMB-110B/C, 2 FH-227 ac, 1 Bell 222 hel.
Trainers incl 6 T-41D, 25 T-34B.
(On order. 5 IA-58BPucara.)
Para-Military Forces: 1,500. Coastguard with 6 coastal patrol craft<.
VENEZUELA
Population: 16,458,502.
Military service: 18 months, selective.
Total armed forces: 40,800.
Estimated GNP 1980: S47.9 bn.
Defence expenditure 1981: 4.8 bn bolivares ($1.1 bn). $1 =4.29 bolivares (1979,1981).
Army: 27,000.
1 armd bde (2 med, 1 lt tk bns).
1 cav bn horsed.
2 mech bns.
11 inf bns.
3 ranger bns.
7 arty gps.
5 AA arty and engr bns.
142 AMX-30 med, 40 AMX-13 lt tks; 12 M-8 armd cars; AMX-VCI, 20 UR-416 APC;
75mm pack, 105mm pack, 135 M-101 105mm towed, 20 Mk F3 155mm SP how; 81mm, 120mm mor;
40 M-18 76mm SP ATK guns; 106mm RCL; SS-11, AS-11 ATGW; 40mm AA guns.
ARMY AVIATION:
1 tpt sqn with 2 Arava, 2 Merlin, 1 Islander, 1 Queen Air.
2 hel sqns: 1 with 20 Alouette HI, 6 Bell 206B, 3 UH-1D/H; 1 with 2 Bell 205A, 2 UH-19, Bell 47G.
Navy: 9,000, incl naval air and 4,500 marines.
3 submarines: 2 Type 209, 1 ex-US Guppy II.
2 ex-US Sumner destroyers.
4 frigates: 2 Lupo with Otomat SSM, Aspide SAM, 1 hel; 2 Almirante Clemente.
3 Vosper Thornycroft FAC(M) with Otomat SSM.
3 Vosper Thornycroft FAC(G).
1 LST, 3 LSM, 2 transports, 12 LCVP (all ex-US).
NAVAL AIR: 6 combat aircraft, 6 armed hel.
1 ASW sqn with 6 S-2E.
1 ASW hel sqn (afloat) with 6 AB-212.
1 SAR sqn with 4 HU-16A Albatross.
1 tpt sqn: 1 HS-748, 1 King Air ac, 2 Bell 47J hel.
(On order: 2 Type 209 submarines, 4 Lupo frigates, 4 AB-212 ASW hel.)
MARINES:
3 bns, 1 AA, 1 amph coy. APC, M-42 SP 40mm AA guns.
Bases: Caracas, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, Puerto de Hierro.
Air Force: 4,800; 102 combat aircraft.
2 lt bbr/recce sqns with 23 Canberra (14 B-82, 6 B(I)-82, 1 PR-83, 2 T-84).
1 FGA sqn with 16 Mirage (9 IIIEV, 5 5V, 2 5DV).
2 interceptor/FGA sqns: 1 with 14 CF-5A, 4 CF-5B; 1 with 18 F-86K.
1 COIN sqn with 15 OV-10E.
1 Presidential (tpt) sqn with 1 Boeing 737, 1 DC-9, 1 HS-748, 1 Cessna Citation ac; 1 UH-19, 6 Bell 206B, 1 206C hel.
2 tpt sqns: 1 with 20 C-47, 1 HS-748; 1 with 6 C-130H, 12 C-123A.
2 utility/liaison sqns: 1 with 4 Islander, 1 King Air, 1 with 9 Queen Air, 12 Cessna 182N, 2 Cessna 31 OR.
2 hel sqns: 1 with 13 Alouette III, 20 UH-1D/H; 1 with 9 UH-19, 2 Bell 212; other: 8 Augusta A-109,1 Bell 412.
Trg Command: 12 Jet Provost, 23 T-2 Buckeye (12 armed), 25 T-34 Mentor, 2 Beech 95 Travelair.
AAM: R-530.
1 para bn.
(On order: 2 C-130H-30 ac, 1 Bell 412 hel.)
Para-Military Forces: Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperation: 20,000: 28 MICV; 120 60mm mor; 3 Arava, 1 King Air ac; hel; 43 coastal patrol craft.
ARMED FORCES OF OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES*
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-15.png)
TABLES AND ANALYSES
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![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-17.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-18.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-19.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-20.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-21.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-22.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-23.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-24.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-25.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-26.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-27.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-28.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-29.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-30.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-31.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-32.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-33.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-34.png)
![[]](/img/t/temezhnikow_e_a/mb1981/mb1981-35.png)
ANALYSIS
The East-West Conventional Balance in Europe
Any assessment of the military balance between NATO and the Warsaw Pact involves comparison of the deployed strengths of both men and equipment and of reinforcement potential, consideration of qualitative characteristics, of factors such as geographical advantages, military technology, deployment, training and logistic support, and of differences in national doctrine and philosophy. It must be set within the context of the strategic nuclear balance, of military forces world-wide and, in particular, of the relative strengths of the navies and long-range air forces of both sides.
Certain elements in the equation change very little overtime. Warsaw Pact equipment, doctrine and procedures are standardized, whereas those of NATO are not, despite long-standing attempts to improve interoperability and encourage uniformity. The Pact's advantages in flexibility and logistic support will be obvious, as will the geographical advantages which permit it to reinforce any of its fronts on interior lines and, in almost every case, overland. The West has hitherto relied on its superior technology and - although there is evidence that the East has been catching up and, in some instances, has actually overtaken the West - some Western advantage still remains, though this is now much smaller than it was.
The question of balance, as a practical calculation, begins by a comparison of the relative numerical strengths of each side, and this is shown in the table at the end of this essay.
Manpower
The total numbers of men in uniform in the armed forces of the countries which comprise NATO and the Warsaw Pact are given in the table, as are the ground force figures. Yet much of this manpower will be employed elsewhere than in Europe - particularly in the case of the United States and the Soviet Union - and so figures are given for the ground forces in place in Europe. (For convenience, Europe in this case is assumed to exclude the territory of the Soviet Union.) However, in the event of hostilities erupting or threatening to erupt, two kinds of augmentation can take place: first, standing forces not in Europe can be moved there; second, reserve forces can be mobilized either for combat in place or in order to be moved to Europe by external powers. A total reserve figure can be assessed but, as with standing manpower, not all these reserves would be allocated to Europe - particularly, again, of non-European powers.
Formations
Totals for the numbers and types of divisions and division-equivalents in place and manned in time of peace are shown in the table. Estimates of the numbers of divisions existing in peacetime which are not in Europe but are presumed to be earmarked for it as reinforcements prior to mobilization, and of the number of divisions or division equivalents on both sides which could be added to the order of battle on mobilization and earmarked for the European Theatre, are also listed.
Some qualifications and explanations are necessary. First, divisions on the two sides, and within the two sides, are very unequal both in strengths and equipment holdings. Second, the assumption is made that only European Military Districts of the Soviet Union (see p. 12) would in fact provide forces for the European Theatre. Third, territorial defence units have been excluded from the figures in the table. Fourth, rates of mobilization and of forward movement would not be equal. A Norwegian brigade mobilized in place should be ready for defence long before a Soviet division could be mobilized around Leningrad and moved to attack it. On the other hand, an American division based in the continental United States and without equipment prepositioned in Europe will in all likelihood be slower to move into action than a Soviet division from Belorussia. Fifth, Europe is divided in to distinct areas of possible confrontation where local balances may look very different to the overall balance and where, particularly on the NATO side, communications between battlefronts will prove very difficult. As a simplification in this analysis, NATO has been divided into North and Central Europe, on the one hand, and Southern Europe (Italy, Greece and Turkey), on the other. Finally, substantial combat elements are held outside divisional establishments and are not listed.
