On the Nature of Time

Lemeshko Andriy
Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
ORCID: 0000-0001-8003-3168

Abstract:

The Temporal Theory of the Universe (TTU) interprets time not as a passive parameter but as a fundamental physical field possessing energy, momentum, and structure. This work outlines the key originality of TTU in contrast with prior concepts of timefrom Newtons absolute parameter to Einsteins geometric coordinate and Kozyrevs active substance. Time in TTU acts as the primary field generating gravity, inertia, and matter through its gradients . The theory forms a unified, experimentally testable framework connecting cosmology, quantum physics, and engineering.

Keywords: temporal field, time gradient, TTU, Andrii Lemeshko, gravity, energy, ontology, spacetime

1. Introduction

2. Time as a Field with Its Own Dynamics

3. Gravity and Inertia as Temporal Gradients

4. Unification of Macro- and Microphysics

5. Ontological Reversal: From Spacetime to Temporal Space

6. Mathematical Completeness and Engineering Outlook

7. Comparative and Historical Context

8. Concluding Remarks
References

1. Introduction

The originality of the proposed approach to time (within the Temporal Theory of the Universe TTU / TTG) lies in the fact that it does not interpret time merely as a philosophical category. Instead, TTU defines time as a physical substance formalized in a rigorous physico-mathematical model, where time has measurable density, momentum, and energy.

Where classical physics regarded time as a passive parameter or background, TTU introduces time as an active field a dynamic medium with internal gradients and self-consistent evolution equations.

2. Time as a Field with Its Own Dynamics

Lemeshko introduces a temporal field (x) or (x, t) = ln that obeys its own field equations and variational principles. The field exhibits the following fundamental properties:

a gradient that produces forces and energy fluxes;

participation in a variational principle through the Lagrangian ;

interaction with matter via the energymomentum tensor T.

Thus, in TTU, time is not a coordinate, not a mere parameter, and not a static background, but a physical field carrying its own energy density and momentum. This represents a decisive departure from Newton, for whom time was absolute but passive, and from Einstein, who treated it as a geometric coordinate within the spacetime metric.

(1)=ln

(2)F_=m"c«"

3. Gravity and Inertia as Temporal Gradients

The central TTU equation (2) shows that gravity arises not from spacetime curvature but from the gradient of time itself. Hence, free fall corresponds to motion along temporal equipotential surfaces (isogips), gravitational time dilation reflects local compression of the -flow, and rest energy E=mc« emerges as an integral of temporal density.

(3)g_eff^{}=^{}+"()()

4. Unification of Macro- and Microphysics through

TTU shows that temporal gradients can account for macroscopic and microscopic phenomena alike: gravitational and inertial effects, anomalies such as EMDrive and flyby v, the masses and charge deformations of elementary particles, and direct temporal control of synchronization processes via so-called -optics.

5. Ontological Reversal: From Spacetime to Temporal Space

Philosophically, TTU asserts that space and matter are emergent from the structure of temporal flow. Time is primary, while space is a derivative topology of its gradients; matter represents localized soliton-like excitations in the temporal field; and interactions correspond to exchanges of temporal density between systems.

6. Mathematical Completeness and Engineering Outlook

TTU advances beyond earlier approaches by formulating a clear variational principle for , constructing the corresponding energymomentum tensor, deriving conservation laws via Noethers theorem, and proposing concrete experimental tests including satellite v measurements, plasma thrusters, and EMDrive-type setups.

It also provides numerical Python modules and engineering models (TTG, TTHI) that connect the abstract theory to measurable laboratory and aerospace phenomena.

7. Comparative and Historical Context

**Table 1 TTU vs Predecessors**

**Table 2 Evolution of Concepts of Time: From Metaphysics to Temporal Physics**

8. Concluding Remarks

TTU represents a transition from the geometric treatment of time in General Relativity to a physical, field-based description. Here, time becomes an active substance with its own dynamics, energy, and momentum. This shift enables the unification of gravitational, quantum, and engineering domains within a single temporal paradigm.

References

1. Andriy Lemeshko, TTU: Temporal Theory of the Universe https://zenodo.org/communities/ttg-series/records