1. Prince Henry the Navigator, Fernan Magellan, Juan Sebastian del Cano, Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa, Francis Drake. The order and the improvising. An essay
2. Naval dirk. To the topic of the "Magellan - del Cano- de Espinosa" expedition.
3. The Monologue about the French Tricolor and about the Stavka.
4. The Dialogue and the Monologue about a "new history" of a Naval Dirk.
5. The Monologue on the theme about a Naval Dirk.
6. The Monologue about the rights to Naval Dirk.
7. Symbols of the historical and psychological reconstruction of "Napoleon" or once again about a naval dirks.
1. Prince Henry the Navigator, Fernan Magellan, Juan Sebastian del Cano, Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa, Francis Drake. The order and the improvising. An essay
The author devotes this essay to the 500th anniversary from start date of the first circumnavigation.
"Monday the 8th of September, we cast anchor near the mole of Seville, and discharged all the artillery.
Tuesday, we all went in shirts and barefoot, with a taper in our hands to visit the shrine of St. Maria of Victory, and of St. Maria de Antigua.
Then, leaving Seville, I went to Valladolid, where I presented to his Sacred Majesty Don Carlos, neither gold nor silver, but things much more precious in the eyes of so great a Sovereign. I presented to him among other things, a book written by my hand of all the things that had occurred day by day in our voyage.
The knight Antonio Pigafetta" [1]
1. Foreword
The reading of the books about the great travellers, mariners, seafarers, has resulted me in speculations about "order" and about "improvising" in a seamanship.
These concepts - generalizing. "Order" are perceived rationality, high intellect, planned use, organization, discipline. "Improvising" - ability to intuitive knowledge, development of talent, suddenness and other concepts of this series.
On one "pole" - the figure Prince Henry the Navigator, who is personifying system approach, rationality advanced intellect, planing, organization, discipline, order.
On the other "pole" - figure Francis Drake, personifying capacity to intuitive knowledge, development of talent, suddenness, improvising.
As far as comparison of figures of Heinrich Moreplavatel and Francis Drake is lawful?
Clearly, that this persons played different roles in a history of a civilization.
On the one hand - the person, who created sources of the all-European culture of distant ocean sailings.
On the other hand, second in a history the round-the-world seafarer, successful seaman and the soldier, and is possible - "pirate". Let's add to said "captain", and, maybe, and - "naval commander".
And Prince Henry the Navigator, and Francis Drake were the people successful. There can be, a comparison of separate features, of parameters of success - is permissible.
Let's mark - for historical distinctness - that Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 - 1460) lived before English seaman Francis Drake (approximately 1540 - 1596). Drake was born approximately in 80 years after completion of a zoetic path of great Portuguese prince.
Naturally, Prince Henry the Navigator could not take advantage of something from experience or from discoverings of sir Francis Drake.
To the contrary, and during second in a history of around-the-world cruise (1577-1580), and during diverse expeditions Francis Drake has used that cultural potential, to formation which Prince Henry the Navigator made start. In sailings Francis Drake we see, that become a reality both new "engineering" and new cultural "format" of navigation.
Drake had ability to intuitive knowledge, to improvising, suddenness. But Francis Drake could not make a little long voyage without planned use, rationality, discipline, development of intellect (fissile usage of knowledge and skills), without results of civilization efforts Prince Henry the Navigator. Who have made of the ship not a simplly nautational means, but small terrain unified (christian in that time) Europe.
It is understandable, that the element of opposition , on the one hand, disciplines, planned use, intellectuality, and, with another, - improvising, capacity to intuitive knowledge, steady tendency to achievement of good luck, - is partly conditional, is illustrative.
It is clear, that Prince Henry the Navigator, outfitting all new and new expeditions along the African coast, acted partly intuitively, and Francis Drake could not to fulfill the voyages without the order, discipline and calculation.
Consideration of a subject "the order and improvisation", the consideration of activity Prince Henry the Navigator and Francis Drake makes by a subject of attention the participants of the first around-the-world cruise: Ferdinand Magellan, Juan Sebastian del Cano, Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa.