Equipment
Equipment holdings can be broken down into categories. The complicating factors are that total holdings of equipment do not necessarily match what is in divisional establishments (there are equipment reserves, non-divisional units and stockpiles), and not all equipment will be in theatre at the outbreak of hostilities. In the case of Soviet formations moving from the Western USSR, they will be expected to take their full unit inventories. In the case of American reinforcing formations, some plan to equip themselves from stockpiles in Europe. For these reasons, the table includes for each side only the total holdings of equipment known or estimated to be in Europe. As a separate category, estimates of the additional equipment presumed to come with Soviet reinforcing divisions moved to Europe have also been included; these figures are shown with a + sign below the line for USSR and in Pact total figures. Two ratios for equipment are given: one without reinforcement and one after Soviet divisions have reinforced the Pact in Europe.
Naval Forces
The assessment lists the numbers of vessels presumed to be in the Atlantic, Channel, North Sea and Mediterranean for NATO and, for the Warsaw Pact, the Soviet Northern, Baltic and Black Sea Fleets, together with non-Soviet Pact vessels in the Baltic and Black Seas. Soviet naval forces in the Mediterranean are drawn from the Black Sea Fleet or, in the case of submarines, from the Northern Fleet. As with ground force equipment, there are great disparities within categories, both with respect to capability and age. In the case of naval or maritime aircraft, classification by type is necessarily somewhat arbitrary but conforms to the nomenclature used in the country entries. The figures include both land- and sea-based aircraft with a clear maritime role in the above sea areas.
Air Forces
Assessment of land attack aircraft and fighters (including armed helicopters) requires similar assumptions to those made in the case of ground forces. The figures for US aircraft are for those based in Europe and do not take account of possible reinforcements from the continental US; the Soviet figures show a possible augmentation of frontal aviation from the Western military districts as a result of reinforcement. These figures are necessarily estimated. In the case of bombers, in particular, the question of allocation to the nuclear role is important. An assessment of nuclear systems is given in thИ Table on p. 128, and figures given here are for all medium-range bombers, regardless of whether or not they might be reserved for nuclear delivery. It is necessary to stress the point that the increasing number of multi-role aircraft on both sides tends to make mission distinctions otiose. Aircraft intended primarily for ground attack often have at least a limited self-defence capability, but national terminology separates the standard air-superiority fighter and the interceptor, and this distinction has been applied.
Defining the Combat Zone
The Northern and Central European sectors are shown as one entity. Yet this is inevitably an incomplete notion. Norwegian defences, for example, are pulled in two directions. The land forces have as their main responsibility the protection of the northern approaches to the country .and they have either deployed or plan to deploy virtually all their active field forces to the north because the Soviet formations in the northern Leningrad Military District pose a substantial potential threat. The Norwegian Navy must assign its larger vessels to support the coastal flank of the forces in Northern Norway; but the Soviet Baltic Fleet poses a threat to Southern Norway, forcing the Navy to attend also to that area. The Air Force has to support both sectors. Schleswig-Holstein, though also part of NATO's Northern Command, must anticipate attack from East Germany.
NATO's Southern Flank is even more divided. Italy must contest any Pact threat from Central Europe towards the central Mediterranean basin. Greece and Turkey must between them defend Thrace and the Aegean Sea and its air space, while Turkey must also defend her border in the Caucasus. This means that NATO has to be prepared to fight here on three widely separated fronts, each with its own tactical challenges and each with its own peculiar supply requirements. Yet it is impossible, without making a number of assumptions, to forecast the size and composition of the forces on both sides which would be assigned to those three fronts during hostilities. Pact forces in the south-western sector and threatening Thrace and the Dardanelles would be based on the Southern Group of Forces - Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania plus the Soviet formations - perhaps supported by formations from the Carpathian and Odessa Military Districts. The south-eastern sector, threatening Eastern Turkey, would be the responsibility of the Trans-Caucasus MD, and reserves for this front would most probably come from the North Caucasus MD. Trans-Caucasus MD is also responsible for the border with Iran.
Mobilization
The rate at which nations can mobilize will depend upon the system adopted, staff procedures and competence, distances and the transport facilities available. The rate at which nations will mobilize will depend on the warning received, on the political will to mobilize, on the ability to make decisions and put them into effect, and on how far enemy action obstructs mobilization.
The Warsaw Pact has maintained a reserve based upon large numbers of conscripts who have completed their period of obligatory service. The Soviet Union in particular uses the Military District organization for recalling and placing reservists into skeleton formations for war* The limitations of Soviet internal communications might make it difficult to switch divisions from one part of the USSR to another, but the links between the central USSR and the borders are more than adequate for rapid movement towards potential battlefronts so long as they stay free from attack.
Within Europe many countries can mobilize in place, although very many distinctively different methods are adopted. In the case of Britain, movement to the mainland of Europe is less easy and is liable to interdiction. Those countries which must move reinforcements across the Atlantic clearly face the possibility of serious interruption. Finally, it must be noted that the United States, Britain and Canada do not have a pool of trained reserve manpower comparable to that available to other nations which have universal conscription.
Commonality and Technology
The accompanying table shows that the Warsaw Pact enjoys numerical advantage in virtually all categories of weapons shown, the notable exceptions being in crew-served anti-tank missiles, a number of naval vessel types and some naval aircraft. What is not shown by these figures is a primary advantage enjoyed by the Warsaw Pact, namely that the weapons in service, and the tactical doctrines for their use, are common throughout the Pact. NATO, in marked contrast, suffers from doctrines which are by no means identical and from a wide variety of everything from weapon systems to support vehicles, with consequent duplication of supply systems and some difficulties of interoperability.
The question of technological superiority is impossible to answer without the test of combat. In general, however, Soviet equipment is thought to be rugged, relatively immune to mishandling and apparently reliable. However, crew comfort and safety standards are significantly lower than those demanded in the West. While these factors may not be detrimental to efficiency over the short term, under the stress of combat the accident rate could rise and efficiency decline rather severely.
Logistics
NATO'S logistic system is based almost entirely on national supply lines, and the difficulties are compounded by lack of standardization between nations and by lack of central co-ordination. In these respects it is inferior to that of the Warsaw Pact. Certain NATO countries, too, still lack sufficient spares and ammunition. Some Pact nations may also suffer from shortages, but the fact that their equipment is standardized would enable them to restock more quickly. The Soviet logistic system, which uses a mix of rail, road and pipeline, has been greatly improved in recent years.
Air Power
The Warsaw Pact has long contemplated the use of surface-to-surface missiles to deliver high explosive, nuclear and chemical warheads against targets deep in enemy rear areas. However, the Soviet Union is also increasing her inventory of modern fighter-bombers and these pose an increasingly significant long-range threat. In terms of Pact defence against air attack, a large number of interceptors must be added to an impressive array of surface-to-air missiles and artillery pieces. It is clear that in war NATO air forces would face a formidable task in maintaining air support for the NATO ground forces on the European battlefield.
The Warsaw Pact continues to enjoy the benefits of standardized aircraft servicing and handling facilities. Although its aircraft cannot generally operate from unimproved runways, there are a very large number of modern airfields available with hardened aircraft shelters. NATO, on the other hand, still suffers from too few airfields and too many types of aircraft, although considerable improvements have been made in interoperability and in hardening airfields. NATO probably still enjoys a measure of overall electronic superiority and may enjoy a somewhat greater flexibility in command and control in combat conditions, but electronic counter-measures are being emphasized by the Pact, and tend to negate NATO's advantage.
Summary
The numerical balance over the last 20 years has slowly but steadily moved in favour of the East. At the same time the West has largely lost the technological edge which allowed NATO to believe that quality could substitute for numbers. One cannot necessarily conclude from this that NATO would suffer defeat in war, but one can conclude that there has been sufficient danger in the trend to require urgent remedies.
Assessing the balance between NATO and the Warsaw Pact based on comparisons of manpower, combat units or equipment contains a large element of subjectivity. In the first place, the Pact has superiority in some areas and NATO in others, and there is no fully satisfactory way to compare these asymmetrical advantages. Tank superiority can be negated by combinations of many different kinds of anti-tank systems. Secondly, it is not possible to reduce to numbers such qualitative factors as training, morale, leadership, tactical initiative, terrain and geographical advantage, all of which are vitally significant in warfare. Thirdly, there is no agreement as to the form and scope that any hostilities which might break out would be likely to take. Such an assessment would have a vital bearing on the composition of the forces involved, resupply stocks, reinforcements and many other considerations. The table which forms part of this presentation attempts to distinguish between forces in being and those which might be made available over the longer term. It can pass no judgements as to the reliability of the forces or the political will and cohesion of the two alliances.
The overall balance continues to be such as to make military aggression a highly risky undertaking. Though tactical redeployments could provide a local advantage in numbers sufficient to allow an attacker to believe that he might achieve tactical success, there would still appear to be insufficient overall strength on either side to guarantee victory. The consequences for an attacker would be unpredictable, and the risks, particularly of nuclear escalation, incalculable.
Неядерный баланс Восток-Запад в Европе
Любая оценка военного баланса между НАТО и Варшавским договором предполагает сопоставление развернутых сил как военнослужащих, так и техники и потенциала усиления, рассмотрение качественных характеристик, таких факторов, как географические преимущества, военная техника, развертывание, подготовка и материально-техническое обеспечение, а также различий в национальной доктрине и философии. Она должна быть установлена в контексте стратегического ядерного баланса, военных сил во всем мире и, в частности, относительной мощи военно-морских сил и дальней авиации обеих сторон.
Некоторые элементы в уравнении меняются очень мало со временем. Вооружение, доктрина и процедуры Варшавского договора стандартизированы, а НАТО - нет, несмотря на давние попытки улучшить оперативную совместимость и поощрять единообразие. Преимущества ОВД в плане гибкости и материально-технической поддержки будут очевидны, равно как и географические преимущества, которые позволят ему укрепить любой из своих фронтов на внутренних линиях и, почти во всех случаях, на суше. Запад до сих пор полагался на свои передовые технологии, и , хотя есть свидетельства того, что Восток догоняет, а в некоторых случаях и фактически обгоняет Запад , некоторое Западное преимущество все еще остается, хотя оно и намного меньше, чем было.
Вопрос о балансе, как практический расчет, начинается с сравнения относительных численных преимуществ каждой стороны, и это показано в таблице в конце этого эссе.
Личный состав
Общая численность военнослужащих Вооруженных сил стран, входящих в НАТО и Варшавский договор, а также численность сухопутных войск приведены в таблице. Хотя значительная часть этих сил будет занято в другом месте, а не в Европе - особенно в случае с США и СССР - и так приводятся цифры для сухопутных войск в Европе. (Для удобства Европы в данном случае предполагается исключить территорию Советского Союза.) Однако в случае возникновения или угрозы возникновения военных действий могут иметь место два вида усиления: во-первых, постоянные силы, не находящиеся в Европе, могут быть перемещены туда; во-вторых, резервные силы могут быть мобилизованы либо для ведения боевых действий на месте, либо для перемещения в Европу внешними державами. Общая цифра резервов может быть оценена, но, как и в случае с постоянными силами, не все эти резервы будут выделены Европе - особенно, опять же, у неевропейских держав.
Формирования
В таблице приведены итоговые данные о количестве и типах дивизий и их эквивалентов, действующих и укомплектованных в мирное время. Приводятся также оценки численности существующих в мирное время дивизий, которые не находятся в Европе, но, как предполагается, предназначены для нее в качестве подкреплений до мобилизации, и численности дивизий или дивизионных эквивалентов обеих сторон, которые могут быть добавлены к для ведения боевых действий по мобилизации и предназначены для европейского театра военных действий.
Некоторые объяснения необходимы. Во-первых, дивизии с двух сторон и в пределах двух сторон очень неравны как по силе, так и по запасам техники. Во-вторых, делается предположение, что только европейские военные округа Советского Союза (см. 12) фактически обеспечит силы для европейского театра. В-третьих, подразделения территориальной обороны исключены из таблицы. В-четвертых, темпы мобилизации и продвижения вперед не будут равными. Норвежская бригада, мобилизованная на месте, должна быть готова к обороне задолго до того, как советская дивизия сможет мобилизоваться в Ленинградском округе и двинуться на него. С другой стороны, американская дивизия, базирующаяся в континентальной части Соединенных Штатов и не имеющая оборудования в Европе, по всей вероятности, будет действовать медленнее, чем советская дивизия из Белоруссии. В-пятых, Европа разделена на отдельные области возможной конфронтации, где местные балансы могут сильно отличаться от общего баланса и где, особенно со стороны НАТО, связь между фронтами окажется очень сложной. В качестве упрощения в этом анализе НАТО была разделена на Северную и Центральную Европу, с одной стороны, и Южную Европу (Италию, Грецию и Турцию), с другой. Наконец, существенные боевые элементы находятся за пределами дивизионных учреждений и не включены в перечень.
Вооружение
Запасы вооружения можно разбить на категории. Усложняющий фактор, что общий фонд не всегда соответствует тому, что в дивизионных учреждений (имеются запасы вооружения, вне дивизий и складские), и не все вооружение будет на театре после начала военных действий. В случае с советскими формированиями, двигающимися из западной части СССР, ожидается, что они возьмут свои полные запасы. В случае с американскими формированиями некоторые планируют вооружиться из запасов в Европе. По этим причинам в таблицу для каждой стороны включены только общие запасы оборудования, которые, как известно или предполагается, имеются в Европе. В качестве отдельной категории были также включены оценки дополнительного оборудования, предположительно поставляемого с советскими дивизиями, перемещенными в Европу; эти цифры показаны со знаком + ниже линии для СССР и в общих цифрах пакта. Приведены два соотношения для техники: один без подкрепления и один после того, как советские дивизии усилили договор в Европе.
Военно-морские силы
Оценка числа кораблей, предположительно в Атлантике, Канале, Северное море и Средиземное море для NATO и Варшавского договора, советского Северного, Балтийского и Черноморского флотов, вместе с не советского кораблями в Балтийском и Черном морях. Советские военно-морские силы в Средиземном море привлекаются из Черноморского флота или, а в случае подводных лодок, из Северного флота. Как и в случае с наземным вооружением, существуют большие различия между категориями как в плане возможностей, так и в плане возраста. В случае военно-морских кораблей или морских самолетов классификация по типу является несколько произвольной, но соответствует номенклатуре, используемой в позициях стран. Эти цифры включают самолеты как наземного, так и морского базирования с четкой морской ролью в морских районах.
Воздушные силы
Оценка сухопутных ударных самолетов и истребителей (включая вооруженные вертолеты) требует аналогичных предположений, сделанных в случае сухопутных войск. Цифры по американской авиации относятся к базировавшимся в Европе и не учитывают возможных подкреплений из континентальной части США; советские цифры показывают возможное увеличение передовой авиации из западных военных округов в результате усиления. Эти цифры обязательно оцениваются. В случае бомбардировщиков, в частности, важен вопрос о выделении ядерной роли. Оценка ядерных систем приводится в таблице на стр. 128, и приведенные здесь цифры относятся ко всем бомбардировщикам средней дальности, независимо от того, могут ли они быть зарезервированы для ядерной роли. Необходимо подчеркнуть тот факт, что увеличение числа многоцелевых самолетов с обеих сторон, как правило, делает различия в миссиях. Самолеты, предназначенные в первую очередь для наземных ударов, часто имеют по крайней мере ограниченный потенциал самообороны, но национальная терминология разделяет стандартный истребитель превосходства в воздухе и перехватчик, и это различие было применено.
Определение зоны боевых действий
Северный и Центрально-европейский секторы показаны как единое целое. Однако это понятие неизбежно является неполным. Норвежская оборона, например, тянется в двух направлениях. Сухопутные войска несут основную ответственность за защиту северных подступов к стране .и они либо развернули, либо планируют развернуть практически все свои активные полевые силы на севере, потому что советские формирования в Северном Ленинградском военном округе представляют существенную потенциальную угрозу. Норвежский военно-морской флот должен направить свои более крупные суда для поддержки прибрежного фланга сил в Северной Норвегии; но Советский Балтийский флот представляет угрозу для Южной Норвегии, заставляя флот также присутствовать в этом районе. Военно-воздушные силы должны быть готовы поддержать оба сектора. Шлезвиг-Гольштейн, хотя и является частью Северного командования НАТО, должен ожидать нападения со стороны Восточной Германии.