Historically after Prince Henry the Navigator (years of life: 1394 - 1460) followed Ferdinand Magellan (years of life: approximately 1480 - 1521), Juan Sebastian del Cano (years of life: 1486-1526), Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa (one of presumable versions of dating of the birth and death: approximately 1490 - after 1550), and behind them - Francis Drake (years of life: approximately 1540-1596).
2. Henry the Navigator (rationality and planned use, discipline)
The cultural revolution in european (and global) seamanship is connected to a name Henry the Navigator.
At first, rather brief sea voyages (tied to the coast ) on courts with paddles (galera) step-by-step of steel to leave in past (or on the second schedule). Them were succeeded by long ocean voyages on sailing ships (caravels).
In this point of reasoning we have the right to recollect about Vikings and their distant ocean sailings. Those most ancient samples of the ships Vikings, which one were kept till now, are dated IX by century. They are intended as for rowing (as for the course on oars), and for the course under a sail [2]. But in XI century for Vikings used also clean sailing vessels (alongside with the ships equipped with oars and a sail) [2].
"Due to skill of the seamen and art of the shipbuilders Vikings were the sovereigns of the seas, and their courageous instructions to the seafarers prolong confidently to sound through centuries: "From Hernar in Norway be floating directly to the west, to Greenland ..." [2].
The culture of distant marine sailings of Vikings was a part of enough especial ethnic -religious culture.
The memory on distant ocean sailings of vVikings clearly demonstrates one more cultural merit Henry the Navigator - the merit, maybe, exceeding "technical" replacement of galeras on caravels.
Secondly, Henry the Navigator made the ship the territory of the all-European culture, the small territory big (Christian at that time) Europe.
The theses about "the all-European culture", about "the European community" with reference to a boundary 1400 - 1500 years can to someone show hypothetical. However structure of distant marine expeditions, including expedition of Magallanes, allows to use such terms. A considerable proportion of a personal structure of the first round-the-world expedition - Spaniards. The chief - Ferdinand Magellan - the Portuguese, Antonio Pigafetta, drawing up diary of expedition, - Italian.
With Magallanes many aliens have departed "to expedition: at least thirty seven Portuguese, seventeen Italians, five фламандцев (mainly бомбардиров), some germans, Englishmen, Africans, Arabs, Basques, Greeks, inhabitants of Azores and Madeira" [3].
By and large, the participants of expedition perceived one another, cooperated, jointly overcame considerable difficulties.
"Thanks to connection of dynastic lines Carl inherited huge territories in Western, Southern and Central Europe, earlier never integrated ... (...) Actually Carl was the first governor (ruler) of unified Spain in 1516-1556 years ... Itself Carl officially was the king of Aragon (as Carl I, Spanish: Carlos I, 1516-1556), and in Castile was Regent of his the mother ... " [4].
Probably, there are basis for a conclusion about the all-European structure of the first round-the-world expedition.
The ship on a boundary 1400 - 1500 years became a place of a faith, discipline, accumulation of knowledge.
The ship went to a long voyage with particular purposes, the captain received rather detailed instructions.
In sailing the definite rules bolstering discipline, rallying crew, guides it to achievement of effective objectives worked. Not having communications with a native land the ship, nevertheless, as a whole, in general followed the regulations and the rules developed the European practice. Having returned from sailing, the crew of expedition enriches all-european community by the obtained knowledge. Let's mark, that to the moment of a beginning of the first round-the-world expedition already there were those oldest universities, in which one has listened cycles of the lectures in XIX century Heinrich Schliemann: the Parisian university (Paris-Sorbonne University), founded in 1215, and Neapolitan university (The University of Naples), founded in 1224. Approximately 1440 dates a beginning european mechanical movable type printing of the books (Johann Gutenberg).
Observatory and a school of navigators and map-makers, organized by Henry the Navigator have activated enormous, global processes.
3. Ferdinand Magellan (talent, intuition, resoluteness, discipline)
Though Henry the Navigator and Ferdinand Magellan also could not be personally familiar, but we have the right to draw a conclusion, that Magellan was the representative of cultural traditions of the long sea voyages initiated by Henry the Navigator.
"On September 20, 1519 the squadron Magallanes has left in the high sea" [3].
During the first around-the-world cruise expedicion de Magallanes-Del Cano (1519-1522) there were some extreme moments.