Южный фланг НАТО еще более разделен. Италия должна противостоять любой угрозе пакта со стороны Центральной Европы по отношению к центральному средиземноморскому бассейну. Греция и Турция должны совместно защищать Фракию и Эгейское море и свое воздушное пространство, в то время как Турция также должна защищать свою границу на Кавказе. Это означает, что НАТО должна быть готова сражаться здесь на трех широко разделенных фронтах, каждый со своими тактическими вызовами и каждый со своими специфическими потребностями в поставках. Однако невозможно, не сделав ряда предположений, спрогнозировать численность и состав сил с обеих сторон, которые будут приданы этим трем фронтам во время военных действий. Силы пакта в юго-западном секторе и угрожающие Фракии и Дарданеллам будут базироваться на южной группе сил - Венгрии, Болгарии и Румынии плюс советские формирования - возможно, при поддержке формирований из Карпатского и Одесского военных округов. Юго-восточный сектор, угрожающий Восточной Турции, будет отвечать за Закавказье, и резервы для этого фронта, скорее всего, будут поступать с Северного Кавказа. Закавказские Ди также отвечают за границу с Ираном.
Мобилизация
Темпы мобилизации стран будут зависеть от принятой системы, процедур и компетентности персонала, расстояний и имеющихся транспортных средств. Темпы мобилизации государств будут зависеть от полученного предупреждения, от политической воли к мобилизации, от способности принимать решения и претворять их в жизнь, а также от того, насколько действия противника препятствуют мобилизации.
Варшавский договор сохранил резерв, основанный на большом количестве призывников, которые завершили период обязательной службы. Советский Союз, в частности, использует организацию военного округа для отзыва и размещения резервистов в каркасные формирования для войны. Ограничения советских внутренних коммуникаций могут затруднить переброску дивизий из одной части СССР в другую, но связи между центром СССР и границами более чем достаточны для быстрого движения к потенциальным фронтам до тех пор, пока они остаются свободными от нападения.
В Европе многие страны могут мобилизоваться на местах, хотя используется очень много различных методов. В случае Великобритании передвижение на материковую часть Европы является менее легким и может быть воспрещено. Те страны, которые должны перебросить подкрепления через Атлантику, явно сталкиваются с возможностью серьезного перерыва. Наконец, следует отметить, что Соединенные Штаты, Великобритания и Канада не имеют резерва подготовленных кадров, сопоставимого с резервом, имеющимся в распоряжении других государств, имеющих всеобщий призыв.
Общность и технология
Прилагаемая таблица показывает, что Варшавский договор обладает численным преимуществом практически по всем категориям показанного оружия, за исключением противотанковых ракет, ряда типов морских судов и некоторых военно-морских самолетов. Эти цифры не показывают главного преимущества Варшавского договора, а именно того, что оружие, находящееся на вооружении, и тактические доктрины его применения являются общими для всего пакта. НАТО, напротив, страдает от доктрин, которые ни в коей мере не идентичны, и от широкого спектра всего, от систем вооружений до вспомогательных транспортных средств, что приводит к дублированию систем снабжения и некоторым трудностям в плане оперативной совместимости.
На вопрос о технологическом превосходстве невозможно ответить без испытания боем. Однако в целом советская техника считается прочной, относительно устойчивой и, видимо, надежной. Однако уровень комфорта и безопасности экипажа значительно ниже, чем на Западе. Хотя в краткосрочной перспективе эти факторы могут и не сказываться на эффективности, в условиях боевых действий аварийность может возрасти, а эффективность значительно снизиться.
Логистика
Материально-техническая система НАТО почти полностью основана на национальных линиях снабжения, и трудности усугубляются отсутствием стандартизации между странами и Центральной координации. В этом отношении она уступает Варшавскому договору. Некоторые страны НАТО тоже не хватает запасных частей и боеприпасов. Некоторые страны ОВД также могут испытывать нехватку, но тот факт, что их оборудование стандартизировано, позволит им быстрее пополнять запасы. Советская логистическая система, в которой используется сочетание железнодорожного, автомобильного и трубопроводного транспорта, в последние годы значительно улучшилась.
Авиация
Варшавский договор уже давно предусматривает использование ракет класса "земля-земля" для доставки обычных, ядерных и химических боеголовок против целей, расположенных глубоко в тылу противника. Однако Советский Союз также увеличивает свой арсенал современных истребителей-бомбардировщиков, и они представляют все более значительную угрозу для дальней авиации. Что касается защиты пакта от воздушного нападения, то к внушительному числу ракет класса "земля-воздух" и артиллерийских орудий необходимо добавить большое число перехватчиков. Понятно, что в условиях войны военно-воздушные силы НАТО столкнутся с трудной задачей по поддержанию воздушной поддержки сухопутных войск НАТО на европейском поле боя.
Варшавский договор по-прежнему пользуется преимуществами стандартизированного обслуживания и обслуживания воздушных судов. Хотя его самолеты, как правило, не могут работать с неосвоенных взлетно-посадочных полос, существует очень большое количество современных аэродромов с защищенными укрытиями. С другой стороны, НАТО по-прежнему страдает от слишком малого числа аэродромов и слишком большого числа типов самолетов, хотя в плане оперативной совместимости и укрепления аэродромов были достигнуты значительные улучшения. НАТО, вероятно, все еще обладает определенным общим электронным превосходством и может обладать несколько большей гибкостью в командовании и управлении в боевых условиях, но пакт развивает электронные контрмеры и, как правило, сводит на нет преимущество НАТО.
Резюме
Численный баланс за последние 20 лет медленно, но неуклонно двигался в пользу Востока. В то же время Запад в значительной степени утратил технологическое преимущество, позволившее НАТО поверить, что качество может заменить количество. Из этого не всегда можно сделать вывод о том, что НАТО потерпит поражение в войне, но можно сделать вывод о том, что тенденция требовать срочных средств защиты сопряжена с достаточной опасностью.
Оценка баланса между НАТО и Варшавским договором на основе сравнений живой силы, боевых единиц или техники содержит большой элемент субъективности. Во-первых, пакт имеет превосходство в одних областях и НАТО в других, и нет полностью удовлетворительного способа сравнить эти асимметричные преимущества. Превосходство в танках может быть сведено на нет комбинациями многих различных видов противотанковых систем. Во-вторых, невозможно свести к цифрам такие качественные факторы, как подготовка, боевой дух, лидерство, тактическая инициатива, рельеф местности и географическое преимущество, которые имеют жизненно важное значение в войне. В-третьих, нет согласия в отношении формы и сферы охвата любых военных действий, которые могут вспыхнуть. Такая оценка будет иметь жизненно важное значение для состава соответствующих сил, пополнения запасов, подкреплений и многих других соображений. В таблице, которая является частью этого представления, делается попытка провести различие между силами сейчас и теми, которые могут быть предоставлены в долгосрочной перспективе. Он не может выносить суждений относительно надежности сил или политической воли и сплоченности двух союзов.
Общий баланс по-прежнему таков, что военная агрессия является весьма рискованным предприятием. Хотя тактические передислокации могут обеспечить локальное преимущество в количестве, достаточном для того, чтобы позволить нападающему поверить в то, что он может достичь тактического успеха, по-прежнему, как представляется, будет недостаточно общей силы с обеих сторон, чтобы гарантировать победу. Последствия для нападающего будут непредсказуемыми, а риски, в частности ядерная эскалация, неисчислимы.
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Theatre Nuclear Forces in Europe
East and West have traditionally maintained nuclear delivery systems to cover targets in Europe. These include both weapon systems of intercontinental range (which could be delivered over shorter distances) and shorter-range systems. Any comparison of nuclear systems of greater than simply battlefield range (over 160 km) intended for the destruction of targets in Europe is therefore inevitably artificial.
Moreover, this assessment does not necessarily imply that a nuclear war confined to Europe is feasible. On the contrary, even a modest exchange of nuclear warheads in Europe would, in all probability, escalate rapidly to the strategic nuclear level.
Nevertheless, despite both technical and conceptual difficulties in defining a neat regional relationship for nuclear forces, it is important to identify and assess those weapon systems on both sides whose primary mission, is prima facie, to cover targets in Eastern Europe, the Western USSR and Western Europe. There are two related reasons for making the attempt. First, the threat that they pose and the means of response must be taken into account by military planners. Second, the major investment that the Soviet Union has made in recent years in modern medium-range nuclear systems suggests that there are, in the Soviet perspective, tangible military and political advantages to be derived from nuclear preponderance in the European region.
Assumptions made at the outset determine the result, and these can be controversial. Many weapon systems are technically flexible, and there are bound to be uncertainties over mission priorities. Moreover, the weapon systems in East and West are not identical and some judgment as to qualitative factors must be included.
In the following assessment the Institute applies the method of evaluation evolved for The Military Balance 1980-1981. Numbers have in some cases changed (due to retirements, to re-evaluation and to the introduction of new systems) resulting in changes in sub-totals and totals.
Assumptions
1. This evaluation, like those provided in the two previous years, is based on the assumption that the relevant delivery systems are those of beyond battlefield range which can be available after a period of warning sufficient to permit dispersal but not long enough for reinforcement or redeployment. The analysis is thus confined to the consideration of forces which can be expected to survive a pre-emptive attack after dispersal has taken place, the total number of warheads that each side might be expected to have available for launching against the other, and the number that might be expected to survive to penetrate the other side's defences.
To go further would require an extremely complex analysis dependent on assumptions about raid size, accuracy, vulnerability, meteorological conditions, timing and many other factors. At best this could only result in a series of scenarios which would do little to clarify the pre-release relationship of forces which is all that this analysis attempts.
Even the method of comparing systems likely to survive a pre-emptive attack contains artificiality, since any retaliatory strike in reaction to the pre-emptive attack would find fewer nuclear targets, because silos would be empty; nor would that retaliation necessarily be a theatre nuclear retaliation.
The presentation given here cannot therefore be taken as a scenario of a European nuclear war; rather it seeks to assess the question of theatre nuclear forces from the perspectives of the respective military planners who need to be able to count on the functioning of a certain number of delivery systems.
2. As to the forces counted, Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces (specifically SS-11 and SS-19 missiles), which could be given targets in Europe, have not been included. There is little doubt that some of these missiles have in the past been so targeted, and all modern Soviet ICBM could be quite rapidly re-targeted on Europe should the need arise. Soviet Yankee-class SSBN and other maritime systems could also be targeted on Europe. The decision to exclude these systems from the assessments rests on plausibility, not certainty. It is based on the inference that the primary missions of these systems (those for which they have been acquired) suggest other roles than that of being used against targets on land in Europe, and that, since the number and accuracy of the warheads of the Soviet M/IRBM force has increased substantially with the rapid deployment of the SS-20 missile, Soviet planners are no longer likely to need to divert ICBM, SLBM or maritime systems to cover targets on land in Western Europe.
3. On the Western side, where many similar considerations apply, the Institute's assessment does, however, include 400 US SLBM Poseidon warheads, albeit in a separate category. The reason for this is that they were explicitly allocated to SACEUR'S planning authority in the 1960s in order to remedy a shortfall in NATO's nuclear delivery systems. Because SACEUR is presumed to be able to count on these warheads to cover targets in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union before the implementation of the full US SIOP (Single Integrated Operational Plan), it is appropriate to include them in an assessment of those systems whose primary mission is related to the European Theatre.
4. Range estimation for aircraft poses another major definitional problem. It will depend critically upon speed and flight profile, whether external tanks are carried and, most obviously, whether aircraft are refueled in flight. The figures given are radius and are believed to be the operational maxima for the aircraft concerned, rather than ferry ranges. This distinction was not always applied in the first assessment made in The Military Balance 1979-1980. Strike aircraft do not, of course, have to return to their bases but can recover on any friendly territory if this extends their effective range; this is not taken into account.
5. The designation of aircraft for a theatre nuclear strike role is also inevitably somewhat uncertain. Nuclear capability does not necessarily imply a primary nuclear role, and, in the case of NATO at least, the nuclear role for aircraft has progressively diminished. We believe that a substantial number of Soviet aircraft types which could be adapted for nuclear strike are probably retained in the interceptor role, and this has led in our assessment to some reduction in numbers of Soviet nuclear-capable aircraft, particularly of MiG-23/-27 Flogger, among which only the MiG-27 is likely to be used in the ground-attack role.
6. The Table lists the types and numbers of systems presumed to be available, and warheads available are deduced by assessing the number of warheads each system can deliver, the presumed utilization of those systems in the nuclear role in Europe and their serviceability. A judgment is then made as to the number of warheads which might be expected to arrive on target by assessing survivability, reliability and penetration and multiplying the warheads available by these factors. Additional criteria are explained in footnotes to the Table.
Conclusion
Comparison of the two halves of the table at the end of this essay shows that, if Poseidon is excluded from the calculations, the Warsaw Pact relies more heavily on the missile element of its theatre nuclear systems (70% of arriving warheads) than NATO(55%); but if Poseidon is included, the NATO percentage rises to 78%. It is also significant that the Warsaw Pact's aircraft appear to be better able to survive and penetrate to their targets than NATO's, as shown by the judgment that 29% of Pact air-delivered warheads are expected to survive and arrive at their targets, against 23% for NATO. This reflects the facts that Soviet aircraft are generally newer than NATO's and that Pact air defences are somewhat denser.
Without Poseidon being included on the NATO side, the Warsaw Pact overall advantage in arriving warheads is about 3.27: 1; with Poseidon that advantage falls to about 1.57: 1. This emphasizes the critical nature of the assumption as to whether or not to include Poseidon warheads. Nevertheless, even with the inclusion of Poseidon on the Western side and the continued exclusion of Soviet strategic systems, the balance is distinctly un favour able to NATO and is becoming more so. The Soviet SS-20 programme, intended to replace the older SS-4 and SS-5 missiles, has continued, resulting in an increase in Pact warhead numbers based on more survivable launchers. It is not clear that all SS-4s and SS-5s will be taken out of operation once the SS-20 deployment is complete, although the numbers of the older missiles are falling steadily. However, nothing has yet been done to reduce substantially the vulnerability of NATO's existing nuclear delivery systems or to increase their ability to penetrate Pact defences. Improvement in both respects must await the implementation of NATO's decision of December 1979 to deploy long-range ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCM) and 108 Pershing II MRBM in Europe, a programme unlikely to be completed before the end of the decade.
Ядерные силы на Европейском театре
Восток и Запад традиционно поддерживают ядерные системы доставки для покрытия целей в Европе. К ним относятся как оружейные системы межконтинентальной дальности (которые могут доставляться на более короткие расстояния), так и системы меньшей дальности. Поэтому любое сравнение ядерных систем большей дальности (более 160 км), предназначенных для уничтожения целей в Европе, чем просто поле боя, неизбежно носит искусственный характер.
Более того, эта оценка не обязательно подразумевает, что ядерная война, ограниченная Европой, возможна. Напротив, даже скромный обмен ядерными боеголовками в Европе, по всей вероятности, быстро достигнет стратегического ядерного уровня.
Тем не менее, несмотря на технические и концептуальные трудности в определении четких региональных отношений между ядерными силами, важно определить и оценить те оружейные системы с обеих сторон, основная задача которых - на первый взгляд - охватывать цели в Восточной Европе, Западном СССР и Западной Европе. Есть две взаимосвязанные причины для этой попытки. Во-первых, военные планировщики должны учитывать угрозу, которую они представляют, и средства реагирования. Во-вторых, крупные инвестиции, которые Советский Союз сделал в последние годы в современные ядерные системы средней дальности, свидетельствуют о том, что с советской точки зрения есть ощутимые военные и политические преимущества, которые можно извлечь из ядерного превосходства в Европейском регионе.