One of them - the mutiny which has taken place in the first numbers of April, 1520, even before passing of the Strait called later by the name of Magellan.
Not it was pleasant to all participants of spanish expedition, that it heads by Portuguese navigator. But if the sea voyage at "a initial" phase was accompanied by apparent successes and sensation of safety, hardly nationality of the chief would have essential value. But the success was still far, and sensation of danger was in air. In some measure the mutiny was based on opposition to the "alien" Portuguese.
Words said Magallanes for day up to supression of mutiny: "my solution is solid: I will better experience the heaviest deprivations, than with a shame return back in Spain" [3].
The ships of expedition of Magallanes - part of an european civilization; on the ships already - european orders acts - more or less standard.
As a part of an expedition there are officials with special functions. One of such officials, quoters of the Crown - Spaniard - responds for observance of the law order. His positions, probably, unambiguous modern analogy can't be picked up. In one books him call as the judge, chief justice, in other - police officer. There is also such version of translation of concept "alguacil" in modern realities: the bailiff. The Stefan Zweig will use the original naming of the position: he decided to name Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa "alguacil of fleet" [5] (alguacil mayor de la armada de Magallanes) (preboste de la flota ("alguazil")). By the literature, Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa was the judge above the participants of mutiny.
Probably, approximately exact will be generalized comprehension: "accountable for the law order with judicial and administrative functions". (Once again we shall mark, that Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa - certainly not navigator; he - figure of an sphere of control (management sphere)).
Ferdinand Magellan routes alguacil Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa to one of the chiefs of mutiny with an order to demand subordination and termination of mutiny, and at resistance - to apply force.
Having met with resistance, alguacil pins up by a dagger (dirk) of one of the chiefs of mutiny. (Earlier rioters have killed one of the supporters Magallanes). The act of alguacil makes an authoritative impression on the members of expedition. Alguacil - Spaniard, he - quoter (representative) of the Crown. To this act of alguacil the skilful operatings Magallanes are added. And the mutiny finishes by a fall. The expedition is prolonged.
The mutineers (the rebels) were the Spaniards. And the Spaniards of a nobiliary parentage, officials assigned by the Crown. One of the organizers of mutiny, may be, consist in family relations with the spanish monarch... Someone in behavior of alguacil Gomez de Espinosa can see some kind of moral exploit. What "values" could bring the loyalty to Ferdinand Magellan? Really there were no presentiments, suppositions? It would be not easier "morally to surrender"? To capitulate? To interprete behavior of Magallanes in a negative light? To return to secure Spain? To join the influential opponents of Magallanes?
What motives were to continue sea voyage in the uncertainty seeming disastrous?
A duty? "Simplly" "duty"!? Personal responsibility? And what about life, and safety, and health, and family life? And what about solidarity with the noble Spaniards? Let's not forget also precept ...
At once after supression of mutiny alguacil de Espinosa has conducted judicial proceedings on a coast of Southern America. Among the indictees (and denounced) was Del Cano, one of the participants of mutiny ... the Majority denounced was had mercy by Magallanes.
4. Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa ("simple" ... "duty ")
The destiny Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa is rather curious. After death Magallanes on Philippines in April, 1521 he (de Espinosa) avoids destruction (part of a personal structure of expedition was killed the inhabitants of one of far foreign-made islands; but de Espinosa on some internal impulse has managed to return prior to these tragic events from the coast on the ship). (Have perished, in particular, Duarte Barbosa, exchanging Magallanes in the rank of the chief of expedition, captain "Conception" ("Concepcion") Juan Serrano, main control (pilot), cartographer and astrologist Martin).
(...)
Juan Sebastian del Cano and Gonzalo Gуmez de Espinosa became co-chiefs of an expedition.
The quite good basis for an emotional drama any of the great playwright. It is possible to expect to see spunky opposition of the spunky men. But not drama performance is watched, but persevering tendency successfully to complete expedition.
The ship "Victoria" under a command del Cano departs through Indian and Atlantic oceans to Spain.
"This was a pathetic scene on the other side of the world, when forty-seven officers and men who were going home in the "Victoria," bade farewell to the fifty-one selected to await on Tidore the repair of the "Trinidad." Down to the last hour, the latter group stayed on board the "Victoria" with their comrades, to embrace them once again, and to send home letters and greetings. Two and a half years of hardships shared had cemented unity among those who spoke different tongues and belonged to so many different races. No dissension could now disturb their harmony. When the "Victoria" heaved anchor, the crew of the "Trinidad" were still unwilling to depart. On rowboats, or paddling in Malay prahus, they kept alongside the "Victoria" as she gathered way, to see a little longer the faces of those who were homeward bound, and to shout a last message. Not until night fell and their arms were weary, did they put about and make for the shore, while a broadside was fired in last good-bye. Then the "Victoria" continued her ever-memorable voyage of circumnavigation alone" [5A].
"It was unanimously agreed that the "Trinidad," when she had been made seaworthy, should recross the Pacific in order to reach overseas Spain at Panama..." [5A].
On all visibility, after losses, suffered by expedition, in crew "Trinidad" there were no enough skilful, aware navigators, mariners. The ship a long time the ship wanders in the ocean, decays, loses capacity to sail on ocean.
Were saved both discipline, and perseverance in achievement of the purpose, tendency to return in Spain.
But, as it is possible to draw a conclusion, there was no qualified a navigator, navigation officer, captain, were hindered an exact determination of the ship position, maintenance of an exact course. The ship doomed on wanderings, wandering.
The hypothetical pathway of wanderings from illustrative maps, allows to suspect, that those wanderings in any measure is comparable to an hypothetical route (not becoming a reality) "Trinidad" through Pacific ocean for achieving spanish possessions in Panama.
For that time, when "Trinidad" wanderings in the ocean spaciousnesses, "Victoria" has reached Spain.
Let's mark as well that, despite of gradual loss of capacity to commit marine sailings and absence on its side of the specialists of a seamanship of a sufficient skill level, "Trinidad" do not sunked, did not become a place of the internal conflictings or mutiny.
How there was a sailing of "Trinidad"? The documents which were by the ship have passed into the arms of Portuguese. Some of these documents (for example, document written by an hand of Magallanes) become property of the historians.
But generally sea voyage of "Trinidad" accepted as unsuccessful, does not invoke(produce) the special attention. For example, Stefan Zweig, mentioning about voyage of "Trinidad", is extreme laconic.
But nevertheless this floating deserves a certain interest. On ocean through strong storms moves the ship controlled by "terrestrial" person. On the ship there no experimental mariners ...
(...)
When spanish "Trinidad" almost has lost seagoing capacities, and the hopelessness of a situation became clear, the captain Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa has addressed for the help to Portuguese. During this period between Spain and Portugal there was an official situation of peace.
De Espinosa fasts, lives in misery, probably, asks an alms, is attracted in forced hard labour, conducts enough time under arrest, in the concluding. From more than fifty the person who has stayed under a command de Espinosa on the ship "Trinidad", almost everyone die.
"Unfortunates have cast into prison of Lisbon, and they have stayed there seven months. For this time one more seaman - german Master Hans, a bombardier, has died. Only three seamen of the unlucky ship " Trinidad " have reached home in the beginning of 1527.
(...)...Only after long efforts and requests the seamen from "Trinidad" have received everything, that to them was due. De Espinosa has received then honorary and accountable position of the royal supervisor of the ships left in India. In 1550, at the age of sixty years, de Espinosa worked in the Seville port and checked up readiness for sailing each ship sailing for the sea" [3].
The example of "Trinidad" confirms relevance of all those elements of culture of distant ocean sailings, which one become generally accepted after civilization efforts Henry the Navigator: planned uses, rationality, discipline, intellectual (fissile usage of knowledge and skills) and other.
Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa, participant and (some time) one of two chiefs of expedition of Magallanes - one of those who also has bypassed around of the world. The truth, the definite part of his travel has appeared rather tragic. This phase of travel he fulfilled on a position of the captive, on Portuguese ships.
But, maybe, it has demanded bravery and firmness of the special type.
About life de Espinosa outside the season 1519-1527 years are known not so much.