Допущения, сделанные с самого начала, определяют результат, и они могут быть спорными. Многие системы вооружения являются технически гибкими, и в отношении приоритетов миссий неизбежно возникает неопределенность. Кроме того, системы вооружения на Востоке и Западе не идентичны, и необходимо учитывать некоторые качественные факторы.
В следующую оценку Института применяет способ оценки развивались The Military Balance 1980-1981. В некоторых случаях цифры изменились (в связи со снятием, переоценкой и внедрением новых систем), что привело к изменениям в подитогах и итоговых показателях.
Допущения
1. Эта оценка, как и оценка, проведенная в предыдущие два года, основана на предположении о том, что соответствующие системы доставки находятся за пределами поля боя и могут быть доступны после периода предупреждения, достаточного для рассредоточения, но недостаточно длительного для подкрепления или передислокации. Анализа, таким образом, сводится к рассмотрению сил, которые можно ожидать, переживут упреждающий удар, общее количество боеголовок у каждой стороны может быть как ожидается, должны быть доступны для запуска, и количество, что можно было бы ожидать, чтобы выжить, чтобы проникнуть на другую сторону обороны.
Для того, чтобы пойти дальше, потребуется чрезвычайно сложный анализ, зависящий от предположений о размере, точности, уязвимости, метеорологических условий, времени и многих других факторов. В лучшем случае это могло бы привести только к серии сценариев, которые мало что сделали бы для прояснения отношений сил перед выпуском, что является всем, что пытается сделать этот анализ.
Даже метод сравнения систем, которые, вероятно, переживут упреждающее нападение, содержит искусственность, поскольку любой ответный удар в ответ на упреждающее нападение найдет меньше ядерных целей, потому что бункеры будут пустыми; и это возмездие не обязательно будет театром ядерного возмездия.
Наши представления, не может быть взята в качестве образца европейской ядерной войны; скорее, она стремится оценить вопрос театра ядерных сил с точки зрения их военных планировщиков, которые должны быть в состоянии рассчитывать на работу определенное количество систем доставки.
2. Что касается подсчитанных сил, то советские ракетные войска стратегического назначения (в частности, ракеты SS-11 и SS-19), которым могли быть приданы цели в Европе, не были включены. Нет никаких сомнений в том, что некоторые из этих ракет в прошлом были так нацелены, и все современные советские МБР могут быть довольно быстро перенаправлены на Европу, если возникнет такая необходимость. Советские SSBN класса Yankee и другие морские системы также могут быть нацелены на Европу. Решение об исключении этих систем из оценок основывается на правдоподобии, а не на определенности. В его основе вывод о том, что основными задачами этих систем (тех, для которых они были приобретены) предлагать другие роли, чем используются против целей на суше в Европе, и что, поскольку число и точность боеголовок Советского БРСД сила значительно возросла с быстрого развертывания SS-20 ракет, советские планировщики не могут понадобиться, чтобы отвлечь МБР, БРПЛ или морских систем для поражения целей на суше в Западной Европе.
3. С западной стороны, где применимы многие аналогичные соображения, оценка института, однако, включает 400 американских боеголовок БРПЛ Poseidon, хотя и в отдельной категории. Причина этого заключается в том, что в 1960-х годах они были четко распределены между органами планирования SACEUR с целью восполнить нехватку ядерных систем доставки НАТО. Поскольку предполагается, что SACEUR может рассчитывать на эти боеголовки для поражения целей в Восточной Европе и Советском Союзе до осуществления полного SIOP США (единого комплексного оперативного плана), целесообразно включить их в оценку тех систем, основная задача которых связана с европейским театром действий.
4. Оценка дальности полета самолетов представляет собой еще одну серьезную проблему определения. Это будет критически зависеть от скорости и профиля полета, несутся ли внешние баки и, что наиболее очевидно, заправляются ли самолеты в полете. Приводятся радиусы и считается оперативный максимум на самолет, а не ряд дальностей. Это различие не всегда применялось при первой оценке военного баланса 1979-1980 годов. Ударные самолеты, конечно, не должны возвращаться на свои базы, но могут восстановиться на любой дружественной территории, если это расширит их эффективную дальность; это не принимается во внимание.
5. Назначение самолетов для роли ядерного удара также неизбежно несколько неопределенно. Ядерный потенциал не обязательно подразумевает главную ядерную роль, и, по крайней мере, в случае НАТО, ядерная роль авиации постепенно уменьшается. Мы считаем, что значительное число советских самолетов типов, которые могут быть адаптированы для ядерного удара, вероятно, сохранил в роли перехватчика, и это привело в наши оценки к некоторому сокращению числа советских ядерных самолетов, в частности МиГ-23/-27, среди которых только Миг-27 может быть использован в ударной роли.
6. В таблице приведены типы и количество систем предполагая, что доступно, и число боеголовок, выводится по оценке количества боеголовок которое каждая система может доставить для предполагаемого использования этих систем в ядерной роли в Европе и их исправность. Затем выносится суждение о количестве боеголовок, которые, как можно было бы ожидать, прибудут в цель, путем оценки живучести, надежности и пробития и умножения имеющихся боеголовок на эти факторы. Дополнительные критерии поясняются в сносках к таблице.
Вывод
Сравнение двух половин таблицы в конце этого эссе показывает, что, если исключить из расчетов Poseidon, Варшавский договор в большей степени полагается на ракетный элемент своих ядерных систем театра военных действий (70% поступающих боеголовок), чем НАТО(55%); но если включить Poseidon, то процент НАТО возрастает до 78%. Показательно также, что самолеты Варшавского Договора, по-видимому, лучше способны выживать и проникать к своим целям, чем самолеты НАТО, о чем свидетельствует суждение о том, что 29% боеголовок, доставляемых по воздуху, как ожидается, выживут и прибудут к своим целям, против 23% для НАТО. Это отражает тот факт, что советские самолеты, как правило, новее, чем натовские, и что ПВО пакта несколько плотнее.
Без включения Poseidon со стороны НАТО общее преимущество Варшавского договора в боеголовках составляет около 3,27: 1; с Poseidon это преимущество падает примерно до 1,57: 1. Это подчеркивает критический характер предположения о том, включать или не включать боеголовки Poseidon. Тем не менее, даже с включением Посейдона на западной стороне и продолжающимся исключением советских стратегических систем, баланс становится явно неблагоприятным для НАТО. Советская программа SS-20, предназначенная для замены старых ракет SS-4 и SS-5, продолжалась, что привело к увеличению количества боеголовок Пакт на основе более жизнеспособных пусковых установок. Неясно, будут ли выведены из эксплуатации все SS-4 и SS-5 после завершения развертывания SS-20, хотя число старых ракет неуклонно сокращается. Однако до сих пор ничего не сделано для существенного снижения уязвимости существующих систем ядерных поставок НАТО или для повышения их способности проникать в систему обороны, предусмотренную пактом. Улучшение в обоих отношениях должно произойти до выполнения решения НАТО от декабря 1979 года о развертывании крылатых ракет большой дальности наземного базирования (GLCM) и 108 БРСД Pershing II в Европе - программы, которая вряд ли будет завершена до конца десятилетия.
For the Table accompanying this essay, see overleaf
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Chemical Agents
Chemical agents are chemical substances which are intended to be used in military operations to incapacitate, seriously injure or to kill men through their physiological effects. They must not be confused with bacteriological agents which owe their effects to the multiplication of their organisms within the victim. Chemical agents may be grouped, according to their effects on human targets, into six main categories: incapacitating, vomiting, choking, blood, blister, and nerve agents. Chemical herbicides and smoke and flame weapons are frequently included under the chemical agent heading in literature on the subject but, since their effects are not directed primarily against human targets, they will be excluded from consideration here. An additional category - irritants - does not come under the definition of chemical agents under the Geneva Protocol of 1925, nor are irritants normally used in war. They are, however, used extensively in police and internal security operations. In that context they fall within the technical description of chemical agents cited above, and they are therefore included in the present listing.