There are basis to suppose, that are not known neither firm date of birth, nor firm date of death of Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa. (At all events, writer of this essay not met in information sources with the indicating on the concrete archive documents). According to the version Kunin K.I. de Espinosa in 1550 - sixty years old [3]. This implies one of presumable versions of dating of birth and death of Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa: apprx. 1490 - after 1550. One of Wikisources contains Spain - language article "Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa". In the article there is an indicating on resource: Wikidata, and the link to a source, whence is obtained the information for the article: a site mcnbiografias. And article on Wikisource, and original article on a biographic site mcnbiografias have no the indicatings of authorship. In the article "Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa" are presumptively indicated him (de Espinosa) years of life: 1479-1530 [7]. Indisputable data, with the link to the archive documents, about year of death of de Espinosa while, like, are not published.
The level of tragedy of a personal history of de Espinosa is obscured by a historical distance, but the glory has remained! And the award has appeared not so small. At first, if to be grounded on the version Kunin K.I., and to take into account, that Magallanes has perished in 1521, and del Cano - in 1526, - at all failures and disasters - de Espinosa has endured (outlived, relived) and Magallanes, and del Cano more than for 20 years! Secondly, is stated, that in 1528 Spanish Monarches has given Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa the arms and pension in 300 ducats [7]. In third, on the version Kunin K.I., de Espinosa has received the honorary and accountable position of the royal supervisor of the ships left in India [3].
We will state several additional reasons about Gonzalo Gуmez de Espinosa's motivation, who was one of two chiefs of expedition (after destruction Magallanes), becoming the captain "Trinidad".
We can meet in the book of Malakhovsky K. V. the note about formation of the professional captain and commander.
About English pirate, captain, mariner, explorer and known writer William Dampier, triply making round-the-world travel: "Probably, this experimental navigator, thoughtful spectator, the interesting explorer has no commander's data, and has no personal bravery" [6].
Even for the person of enormous experience, the miscellaneous qualities can be advanced in a different degree.
De Espinosa on "the "main" ("basic") speciality was not mariner, captain, his speciality was administrative.
(Desperate) circumstances have caused to become him in the chapter of the ship. If de Espinosa was - according modern concepts - the worker of an management sphere, del Cano was professional and experimental mariner.
Kunin K.I. named del Cano as "navigation officer" [3]. "It there was still young man - in 1519 to him there were thirty two years, but he was already distinguished in battles in Africa and in italian campaigns" [3]. Once again we shall point out, that del Cano was professional mariner.
The submission would be quite logical for any participant of expedition, that del Cano, "Victoria" are have actual chances to reach Spain.
" ... Has selected to sail on the seas Portuguese, to west, bending Africa, on a path Known ... " [8]. Logical the assumption is also, that "Victoria" could not contain (for long-lived sea voyage) all members of expedition. Expedition was sectioned into those who further moved on "Victoria" (more than 40 persons), and those who attempted to reach Spain on "Trinidad" (more than 50 participants of expedition).
Quite reasonable would be tendency de Espinosa to prolong sailing on "Victoria". Certainly, such tendency was handicapped psychologic by the fact of conviction Juan Sebastian del Cano by de Espinosa in April, 1520. But nobilary the person, person of "terrestrial" profession, the quoter (representative) of the Crown de Espinosa could enough reasons to claim on - let and psychologic not comfortable - sailing on "Victoria" in Spain.
It is possible to suspect and other (except for suit del Cano in April, 1520) motive of nonparticipation de Espinosa in sailing on "Victoria". The members of expeditions left without the authoritative chief, would become the disorganized collective, it is simple - crowd tending to turn into the inshore wanderers, into the enforced (involuntary) deserters. Such development of events would not be stacked in concepts of european mentality, would mean discrediting expedition, discrediting of commanders. Would throw a shade and on expedition as a whole, both on commanders, and on the all the participants. So that presumptively we can find out in an act de Espinosa, stayed with "Trinidad", raised motives.
For comparison to De Espinosa's act we will give the fact from Magellan's biography taking place approximately in nine years prior to the first round-the-world expedition. "At the moonless night the squadron went by reefs Padua [the Paduan shoal (shallow) near the Laccadive Islands], located near Indian beaches...