Irritants
These relatively harmless gases act directly on the endings of the nerves in mucous membranes and on the eyes. There are two groups: tear and sneezing agents. Their effects are immediate, but recovery is rapid when the victim leaves the contaminated area. There is some evidence that, if used in confined, unventilated spaces, they can seriously affect people already prone to respiratory ailments. They are not lethal in the open air where they are normally employed. Distribution is usually by aerosol, from pressure canisters, hand or rifle grenades or cartridges. Incapacitating Agents Intended to act on the mind of the victim, these agents cause disorientation, mental disturbance and sleepiness, rendering individuals incapable of concerted effort. Their effects are unpredictable but may persist for hours or days after exposure. Complete recovery is expected without medical treatment.
Vomiting Agents
These are normally solids which vaporize when heated and condense to form aerosols. They irritate the eyes and mucous membranes and cause vicious nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, severe headache, acute pain and tightness in the chest, nausea and vomiting. The effects last for about 30 minutes after leaving the area of moderate concentration. At higher concentrations, effects are likely to last up to three hours after departure.
Choking Agents
The oldest of military agents, now thought to be obsolete, these attack the cell tissue of the lungs, producing pulmonary oedemas. They are susceptible to atmospheric conditions - particularly wind direction, wind velocity and temperature gradient - and lack persistence, which limits their tactical flexibility.
Blood Agents
These agents, which are absorbed into the body by breathing, prevent the body cells from using oxygen brought to them by the blood. This leads speedily to tissue damage. These agents are extremely volatile, dispersing rapidly after deployment. Their use just before an attack would therefore force the defenders to protect themselves, thus reducing their combat efficiency, while the attackers, who would not need similar protection, would retain theirs.
Blister Agents
These agents, in both liquid and vapour form, attack the protein enzymes and co-enzymes in the body causing inflammation, blisters and general destruction of tissues. The eyes are very susceptible, and burns in the lungs and bronchia obstruct breathing. Blister agents may be odourless, and their effects may not be noted for some period after exposure. They are also persistent. The best therapy against them is rapid and complete decontamination.
Nerve Agents
These are highly toxic, odourless, colourless and hard to detect. They are generally non-persistent, but can be made persistent by adding a thickener. They are absorbed into the body by breathing, through ingestion through the mouth, or through the skin. They react with an enzyme (cholinesterase) permitting the stimulator acetylcholine to accumulate. This causes the nervous systems to lose control, resulting in uncontrolled contraction of the muscles, fatigue, paralysis and disorientation and gives the symptoms of pin-point eye pupils, bronchial constriction, running nose, salivation, nausea and diarrhoea. Without proper treatment, death usually occurs within 15 minutes of a fatal dosage being absorbed.
Dosage
Dosage (also referred to as 'toxicity' and 'lethality product') of a chemical agent is a function of its concentration multiplied by the time the victim is exposed to it. CS, for example, is said to affect its victims instantly, though not lethally, in concentrations of 1 to 8 milligrammes per cubic metre of air (mg/m3). Adding the time factor, the dosage is expressed as mg/m3 per minute (mg/mVmin). When an agent is lethal, the medium lethal dosage (LD) that will kill 50% of the population is expressed as LD(!0), and the medium lethal concentration/time (LCT) that will kill 50% of the exposed population as LCT(S0). The lower the LCT number in mg/mVmin, the higher the toxicity. For example, even the non-lethal CS could kill, given a very high LCT of perhaps 11,000 mg/m3/min. Sarin, on the other hand, would be lethal at perhaps 100 mg/mVmin. Effective dissemination of chemical agents is measured in kilogrammes per hectare (kg/ha).
Protection
Protection against chemical agents may be provided either by virtue of the construction of the vehicles or structures in which the troops move or live, or by means of pressure systems intended to keep the agents out, or by special clothing worn by the individual. The heart of any personal system is the respirator a device fitted with a carbon filter, often with additional chemical and physical additives, which provides protection against inhalation of all chemical agents. NATO protective clothing incorporates a filter barrier to protect the skin against blister and nerve agents. Warsaw Pact protective clothing is usually made of. impermeable rubber. All protective clothing more or less impedes normal activities including the use of communications equipment. The clothing itself is non-porous, and hence uncomfortable to wear in hot weather and during exertion. Combat efficiency is therefore reduced during periods when troops are at risk of attack by chemical agents.
To be safe, troops must protect themselves before the agent attacks. Some form of early warning is essential. Detection of early types of agent was by smell, or by observing deployment of cylinders or the explosion of known chemical munitions. Specially designed electro-chemical detectors are used against later agents. After exposure to liquid chemical agents, men and equipment have to be decontaminated. Personal decontamination may be done by using an oxidizing agent like fuller's earth. Vehicles and equipment may be washed down with soapy water, bleach or an ordinary water rinse. Nerve agents require special treatment but one immediate therapy, applied as soon as symptoms are recognized, is an injection of a mixture of trimedoxime, atropine and benactyzine. (BAT/TAB and Nemicol-5 are, respectively, the NATO and Warsaw Pact standard-issue antidotes.)
Manufacture
All countries with a sophisticated chemical industry could manufacture chemical agents, although special facilities might be required in order to produce and store chemical munitions. Many of the agents do not store for extended periods, and special handling and comprehensive safety precautions are mandatory. The US and the Soviet Union are the only nations which are known to have an existing chemical agent bulk manufacturing capability.
Use
Chemical agents clearly have a psychological effect upon target troops, particularly those poorly trained in defensive measures. Effectiveness depends critically on climatic conditions - wind speed and direction, temperature and temperature gradient. Field storage and handling require special precautions, although this could be greatly eased by the recent US development of 'binary' munitions - in which the chemicals that combine to form the nerve agent are safely separated within the shell by a membrane, and are kept separated until the shell explodes.
As the table below shows, delivery means range from aerosols carried on the person, through the larger calibre mortar bombs and virtually the full range of artillery calibres, to rockets and aircraft with spray tanks. During hostilities, chemical agents would be used to inhibit defence, to make it impossible to occupy or to move through contaminated areas, to inhibit reinforcement or to reduce the mobility of a marching force. Stock levels of chemical weapons are impossible to assess, although reports suggest US holdings total 42,000 tons while claiming the USSR's stockpile to be 350,000 tons. Included in these figures is between 10% and 30% of the conventional artillery ammunition stocked. There is no clear evidence about the numbers of personnel involved in the respective chemical warfare (cw) programmes. The United States cites a total strength of cw-assigned personnel of 4,700, of which some 2,200 are with the field units and perhaps 2,500 are reservists. The Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact have Army specialist units from company level upwards, and various estimates of the total CW establishment range from 70,000 to over 100,000 men. Other NATO countries, such as the Federal Republic of Germany, also maintain cw specialist units, and most forces conduct some defensive cw training.
For the Table accompanying this essay, see overleaf
Химическое оружие
Химические отравляющие вещества - это химические вещества, предназначенные для использования в военных операциях с целью выведения из строя, нанесения серьезных увечий или убийства людей в результате их физиологического воздействия. Их нельзя путать с бактериологическими агентами, которые обязаны своим действием размножению своих организмов внутри жертвы. Химические вещества могут быть сгруппированы в соответствии с их воздействием на человеческие мишени по шести основным категориям: недееспособные, рвотные, удушающие, кровяные, кожные и нервно-паралитические агенты. Химические гербициды и дымовое и огненное оружие часто включаются в раздел "химические агенты" в литературе по этому вопросу, однако, поскольку их воздействие не направлено главным образом против людей, они будут исключены из рассмотрения в настоящем документе. Еще одна категория - раздражители - не подпадает под определение химических агентов в соответствии с Женевским протоколом 1925 года, равно как и раздражители, обычно используемые на войне. Однако они широко используются в полицейских операциях и операциях по обеспечению внутренней безопасности. В этом контексте они подпадают под техническое описание химических агентов, упомянутое выше, и поэтому включены в настоящий перечень.