The forward ship safely passed a dangerous place, but other two jumped on rocks. On one of these ships was Magallanes. (...) The commanders fast have found an output: all nobiliary Portuguese, all commanders, having taken with themselves the most valuable property, will depart on boats to a coast, and the sailors and soldiers will stay on a beach and will wait, while behind them will send a vessel. (...) The commanders have pronounced about the solutions. There has set in silence. Then Magallanes has stepped forward and has declared, that remains with the sailors. He has taken with leaving commanders an oath, that they as soon as possible will send the help. (...) Magallanes did not sleep: the second day. The sun raised. The seamen already thought about construction of plot (temporary sailing device), when Magallanes, facing on boxes, pacificly has said: "sail". It was caravel... The noble act of Magallanes has made a large impression. In those times it seemed unusual, that the Portuguese commander risked the life for saving the ordinaries military men - sailors and soldiers. Even Portuguese manuscriptors, which one in general fall into Magallanes in a hostile way, have found necessary to mention heroic behavior him during wreck for reefs Padua" [3]. (Presumptively this case can be dated 1510).
That in a structure of a part of the expedition (which has stayed on "Trinidad"), was not enough aware mariners - is a circumstance it is impossible to put in fault personally to de Espinosa.
The reference de Espinosa to Portuguese authorities for the help in a remediless situation (Portugal and Spain were not in a state of war) as can not be put in fault de Espinosa.
That line of behavior, which one was selected the Portuguese authorities in relation to the participants of expedition, can not be put in fault de Espinosa.
The circumstances were added up - how they were added up.
And not on fault Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa. If to look at a situation from today's standards, the fact of transit of a part of route up to Spain of de Espinosa and his satellites on the Portuguese ships discredits nobody and does not degrade; can be, adds internationality to so initially international expedition.
As to personally de Espinosa, there are basis to consider him, co-chief of expedition (after death of Magallanes), a man of duty, person who has adequately fulfilled his duty. Duty to all: before Magellan, before members of an expedition, before of Spain.
For some reason there is a sensation, that sailing "Victoria" and route to Spain those who sailed on "Trinidad", internally are interdependent. It would be desirable to exclaim: if the person of a "terrestial" profession - Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa - has managed to supervise over the ship, long time ploughing Pacific ocean and not drowned, has managed after all tests to return in Spain, - so especially had chances successfully to bend a terrestrial globe mariner del Cano and members, accompanying him!
What reacting can produce the route Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa in Spain: shame or pride? The facts of the reference of de Espinosa for the help to Portuguese authorities and subsequent presence on a situation of the captive invoke shame for de Espinosa? But is pure definitely, that after returning in Spain de Espinosa was not accused in anything.
If anybody feel a shame about de Espinosa, it is possible to comment: Spanish Monarch, king Carlos I, Emperor Сarl V, is much better than we, modern people, perceived the nuances of a situation.
And if to accept versions Kunin K.I. and anonymous writer of the article "Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa", de Espinosa at will of the Spanish Monarch has taken a rather honorary position (de Espinosa has received the arms, pension, high position).
For Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa it is not necessary to be ashamed. About situation historic facts speaking.
We shall be objective. Someone has drowned. Someone perished in the conflictings to the local residents of exotic terrains. Someone has deserted. Someone died from illnesses and other causes ... ...De Espinosa has appeared among those who has remained in alive, has bent a terrestrial globe, HAS RETURNED to Spain. Degree of successful of del Cano and of de Espinosa - different (miscellaneous). Del Cano has returned in Spain is honorary, saluting by a discharging of bombards. And de Espinosa - after some kind of the Portuguese capturing.
But de Espinosa was successful - that outside of doubt. The losses were in both parts of expedition.
Also we will make the amendment that de Espinosa is the "overland" person, not the professional seaman, not the professional navigator.
There are good causes to two titles of the first in a history of round-the-world expedition (basic - "expedition of Magallanes" and second - "expedition of Magallanes - del Cano") to combine third, "facultative": "expedition of Magallanes - del Cano - de Espinosa".
Besides there are reasons to accept historic-detailing dating of expedition - 1519-1527 (into the specification of main basic dating: 1519-1522); - considering year of returning de Espinosa and other members of round-the-world expedition in Spain (1527).
What events descended between 1522 (year of returning in Spain del Cano on "Victoria") and 1527 (year of returning de Espinosa)?
"The situation has caused Spain and Portugal again to discuss a problem of divisions of the world.