Раздражительные
Эти относительно безвредные газы действуют непосредственно на окончания нервов в слизистой оболочки и в глаза. Есть две группы: слезоточивые и чихающие агенты. Их последствия являются немедленными, но восстановление происходит быстро, когда жертва покидает зараженную зону. Есть некоторые доказательства, что, если использовать в закрытых, непроветриваемых помещениях, они могут серьезно повлиять на людей, предрасположенных к респираторным заболеваниям. Они не являются смертельными на открытом воздухе, где они обычно используются. Распределение обычно аэрозолем, от балончиков, ручных гранат или винтовки или патронов. Неспособные действовать на разум жертвы, эти агенты вызывают дезориентацию, психическое расстройство и сонливость, делая людей неспособными к согласованным усилиям. Их последствия непредсказуемы, но могут сохраняться в течение нескольких часов или дней после поражения. Полное выздоровление ожидается без лечения.
Рвотные
Обычно твердые вещества, которые испаряются при нагревании и конденсируются в виде аэрозолей. Они раздражают глаза и слизистые оболочки и вызывают выделения из носа, чихание, кашель, сильную головную боль, острую боль и стеснение в груди, тошноту и рвоту. Эффект длиться около 30 минут после выхода из зона умеренной концентрации. При более высоких концентрациях воздействие может продолжаться до трех часов после вылета.
Удушающего Действия
Старейший из военных агентов, считающийся ныне устаревшим, поражают клеточную ткань легких, вызывая легочные отеки. Они восприимчивы к атмосферным условиям - особенно к направлению ветра, скорости ветра и температурному градиенту - и не обладают стойкостью, что ограничивает их тактическую гибкость.
Кровяного действия
Эти агенты, которые поглощаются в тело путем вдыхания, предотвращают клеткам тела использование кислорода принесенного к им кровью. Это быстро приводит к повреждению тканей. Эти агенты крайне неустойчивы и быстро рассеиваются после развертывания. Поэтому их использование непосредственно перед нападением заставит защитников защищаться, что снизит их боеспособность, в то время как нападающие, которые не нуждаются в подобной защите, сохранят свою.
Нарывного действия
Эти агенты, как в жидкости, так и в форме пара, атакуют энзимы протеина и со-энзимы в теле причиняя воспаление, волдыри и общее разрушение тканей. Глаза очень восприимчивы, а ожоги в легких и бронхах затрудняют дыхание. Нарывные агенты могут быть непахучи, и их влияние не может быть замечено в некоторый период после применения. Они также устойчивы. Лучшая терапия против них - быстрая и полная дезактивация.
Нервные агенты
Эти высоки токсические, непахучие, бесцветные и трудны для того чтобы обнаружить. Они, как правило, непостоянны, но могут быть сделаны стойкими путем добавления загустителя. Они попадают в тело путем вдыхания, через заглатывание через рот, или через кожу. Они вступают в реакцию с ферментом (холинэстеразой), позволяющим накапливаться ацетилхолину-стимулятору. Это приводит к тому, что нервная система теряет управление, приводя к бесконтрольному сужении мышц, усталости, параличу и дезориентации и дает симптомы сужения зрачков глаз, бронхиального сужения, слюноотделения, тошноты и поноса. Без правильной обработки, смерть обычно происходит не позднее 15 минут после поглощения смертоносной дозировки.
Дозировка
Дозировка (также называемая "токсичностью" и "летальным продуктом") химического вещества зависит от его концентрации, умноженной на время воздействия на жертву. Например, CS, как утверждается, воздействует на своих жертв мгновенно, хотя и не смертельно, в концентрациях от 1 до 8 миллиграммов на кубический метр воздуха (мг/м3). Добавляющ фактор времени, дозировка выражена как mg/m3 в минуту (mg/mVmin). Когда агент летален, средняя летальная дозировка (LD) которая убьет 50% из населения выражена как ЛД(!0), и средняя летальная концентрация/время (LCT) которая убьет 50% из, который подвергли действию населения как LCT(S0). Чем меньше LCT в МГ/mVmin, тем выше токсичность. Например, даже нелетальный CS может убить, учитывая очень высокий LCT возможно 11,000 mg/m3/min. Зарин, с другой стороны, было бы смертелен, хотя, возможно, 100 мг/mVmin. Эффективное распространение химических веществ измеряется в килограммах на гектар (кг/га).
Защита
Защита от химических агентов может обеспечиваться либо в силу конструкции транспортных средств или сооружений, в которых перемещаются или проживают военнослужащие, либо с помощью систем давления, предназначенных для защиты от агентов, либо с помощью специальной одежды, которую носит данное лицо. Основа защиты противогаз с углеродным фильтром, часто с дополнительными химическими и физическими добавками, который обеспечивает предохранение против вдыхания всех химических веществ. Защитная одежда НАТО включает в себя фильтрующий барьер для защиты кожи от волдырей и нервно-паралитических веществ. Защитная одежда Варшавского договора обычно изготавливается из. непроницаемой резины. Все защитная одежда более или менее препятствует нормальной деятельности включая использование средств связи. Сама одежда непористая, а значит неудобная для ношения в жаркую погоду и во время физических нагрузок. Поэтому эффективность боевых действий снижается в периоды, когда войска подвергаются риску нападения химических агентов.
Чтобы быть в безопасности, войска должны защитить себя перед атаками агента. Необходима определенная форма раннего предупреждения. Обнаружение ранних типов агентов осуществлялось по запаху или путем наблюдения за размещением баллонов или взрывом известных химических боеприпасов. Специально конструированные электрохимические детекторы использованы против более последних агентов. После воздействия жидких химических веществ люди и оборудование должны быть обеззаражены. Личная дезактивация может быть сделана путем использования окислителя. Транспортные средства и оборудование можно заливать мыльной водой, отбеливателем или обычным ополаскивателем. Нервные агенты требуют специального обращения, но одна немедленная терапия, приложенная как только симптомы узнаны, впрыска смеси trimedoxime, атропина и benactyzine. (BAT/TAB и Nemicol-5 являются, соответственно, стандартными антидотами НАТО и Варшавского договора.)
Производство
Все страны со сложной химической промышленностью могут производить химические агенты, хотя для производства и хранения химических боеприпасов могут потребоваться специальные установки. Многие агенты не хранятся в течение длительного времени, и специальные меры по обращению и Комплексная безопасность являются обязательными. США и Советский Союз являются единственными странами, которые, как известно, имеют существующий потенциал массового производства химических агентов.
Использование
Химические вещества явно оказывают психологическое воздействие на войска, особенно на тех, кто плохо обучен оборонительным мерам. Эффективность зависит критически от климатических условий - скорости и направления ветра, температуры и температурного градиента. Полевое хранение и обращение требуют особых мер предосторожности, хотя это могло бы быть значительно облегчено недавней разработкой США "бинарных" боеприпасов , в которых химические вещества, образующие нервно-паралитический агент, безопасно отделяются внутри оболочки мембраной и хранятся отдельно до тех пор, пока оболочка не взорвется.
Как видно из приведенной ниже таблицы, средства доставки варьируются от аэрозолей, переносимых на человека, минометных бомб большего калибра и практически всего артиллерийского калибра до ракет и самолетов с распылительными танками. Во время военных действий химические агенты будут использоваться для подавления обороны, для того чтобы сделать невозможным оккупацию или передвижение по загрязненным районам, для сдерживания подкрепления или для уменьшения мобильности марширующих сил. Уровень запасов химического оружия оценить невозможно, хотя, согласно сообщениям, запасы США составляют 42 000 тонн, а запасы СССР - 350 000 тонн. В эти цифры входит от 10% до 30% запасов обычных артиллерийских боеприпасов. Нет четких данных о численности персонала, участвующего в соответствующих программах химической войны. США приводится общая численность химических сотрудников в 4700, из них около 2200 с полевыми подразделениями и около 2500 резервисты. Советский Союз и Варшавский договор имеют армейские специализированные подразделения от уровня роты и выше, и различные оценки общего учреждения CW варьируются от 70 000 до более 100 000 человек. Другие страны НАТО, такие как Федеративная Республика Германия, также имеют подразделения специалистов по ХО, и большинство сил проводят определенную оборонительную подготовку по ХО.
Таблицу, сопровождающую это эссе, см. На обороте
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